Millennials, who by 2024 will make up approximately 34% of the U.S. workforce, will play a critical role in organizational strategies and productivity, as will the supervisors who manage them. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore the intergenerational communication strategies that Generation X supervisors used to motivate and engage high performing millennials in the workplace. The framework for this study was Mannheim's generation theory and the 2-factor theory of motivation by Herzberg, Mausner, and Snyderman. Data were collected from parks and recreation employees in the southeastern region of the United States, including 4 Generation X supervisors who completed semistructured interviews and 2 millennial cohort focus groups. Data were transcribed, coded, and validated through member checking and methodological triangulation. The 4 themes identified were culture and socialization, relationship building and intergenerational connectedness, employee growth and development, and rewards and recognition. The findings of this research may benefit millennials, frontline supervisors, parks and recreation agencies, and leaders in other organizations by providing an understanding of generational needs. The data presented in this study may support positive social change by showing that supervisors and millennial employees can build high quality relationships within their organizations, enabling those organizations to support the communities they serve.

<p>This dissertation examines direct and subordinate questions, as well as verb morphology in L2 Swedish, from a developmental perspective. The study is cross-sectional, containing data from Iraqi Arabic, Persian and Somali adolescent learners representing three different levels of proficiency. The data are analysed on the basis of two theories: The Markedness Differential Hypothesis and Processability Theory. Data elicited through four different techniques are examined with the aim of examining the possible impact of different data types on the results. The different elicitation techniques used in the study are: oral production, written production, grammaticality judgement and a receptive skills task. Two of the elicitation techniques, written production and grammaticality judgement, include all three structures in focus in the study, whilst the oral production and the receptive task is centred on direct questions.</p><p>The results suggest that there are implicational relationships regarding the order in which the grammatical structures are acquired. On the whole, predictions based on the two theories used as a basis for the analyses find support in the material. Having a wide scope for predictions at the morpho-syntactical level, the results meet the claims in particular of Processability Theory. The predictions and the results do not contrast the two theories with each other. A comparison of the different data types clearly indicates that the grammaticality judgement task substantially diverges from the other data types providing less consistent data and exhibiting trends that are in conflict with the data obtained through the three other elicitation techniques.</p>

This dissertation examines direct and subordinate questions, as well as verb morphology in L2 Swedish, from a developmental perspective. The study is cross-sectional, containing data from Iraqi Arabic, Persian and Somali adolescent learners representing three different levels of proficiency. The data are analysed on the basis of two theories: The Markedness Differential Hypothesis and Processability Theory. Data elicited through four different techniques are examined with the aim of examining the possible impact of different data types on the results. The different elicitation techniques used in the study are: oral production, written production, grammaticality judgement and a receptive skills task. Two of the elicitation techniques, written production and grammaticality judgement, include all three structures in focus in the study, whilst the oral production and the receptive task is centred on direct questions. The results suggest that there are implicational relationships regarding the order in which the grammatical structures are acquired. On the whole, predictions based on the two theories used as a basis for the analyses find support in the material. Having a wide scope for predictions at the morpho-syntactical level, the results meet the claims in particular of Processability Theory. The predictions and the results do not contrast the two theories with each other. A comparison of the different data types clearly indicates that the grammaticality judgement task substantially diverges from the other data types providing less consistent data and exhibiting trends that are in conflict with the data obtained through the three other elicitation techniques.

The aim of this study is to investigate the syntax in Finnish literature for young people in order to arrive at fundamental information about the character of the language in literature of this kind. The corpus consists of three Tiina books by Anni Polva. My method is mainly quantitative, but also comparative. The language of the three books is compared, but the results of this comparison are also contrasted with other Finnish and also Swedish quantitative linguistic investigations. The investigation begins at the sentence and clause levels. To some extent is also considered whether syntactic features occur in main clauses or in subordinate clauses, in narrative text or in dialogues. The length of sentences and clauses is investigated. It appears that the length of sentences stated in clauses (2.2 clauses on averige) and the length of clauses in words (5 words on averige) do not differ from those typical of literature for children or adults. On the other hand the length of sentences stated in words (11 words on averige) is somewhat higher than in literature for children and adults. Active and passive clauses, mode, tense and negation in the clauses are investigated. The results show that the frequency of active clauses is high and the frequency of passive clauses is very low. The frequency of negated clauses is also very high. The most frequent mode is the indicative, followed by the conditional. There are few predicates in the imperative, and there are only isolated instances of predicates in the potential. The use of tenses resembles that in literature for children and adults: most predicates are in the past tense, followed by the present, the pluperfect and the perfect. Main clauses and subordinate clauses of different kinds are dealt with in the investigation. The proportion between main clauses and subordinate clauses is about the same as in the spoken language. The coordinating as well as the subordinating conjunctions are investigated both with regard to the actual occurrences of the conjunctions and with regard to their meanings. The most frequent coordi­nating conjunctions are ja 'and* (55.8 %) and multa 'but' (21.4 %). The classification of the conjunctions according to meaning shows that copulative conjunctions are the most frequent ones (50.7 %). Of the subordinating conjunctions että 'that' (35.7 %) and kun 'when, because' (25.0 %) are the most frequent ones. Semantically explicative conjunctions are the most frequent subordinating conjunctions (27.6 %). Syndetic coordination is most frequent in main clauses (78.8 %) as well as in subordinate clauses (98.9 %). Asyndetic coordination is clearly used as a stylistic device. A large number of different constructions are used in the corpus. Some of them are contracted clauses, some are other constructions which resemble them. The frequency of these constructions is unexpectedly high. The most frequent types of contracted clause are the necessive construction (47.9 %), the participle construction (18.3 %) and the temporal construction (15.3 %). Of the other constructions the modal construction (60.4 %) and the agent construction (12.8 %) are the most frequent ones. The structure of the sentences in the Tiina books is varied and sometimes complex. In all there are 167 different combinations of clauses in the corpus. The most frequent type of sentence consists of one main clause (27.8 %). In the combination of clauses we also find clauses with different degrees of subordination. Grade 1 is the most frequent one (87.1 %). However, there are even instances of grade 4. The position of main clauses and subordinate clauses varies a great deal. They may be mixed at will. The corpus contains a large number of clause combinations which occur once only. / digitalisering@umu

When we compare the grammatical structure of texts in French and Swedish, we notice important differences. The aim of this essay is to make a contrastive analysis on a French economic text which we have translated into Swedish. We focus on what types of French constituents we can find that correspond to Swedish subordinate clauses of different types. We are also interested in examining the French subordinate clauses to see how they have been translated into Swedish.

The subject of this dissertation is an analysis of the use of verbal tenses in Czech subordinate clauses. This analysis is based on the notions of relative and absolute tenses and on the distinction between content and adjunct clauses. We test the hypothesis about the connection of relative and absolute tense with the type of a subordinated clause (content and adjunct) and propose a revised version of the views presented in Czech grammars, monographs and articles based on a detailed analysis of the data from the Czech National Corpus. The syntactic and semantic criteria for the classification of dependent clauses into content and adjunct classes are studied together with the conditions for the application of relative or absolute tense. The great amount of data exploited from the Czech National Corpus support the idea that beside the expected forms of tense (relative in content clauses, absolute in adjunct clauses) there exists some shifting of the presupposed forms of verbal tenses. The explanation of these shifts is presented in this dissertation as a new contribution to the study of the interplay between Czech morphology and syntax. Key Words: subordinate content clause, relative tense, absolute tense, factual predicate, indirect speech

The purpose of this study is to examine the presentation of masculinity in selected popular works. The novels under discussion include: Henry ole Kulet’s To Become a Man (1972), Yusuf Dawood’s One Life Too Many (1991), Peter Kimani’s Before the Rooster Crows (2002) and David Maillu’s Man from Machakos (2010). The writers are representative of a diversity of Kenyan ethnicities: Dawood (Asian-African), while the rest comprise Kenyan men of black descent though different ethnicities. The study attempts to interrogate the various strands of masculinity in Kenyan society as presented in the selected works. The study also seeks to investigate how different men negotiate/manifest their masculinity in different settings. It also interrogates factors and trends that shape and influence masculine behaviour in the selected texts. The study also explores the ramifications of various manifestations of masculinity on the family. The study adopts masculinities theory as the theoretical framework. The theory is applied in the interpretation of issues that relate to this study. / Afrikaans and Theory of Literature / D. Litt et Phil. (Theory of literature)

O modo de produção capitalista, através de seus mecanismos de expansão, traz como expediente mais latente a acumulação de infindáveis bens e a exacerbação do uso dos recursos naturais, fator desencadeado pelo consumo. As festas populares, uma das categorias e formas de expressão das culturas subalternas calcadas na historicidade, estão submetidas à avalanche das ideologias propagadas pela comunicação midiática. Isto fragiliza sobremaneira os atributos culturais destas manifestações, colocando em risco práticas libertárias que operam à revelia do grande capital e que estão centradas no cotidiano. O estudo das festas populares em questão, a Festa do Divino Espírito Santo e a Festa do Pinhão da Estância Climática de Cunha, visa enaltecer o elo entre identidade cultural e culturas subalternas. Esta relação se revela como prodigioso instrumento de comunicação que, através de meios materiais e simbólicos, transmitem ao longo do tempo um diverso legado fundamentado nas relações entre as comunidades e a natureza. As práticas festivas demonstram, doravante, um potencial pleno para a realização da consciência dos sujeitos receptores. Como objetos cognoscíveis do conhecimento as festas populares são expressas e reveladas no contexto acadêmico com o fito altaneiro de contribuir para as teorias da cultura e da comunicação. / The way of capitalist production, through its mechanisms of expansion, brings as expeditious more latent the accumulation of endless goods and the exacerbation of the use of the natural resources, factor unchained for the consumption. The popular feasts, one of the categories and forms of expression of the subordinate cultures sidewalk in the history, are submitted to the avalanche of the ideologies propagated for the media communication. This frail excessively the cultural attributes of these manifestations, placing at risk practical libertarians who operate to the default of the great capital and they are centered in the daily one. The study of the popular feasts in question, the Feast of the Holy Ghost Saint and the Feast of the Nut of the Climatic Station of Cunha, it aims at to exalt the link between cultural identity and popular feasts. This relation if discloses as prodigious instrument of communication that, through half as symbolic materials and, transmits throughout the time a diverse cultural legacy based on the relations between the social groups and the nature. Practical the festive ones demonstrate, following, a full potential for the usage of the conscience of the receiving citizens. As objects of the knowledge they show in the academic context a look with in the high spirits to contribute for the theories of the culture and the communication.

A relação entre a compatibilidade de valores e o bem-estar subjetivo tem sido identificada em alguns estudos. No entanto, menor atenção tem sido dada à compreensão da relação direta entre conflito de valores e qualidade de vida no trabalho, principalmente na relação diática entre gestores e subordinados. A teoria da troca entre líder e liderado prevê que o líder diferencia seus subordinados e, consequentemente, estabelece relações de natureza distinta com cada um deles. Para diferenciar os indivíduos da equipe o líder utiliza, dentre diversos critérios possíveis, a compatibilidade de características. Líderes e liderados que compartilham valores estabelecem interações de alta qualidade e essas interações geram resultados positivos para cada um dos membros da díade. Nesse sentido, este estudo questionou como seu problema fundamental: quais são as relações entre a compatibilidade diática dos valores dos gestores e de seus subordinados e o estado pessoal de qualidade de vida no trabalho desses gestores e subordinados? Pesquisar a relação da compatibilidade de valores e o estado pessoal de qualidade de vida no trabalho das pessoas, principalmente no caso da díade entre gestor e subordinado, pode promover uma melhor compreensão da dinâmica do comportamento organizacional. Isso posto, este estudo teve como objetivos (a) investigar a associação entre a compatibilidade dos valores pessoais dos subordinados e os valores sociais dos subordinados com relação aos seus gestores (compatibilidade subjetiva) e o estado pessoal de qualidade de vida no trabalho desses subordinados e (b) pesquisar a associação entre a compatibilidade dos valores pessoais de gestores e dos subordinados (compatibilidade objetiva) e o estado pessoal de qualidade de vida no trabalho desses gestores e subordinados. Para tanto, utilizou-se um questionário eletrônico autoaplicado administrado aos egressos da Faculdade de Economia, Administração e Contabilidade da Universidade de São Paulo. O questionário foi composto pelos instrumentos PVQ-21 para delimitação dos valores humanos e o BPSO-96 para o estado pessoal de qualidade de vida no trabalho de gestores e subordinados. A amostragem realizada foi não-probabilística obtida por conveniência, limitando a capacidade de generalização do estudo. Ademais, os dados foram analisados pela técnica de regressão polinomial para determinação das associações entre a compatibilidade dos valores na díade gestorsubordinado e as percepções sobre estado pessoal de qualidade de vida no trabalho. A partir dos resultados, é possível considerar que a compatibilidade de valores entre os membros da díade gestor-subordinado, seja pela ótica subjetiva ou objetiva, está associada à qualidade de vida no trabalho de gestores e subordinados, principalmente no conflito das dimensões autotranscendência e autopromoção da teoria de valores de Schwartz (1992). Finalmente, este estudo propõe a utilização conjunta dos índices de compatibilidade algébricos, modulares e quadráticos para a interpretação dos resultados de regressões sobre a compatibilidade de valores e outras variáveis, diferentemente do que a literatura sobre o tema sugere. Pelos resultados do estudo, os coeficientes dos três modelos não se contradisseram, de tal maneira que suas magnitudes e sinais se conservaram nos três casos. Além disso, as variáveis que entraram nos modelos foram semelhantes. Esse fato sinaliza para uma leitura conjunta dos três modelos que deverão produzir interpretações mais informativas que a análise de um modelo isolado. / The relationship between the fit of values and subjective well-being has been identified in past research. However, minor attention has been focused on understanding the direct relationship between conflicting values and quality of work life, especially in the managersubordinate dyad. The theory of leader-member exchange predicts that the leader differentiates his subordinates and thus establishes a distinctive relationship with each of them. To discern between individuals from his team the leader uses, among several possible criteria, the compatibility of features. Leaders and followers who share values establish high quality interactions, generating positive results for each member of the dyad. In this sense, this study questioned as its fundamental problem: what are the relationships between the dyadic compatibility of values of managers and their subordinates and the personal state of quality of work life of managers and subordinates? Studying this relationship, especially in the case of the dyad between manager and subordinate, can promote a better understanding of the dynamics of organizational behavior. That said, this study aimed to (a) investigate the association between the compatibility of subordinates\' personal values and social values (subjective fit) and their personal state of quality of work life, and to (b) investigate the association between the compatibility of the personal values of managers and subordinates (objective fit) and their personal state of quality of work life. For this purpose, a selfadministered electronic survey was sent to the alumni database of the Faculty of Economics, Administration and Accounting from the University of São Paulo. The questionnaire was composed of the instruments PVQ-21 for the definition of human values and BPSO-96 to the measurement of the perception of personal state of quality of work life of managers and subordinates. Sampling was carried out non-probabilistically, obtained by convenience, composing one of the limitations to the generalizability of the results of this study. Furthermore, the data were analyzed using polynomial regression to determine the associations between the compatibility of values in the manager-subordinate dyad and the perceptions of personal state of quality of life at work. From the results, it is possible to consider that the subjective and objective fit of values among members of the managersubordinate dyad is associated with their quality of work life, especially in the conflict dimensions of self-transcendence and self-enhancement from the value theory of Schwartz (1992). Finally, this study proposes the joint use of the algebraic, modular and quadratic indexes of compatibility for the interpretation of the results of regressions on studies of the compatibility of values and other variables, unlike the literature on the subject suggests. In this study, the coefficients of the three models do not contradict. Their magnitudes and signs were conserved in all three cases. In addition, the variables that entered the models were similar. This fact points to a joint reading of the three models so that interpretations of results should produce more informative scenarios than the analysis of an isolated model.

The purpose of this paper is to work out criteria for selection of Russian conjunctions for the Swedish-Russian and Russian-Swedish dictionary Mini+ and to suggest a list of conjunctions to be included in it. The present study aims at collecting information, classifying it and examining Russian conjunctions in present-day Russian. The study also systemizes gathered material according to its diachronic features and makes corpus-based co-occurrence analysis, using Russian National Corpus (RNC) and Google Scholar. The paper presents a list of conjunctions to be included into the Russian part of the lexicon, based primarily on their grammatical and stylistic criteria as well as the results of the corpus-based frequency analysis. The choice takes into consideration limitations in size of the given dictionary. Out of a total 272 conjunctions, 55 were chosen for the Russian Swedish Mini+ dictionary. The major group (35) is simple conjunctions that frequently occur in corpus-based search and that are necessary to build basic grammar structures as well as other compound conjunctions, ex. а, даже, едва, если, чтобы, хотя. The second group (13) is compound conjunctions that are important for building most frequent subordinate clauses. The third group (7) is compound conjunctions that frequently occur in corpora.