Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:57:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Carlos Pereira.pdf: 2904474 bytes, checksum: df144a92f2fea1762778a548bf557aed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-30 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This dissertation explains about the symbolical power of exclusion and inclusion exerted by the Catholic Religion in the social life of its devotees, based on the influence that it has to limit status inside or outside of its holy spaces. On the one hand, that condition is made of the reproduction of inequality and social and religious tie slackness provided by it self. On the other hand, it strengthens social laces. Furthermore, inside of the temples and on the ecclesiastical hierarchy we find privilege concessions that show clearly such contradiction. That is exhibited in successive stages, which are classified as a dialectic process, emphasizing the specificness of the anachronic and modern disparities that pass through the base of the Catholic Church. Two distinct sets were chosen in order to do this study: one in the Central region of São Paulo, known as Pinheiros sector and the other on the surroundings of Osasco, known as Santo Antonio sector. This work methodology consists in showing the counterpoint between those two different areas of the Catholic Church realm and is divided in three chapters that try to connect the dialectic procedure. The first one tells us about the holy space, which is the temple as a place of collective representation which establishes the Catholic Religion imaginary. The second one, through a map of the metropolitan area of Sao Paulo with various social indicatives, analyses the social exclusion and inclusion dialectics and its analogy to the religions factor. The third chapter talks about the faculty of the Catholic Church symbolic assets that are the seven sacraments and their exclusion and inclusion functionality both the immanent and the transcendent life of the Faithful. In the final considerations, the conclusions found in each chapter were joined again, showing in this way not only the influence the religion carries out in the social life but also the social arrangements that it enables in the community and for individual / Esta tese versa sobre o poder simbólico de excluir e incluir que a Religião Católica exerce na vida social de seus adeptos, configurada na influência que ela dispõe para circunscrever status, seja dentro ou fora de seus espaços sagrados. Por um lado, essa condição se caracteriza através da reprodução das desigualdades e do afrouxamento de vínculos religiosos e sociais por ela proporcionados. Por outro, reforça os laços sociais. Além disso, dentro dos templos e na hierarquia eclesial, há concessões de privilégios que evidenciam tal paradoxo. Isso é demonstrado em etapas sucessivas, classificadas de processo dialético, que dão ênfase às especificidades de desigualdades, anacrônicas e contemporâneas, que permeiam a estrutura da Igreja Católica. Para este estudo foram escolhidos dois campos distintos: um na região central de S. Paulo, denominado de setor Pinheiros, e outro na periferia de Osasco, chamado de setor Santo Antônio. A metodologia deste trabalho consiste num contraponto entre essas duas áreas de domínio da Igreja Católica e se divide em três capítulos que procuram concatenar o método dialético. O primeiro aborda os espaços sagrados, isto é, os templos, como lócus de representações coletivas que constituem o imaginário religioso católico. O segundo capítulo, através de um Atlas da metrópole de São Paulo com diversos indicativos societários, analisa a dialética da exclusão e inclusão social e suas correlações com o fator religião. O terceiro e último capítulo trata da faculdade dos bens simbólicos da Igreja Católica, os sete sacramentos, com suas funções inclusivas e excludentes, tanto no imanente quanto no transcendente da vida do fiel. Nas considerações finais, foram reunidas as conclusões obtidas em cada capítulo, demonstrando, assim, não apenas a influência que a referida religião exerce no mundo social, mas também o arranjo social que ela possibilita na sociedade e no indivíduo

L’utilisation d’outils est un trait définitoire du genre Homo. Il est donc fondamental de mieux connaître les bases cognitives et cérébrales nous permettant d’utiliser des outils. Les modèles cognitivistes actuels expliquent l’utilisation d’outils à travers l’hypothèse de l’activation d’une mémoire gestuelle (i.e., engrammes gestuels ou visuo-kinétiques, ou connaissances sensorimotrices sur la manipulation ; voir Rothi, Ochipa, & Heilman, 1991 ; Buxbaum, 2001) ? Cette hypothèse ne permet toutefois pas de comprendre l’utilisation d’outils nouveaux. Une hypothèse alternative a été établie, suggérant que toute situation d’utilisation d’outils (familiers et nouveaux) requière un raisonnement technique (e.g., Osiurak & Badets, 2016). Ce type de raisonnement, qui impliquerait le lobe pariétal inférieur gauche, nous permettrait de formuler l’action mécanique et d’évaluer les propriétés physiques des outils et des objets. Dans le cadre de cette hypothèse, l’une des finalités de cette thèse était de mieux comprendre les troubles d’utilisation d’outils chez des patients cérébro-lésés. Le présent travail s’est également porté sur l’investigation de la cognition numérique. Par ce terme, nous ne faisons pas uniquement référence au calcul mental ou à l’arithmétique. Nous englobons également ce que Dehaene et Cohen (1995) ont nommé code analogique dans leur Modèle du Triple Code. Ce code stockerait les représentations des quantités numériques au sein des lobes pariétaux. Autrement dit, il contiendrait le sens du nombre (Dehaene, 1997) permettant d’associer une étiquette symbolique (e.g., chiffre arabe) à la quantité correspondante. Au quotidien, ce serait grâce à ces représentations que nous pourrions comparer ou estimer la numérosité des ensembles d’objets. L’objectif principal de cette thèse était de rapprocher, tant au niveau cognitif que cérébral, ces deux domaines d’intérêt que sont l’utilisation d’outils et la cognition numérique. En effet, nous avons remarqué que ces deux capacités nécessitaient toutes deux un processus commun d’estimation de la magnitude (i.e., magnitude des propriétés physiques et magnitude des quantités numériques). En outre, au niveau cérébral, elles nécessitent l’activation de régions communes dans le lobe pariétal. Pour penser ce lien, nous nous sommes appuyés sur la théorie de la magnitude (ATOM) formulée par Walsh (2003). Celui-ci postule que toutes les magnitudes, c’est-à-dire toutes les dimensions qui peuvent être décrites par des relations « plus que/moins que », soient traitées au sein d’un système commun et unique dans le lobe pariétal droit (Bueti & Walsh, 2009). Nous avons supposé que la magnitude des propriétés physiques pourrait être traitée dans ce système au même titre que les magnitudes discrètes (e.g., numérosité) et continues (e.g., temps, espace). Nos résultats ont mis en évidence un trouble de l’utilisation d’outils nouveaux chez les patients LBD, sans difficultés apparentes pour estimer les propriétés physiques. Les patients RBD étaient déficitaires dans toutes les conditions évaluant la cognition numérique, contredisant les prédictions issues du TCM. Ces patients étaient également en difficulté pour estimer la longueur mais pas le poids. Comme des associations entre estimation de la longueur et du poids, et entre estimation de la longueur et cognition numérique ont été observées dans les différents groupes, nous suggérons que le système de magnitude soit divisé en sous-systèmes. Fait étonnant, nous avons trouvé une association entre utilisation d’outils et calcul approximatif chez les patients LBD supposant une tentative de compensation de l’utilisation par le calcul. Finalement, il semble que l’utilisation d’outils et la cognition numérique reposent sur des mécanismes neurocognitifs distincts, puisque les différents types de magnitudes ne paraissent pas être traités au sein d’un système commun et unique. / Tool use is a defining feature of the genus Homo. It is therefore fundamental to better understand the cognitive and cerebral bases that allow us to use tools. The current cognitivist models explain tool use through the hypothesis of an activation of gestural memories (i.e., gestural or visuo-kinetic engrams, or sensorimotor knowledge of manipulation; see Rothi, Ochipa, & Heilman, 1991; Buxbaum, 2001). This theory is unable to explain the use of novel tools. An alternative hypothesis suggests that any situation of tool use (familiar and new) requires technical reasoning (e.g., Osiurak & Badets, 2016). This reasoning, involving the left inferior parietal lobe, would enable to formulate the mechanical action and to evaluate the physical properties of tools and objects. One of the aims of this thesis was to better understand the tool use disorders in brain-damaged patients, within the framework of the technical reasoning hypothesis. This work has also focused on the investigation of numerical cognition. By this term we refer to mental arithmetic and math, but also to analogical code (see the Triple Code Model, Dehaene & Cohen, 1995). It corresponds to the representation of numerical quantities, stored in the parietal lobes. In other words, this code would contain the sense of number (Dehaene, 1997) to associate a symbolic label (e.g., Arabic digits) with the corresponding quantity. In everyday life, this representation would be critical to compare or estimate the numerosity of object sets.The main objective of this thesis was to explore, at cognitive and cerebral levels, whether links exist between both fields of interest that are tool use and numerical cognition. Indeed, we noticed that both capacities need a common process of magnitude estimation (i.e., physical properties and numerical quantity). In addition, at the cerebral level, they require the activation of common regions in the parietal lobe. We relied on the Theory Of Magnitude (ATOM) formulated by Walsh (2003). It postulates that all magnitudes, namely the dimensions described by “more than/less than” relationships (e.g., Is this stick long enough to reach a given place?), are processed within a common and unique system, in the right parietal lobe (Bueti & Walsh, 2009). We assumed that the magnitude of physical properties could be processed in this system as well as the discrete (e.g., numbers) and continuous (e.g., time, space) magnitudes. Our results highlighted a disorder of novel tool-use in LBD patients, who nevertheless had no difficulty in estimating physical properties. The RBD patients were impaired in all conditions assessing the numerical cognition, refuting the predictions derived from TCM. They were also impaired in the estimation of the length but not of the weight. As associations between estimation of length and of weight, and between estimation of length and numerical cognition have been observed in the different groups, we suggest that the magnitude system be divided into subsystems. Surprisingly, we found an association between tool use and approximate calculation in LBD patients assuming an attempt to compensate tool use by calculation. Finally, it seems that tool use and numerical cognition rely on distinct neurocognitive mechanisms since the different types of magnitudes might not be processed within a common and unique system of magnitude

In the Maoist era, the quest for beauty was regarded as decadent Western bourgeois culture. However, more and more Chinese women have been shopping for a youthful and beautiful appearance by undergoing cosmetic surgery in recent decades. Based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Beijing, China, in 2006--2007, this study examines the phenomenon of the rapidly growing popularity of cosmetic surgery among Chinese women and considers the relationships between the remaking of female body image through cosmetic surgery, the reconstruction of self identity, and the reconfiguration of state power and market forces with the expansion of global consumerism in post-Mao China. The thesis suggests that the alteration of female body features through cosmetic surgery reflects in microcosm the transition of China from a Maoist socialist regime to a post-Maoist consumer society within a few decades, following its own "Chinese characteristics." Therefore, Chinese women's involvement in cosmetic surgery must be understood within the broader historical and socio-political context of China, and also must be seen both as the empowerment of Chinese women and also their ongoing subjugation to men, markets, and the state. / Wen, Hua. / Adviser: Gordon Matthews. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 72-04, Section: A, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 392-421). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract and glossary also in Chinese.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_ANA PAULA PAULINO DA COSTA.pdf: 2908590 bytes, checksum: 4be67febb23dac3bdfca65e15ca840f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-04 / As pesquisas, no campo de estudos organizacionais, têm mostrado limitada capacidade para a compreensão e análise do complexo tema 'fraudes corporativas', pois negligenciam o fenômeno como um processo (sequência de atos), tratando-o como um evento (ASHFORTH et al., 2008), menosprezando que cada tipo de fraude requer um conjunto de recursos, esquemas cognitivos e contextos (BAUCUS, 1994; MACLEAN, 2008; MISANGYI; WEAVER; ELMS, 2008). Eles não permitem responder à pergunta ‘Como a fraude ocorre nas corporações?’. Para tal é necessário identificar e analisar os fatores que permitem a fraude surgir e se sustentar. O presente trabalho, com intuito de identificar os elementos característicos do fenômeno da fraude e como se criou um contexto favorável para ela, estudou dois casos emblemáticos ocorridos no Brasil (Boi Gordo e Banco Santos). A análise, feita com uma abordagem de pesquisa baseada na grounded theory, com análise de documentos e de discursos, consubstanciou-se em um arcabouço teórico substantivo para o contexto de fraudes corporativas financeiras contra terceiros. O trabalho analisou o movimento do fenômeno, suas origens, seu desenvolvimento e consolidação e sua crise, identificando as variáveis antecedentes (de predisposição e oportunidade), bem como os recursos substantivos e simbólicos usados no desenvolvimento da fraude; evidenciando a forma como os recursos se relacionaram para criar a lógica institucional fraudulenta e; integrando os fatores antecedentes à operacionalização da fraude, de forma apreender os elementos constitutivos do processo. O esforço teórico e empírico aqui desenvolvido, resultou numa proposta inicial de modelo interpretativo, com a identificação de novos elementos teóricos. Evidenciou 'o negócio baseado na confiança' como categoria central e mostrou de que modo esse elemento interage com outras categorias e propriedades. Entre os novos elementos estão os aspectos da vítima, a dialética centralização do comando e descentralização do negócio em várias empresas (com uso de 'laranjas') e o uso de aspectos culturais como oportunidade para a fraude. Evidenciou ainda de que maneira os recursos substantivos usados por empresas idôneas ganharam novos significados, por meio de esquemas cognitivos e, permitiu a identificação de três momentos no processo: 'origem', 'pseudo sintonia' e 'espiral'. A dimensão multifacetada da fraude corporativa foi evidenciada, inclusive fazendo a ligação com a dimensão social (DEBORD, 1997; BOORSTIN, 1992; GOFFMAN, 1959; BAUDRILLARD, 1991; BOURDIEU, 2007). A tese constitui uma contribuição para a compreensão ampliada do fenômeno, numa perspectiva integrativa, interacionista e processual, que pode ser replicada em futuras pesquisas para construir um arcabouço robusto e generalizável em outros contextos substantivos ou ainda para a teoria formal de fraudes corporativas. / Current management literature about corporate fraud usually is too fragmented considering the phenomena as an event. This fragmentation on organization study field has been cited as a limitation for comprehension and analysis of the complex theme (ASHFORTH et al., 2008), as neglecting that each type of fraud requires different set of resources, cognitive frames and contexts (BAUCUS, 1994; MACLEAN, 2008; MISANGYI; WEAVER; ELMS, 2008). This study aims to contribute to literature considering corporate fraud as a process, in an integrative (among levels of analysis) and interacionism (substantive and symbolic aspects) model. Adopting a research approach based on grounded theory, this study analyzed two emblematic cases of financial corporate fraud in Brazil in different segment: Boi Gordo (agrobusiness) and Banco Santos (banking). This resulted on a substantive knowledge on intentional financial corporate fraud context. Through document and discourses analysis this work studied the movement of the phenomenon, its origin, development, consolidation and crisis, what allowed identifying the characteristics (antecedents, substantive and symbolic aspects) of this type of fraud; how these elements are integrated (including the link between antecedents and modus operandi) and how the context was prepared for it (how resources gained new meanings). These procedures allowed apprehending the constitutive elements of this fraud process. These elements were also linked to social dimension aspects (DEBORD, 1997; BOORSTIN, 1992; GOFFMAN, 1959; BAUDRILLARD, 1991; BOURDIEU, 2007). It resulted on new theoretical elements applied to substantive context of intentional financial corporate fraud as the central one: ‘trust-based business’. This category integrates other aspects as the use of culture social values to access target public. It was also possible to identify how behavior changes along the process of fraud, identifying three moments: ‘origin’, ‘pseudo-coherence’, when business growth; and ‘spiral’, when business advance to bankruptcy. These results can be applied in future researches on other substantive contexts of fraud to construct more general theory and even to reformulate formal fraud corporate current theories.

This study is an exploration of the representation of masculinity in film, with particular focus on the way in which the leading male characters in a purposive sample of action genre and romantic comedy genre films represent masculinity. It is posited that masculinity is a construct, the meaning of which is dependent on the social context of the individual. Film being a social artefact could then possibly influence individuals understanding of the construct. Therefore an exploration of the kind of masculinity, the variations thereof across genres, and masculine characteristics of masculinity prevalent in each genre, is a first step in understanding possible influences of the definition of masculinity. In order to accomplish this exploration, a combination of methods is used to analyse these fictional characters according to a set of codes and „real‟ world norms. The real world norms are based on seven theoretically derived norms of masculinity developed from previous research on masculinity conducted by Levant, Hirsch, Celentano, Cozza, Hill, MacEachern, Marty and Schnedekerl (1992). The results of the findings from this study indicate that the way in which male characters are created for each genre are different, with male lead characters from the action genre having more characteristics that align with the „real‟ world norms of masculinity (Levant et al 1992). Alternatively, the male lead characters from the romantic comedy genre, have fewer characteristics that align with the seven theoretically derived norms of masculinity. The masculinity represented in the romantic comedy genre is more emotionally available and expressive, less aggressive, more compromising and reliant on others; while in the action genre masculinity is more independent, stoic, aggressive and more physically adventurous. The male lead characters in the romantic comedy genre are more about the emotional aspects of masculinity while the male lead characters in the action genre are more about the physical aspects of masculinity. / Communication Science / M.A. (Communication)

Text in Afrikaans / In die ondersoek na die modus operandi van die bankrower: 'n kriminologiese introspeksie, kan die ondergemelde drie dimensies onderskei word: Die eerste dimensie is 'n kriminologiese introspeksie wat die betekenis wat bankrowers self aan die uitvoer van bankrooftogte heg, behels. Hierdie leefwereld van die subjekte word deur die navorser "betree" en mede-verken. Doelgerigtheid, morele oorwegings, teesin in geweld, charisma, kognitiewe vermoens en 'n materialistiese ingesteldheid is begrippe wat die bankrower as mens belig. Die tweede dimensie word verteenwoordig deur die begrondingsteorie as navorsingsmetode, gebaseer op die werk van Strauss en Corbin {1990), wat toegepas word ten einde sodanige navorsingsdoelstelling te fasiliteer. Tydens die aanvanklike fase van die ondersoek is daar met 28 bankrowers in aanhoud i ng, gefokusde semi -gest ruktureerde ind i epte-onderhoude gevoer. Opvolgonderhoude is met ses van die 28 subjekte gevoer, met die doel om 'n substantiewe begrondingsteorie te ontplooi, verskille op te klaar en die geldigheid van die data te verhoog. Die derde dimensie reflekteer vervolgens die ontplooiing van 'n substantiewe begrondingsteorie wat weerspieel word in proposisies en wat in vier fases van die modus operandi van die bankrower onderskei word, naamlik die beplanning-; uitvoering-; afhandeling-; en heroorwegingsfase. Elk van die ge'identifiseerde fases word gekenmerk deur progressiewe beweging, natuurlike kontinu'iteit, emosionele belewenisse en 'n individualistiese inslag. Twee kernelemente, naamlik besluitneming en rasionaliteit staan prominent binne die kader van die modus operandi van die bankrower. Die substantiewe begrondingsteorie is daarop ingestel om die verskynsel wat bestudeer word, te verklaar. Seide die oorweging van die ondersoek asook ander doelstellings van die navorser word binne die teorie geakkommodeer. Verdere vergelykende studies kan daartoe bydra om die substantiewe begrondingsteorie te verfyn, te falsifiseer, 6f by gebrek daaraan, tot 'n formele teorie uit te bou. Derhalwe word die begrondingsteorie as navorsingsmetode nie slegs as toepaslik beskou vir toekomstige navorsing oor onderwerpe waaroor daar 'n gebrek aan empiriese bevindinge bestaan en waaroor relatief min kennis in kriminologiese literatuur voorkom nie, maar hou dit ook die voordeel van 'n pluriforme navorsingstudie in. / In the investigation into the modus operandi of the bank robber: a criminological introspection, three dimensions can be distinguished. The first dimension is a criminological introspection comprising the meaning attached by bank rob.bers to the execution of bank robberies. This world of the subjects is entered and co-scouted. Sense of purpose, mora 1 considerations, aversion to violence, charisma, cognitive powers and a materialistic disposition are conceptions that elucidate the bank robber as a human. The second dimension is represented by the grounded theory as research method, based on the work of Strauss and Corbin (1990), which are applied to facilitate such research aims. During the initial phase of the investigation, focused, semi-structured, in-depth interviews were held with 28 bank robbers in detention. Subsequent interviews were held with six of the 28 subjects, aimed at expanding a substantive grounded theory, to clear up differences and to increase the validity of the data. The third dimension reflects the development of a substantive grounded theory which is revealed in propositions and signalised in four phases of the bank robber's modus operandi, namely the planning, execution, disposal and reconsideration phases. Each of these identified phases is characterised by progressive movement, natura 1 continuity, emot i ona 1 experiences and an individualistic infusion. The basic elements, namely decision-making and rationalisation, are prominent in the cadre of the bank robber's modus operandi. The substantive grounded theory is aimed at explaining the study phenomenon. Consideration of the investigation as well as other aims of the researcher are accommodated in the theory. Further comparative studies can assist in refining or falsifying the substantive grounded theory or, failing, to expand it to a formal theory. The grounded theory is therefore regarded as appropriate for future research on subjects about which there is a lack of empirical findings and relatively little knowledge in criminological literature. The theory offers, in addition, the advantage of a pluriform research study. / Sociology / D. Litt et Phil. (Kriminologie)

Dans Les Règles de l'art, Bourdieu propose une science des œuvres. A l'aide des concepts de champ, d'habitus, d’espace des possibles, il tente de faire le lien entre la littéraire et le social. Son approche récuse toute tentation psychologisante et ferme la porte à toute explication du processus créatif en termes de génie, de sensibilité ou d’inspiration. La littérature est d’abord au carrefour des faits sociaux. Les textes sont des faits sociaux, comme apparition mais aussi comme expression. Ils ne sont ni à sacraliser ni à désacraliser. Bourdieu tente de rendre intelligible l’espace littéraire des auteurs. Il veut mettre en lumière ce qui rend l’œuvre d’art nécessaire, c’est-à-dire sa formule informatrice, son principe générateur, sa raison d’être. Il affirme qu'au fond l'écrivain, quelle que soit son orientation, n'a pas d'autres choix que d'être traversé par la sociologie de son époque. Il suggère même que tout effort de distanciation formelle, supposant que l'œuvre soit un ailleurs du réel, est signe de cette connaissance intuitive du réel lui-même. L’Education Sentimentale de Flaubert se prête particulièrement bien à ce paradigme analytique. En s’arrêtant sur la deuxième moitié du XIXe siècle, Bourdieu décrit la genèse et le processus d’autonomisation de l’espace littéraire qui entérine le fonctionnement du champ. Il essaie alors de montrer comment les règles sont articulées par/dans une configuration sociale, politique, économique, culturelle et quelle place nouvelle occupe, dans cette modernité, l'artiste. / I have used Pierre Bourdieu’s sociological approach as a critical tool for the study of literary texts. As a sociologist, Bourdieu is not satisfied with the notion that the literary text would be isolated from the world and considers the writer as a product of economic, social, religious or political circumstances that may be recovered through analysis. According to Bourdieu, the development of literature as an independent field goes hand in hand with the expansion of a liberal politics, a connection critics refuse to recognize as they will believe in the myth of inspired creation. Bourdieu retraces to the nineteenth century the moment when literature became independent and describes how twentieth-century literature is but a perpetuation of nineteenth-century literary myths. I also look at the ways the specialists of Flaubert responded to the publication of Les Règles de l’art as the book provoked heated debates when it was issued. I have especially examined the arguments of critics hostile to Bourdieu in order to demonstrate how such an emblematic figure as Flaubert embodies what is at stake when one questions the notion of literature. How can Bourdieu fit in literary studies? One has to be careful interpreting the title of Bourdieu’s book. Les Règles de l’art is no prescriptive book : Bourdieu is not the one who sets the rule nor does he suggest that there were no rules before the advent of the modern age. He is simply trying to show how, from the start of this period, the literary world is determined by specific social, political, economic and cultural conditions and questions the particular role played by the artist in this new state of things.

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) and logic programs have both been suggested as means of modelling human cognition. While ANNs are adaptable and relatively noise resistant, the information they represent is distributed across various neurons and is therefore difficult to interpret. On the contrary, symbolic systems such as logic programs are interpretable but less adaptable. Human cognition is performed in a network of biological neurons and yet is capable of representing symbols, and therefore an ideal model would combine the strengths of the two approaches. This is the goal of Neural-Symbolic Integration [4, 16, 21, 40], in which ANNs are used to produce interpretable, adaptable representations of logic programs and other symbolic models. One neural-symbolic model of reasoning is SHRUTI [89, 95], argued to exhibit biological plausibility in that it captures some aspects of real biological processes. SHRUTI's original developers also suggest that further biological plausibility can be ascribed to the fact that SHRUTI networks can be represented by a model of genetic development [96, 120]. The aims of this thesis are to support the claims of SHRUTI's developers by producing the first such genetic representation for SHRUTI networks and to explore biological plausibility further by investigating the evolvability of the proposed SHRUTI genome. The SHRUTI genome is developed and evolved using principles from Generative and Developmental Systems and Artificial Development [13, 105], in which genomes use indirect encoding to provide a set of instructions for the gradual development of the phenotype just as DNA does for biological organisms. This thesis presents genomes that develop SHRUTI representations of logical relations and episodic facts so that they are able to correctly answer questions on the knowledge they represent. The evolvability of the SHRUTI genomes is limited in that an evolutionary search was able to discover genomes for simple relational structures that did not include conjunction, but could not discover structures that enabled conjunctive relations or episodic facts to be learned. Experiments were performed to understand the SHRUTI fitness landscape and demonstrated that this landscape is unsuitable for navigation using an evolutionary search. Complex SHRUTI structures require that necessary substructures must be discovered in unison and not individually in order to yield a positive change in objective fitness that informs the evolutionary search of their discovery. The requirement for multiple substructures to be in place before fitness can be improved is probably owed to the localist representation of concepts and relations in SHRUTI. Therefore this thesis concludes by making a case for switching to more distributed representations as a possible means of improving evolvability in the future.

Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude des décalages, ou encore systèmes dynamiques symboliques, définis sur certains monoïdes finiment présentés, $Z^d$ d'une part et les arbres d'autre part. Le principal résultat concernant les décalages multidimensionnels établit que tout décalage effectif de dimension d est obtenu par facteur et sous-action projective d'un décalage de type fini de dimension d+1. De ce résultat nous déduisons que les décalages S-adiques multidimensionnels donnés par une suite effective de substitutions sont sofiques. Sur les décalages d'arbres nous montrons un théorème de décomposition, qui permet d'écrire une conjugaison entre deux décalages d'arbres quelconques comme une suite finie d'opérations élémentaires, les fusions entrantes et les éclatements entrants. De ce théorème, associé à la commutation des fusions entrantes, nous déduisons la décidabilité du problème de conjugaison entre deux décalages d'arbres de type fini. Nous nous intéressons ensuite à la classe des décalages d'arbres sofiques, qui sont exactement ceux reconnus par des automates d'arbres montants dans lesquels tous les états sont à la fois initiaux et finaux. Nous montrons l'existence d'un unique automate d'arbres déterministe, réduit, irréductible et synchronisé qui reconnaît un décalage d'arbres sofique. Enfin nous montrons que l'appartenance à la sous-classe des décalages d'arbres AFT est décidable / This thesis is devoted to the study of subshifts, or symbolic dynamical systems, defined on some finitely presented monoids like $Z^d$ or the infinite binary tree. The main result concerning multidimensional subshifts establishes that any effective subshift of dimension d can be obtained by factor map and projective subaction of a subshift of finite type of dimension d+1. This result has many applications, and in particular we prove that multidimensional effective S-adic subshifts are sofic. On tree-shifts we prove a decompositiontheorem, which implies that the conjugacy problem between two tree-shifts of finite type is decidable. We then investigate the class of sofic tree-shifts that are exactly those recocognized by tree automata. We prove that any sofic tree-shift has a unique deterministic, reduced, irreducible and synchronized tree automaton that recognized it. Finally we prove that it is decidable wether a sofic tree-shift belong to the sub-class of AFT tree-shifts

Differentielles Testen ist ein wichtiger Bestandteil der Qualitätssicherung von Software, mit dem Ziel Testeingaben zu generieren, die Unterschiede im Verhalten der Software deutlich machen. Solche Unterschiede können zwischen zwei Ausführungspfaden (1) in unterschiedlichen Programmversionen, aber auch (2) im selben Programm auftreten. In dem ersten Fall werden unterschiedliche Programmversionen mit der gleichen Eingabe untersucht, während bei dem zweiten Fall das gleiche Programm mit unterschiedlichen Eingaben analysiert wird. Die Regressionsanalyse, die Side-Channel Analyse, das Maximieren der Ausführungskosten eines Programms und die Robustheitsanalyse von Neuralen Netzwerken sind typische Beispiele für differentielle Softwareanalysen. Eine besondere Herausforderung liegt in der effizienten Analyse von mehreren Programmpfaden (auch über mehrere Programmvarianten hinweg). Die existierenden Ansätze sind dabei meist nicht (spezifisch) dafür konstruiert, unterschiedliches Verhalten präzise hervorzurufen oder sind auf einen Teil des Suchraums limitiert. Diese Arbeit führt das Konzept des hybriden differentiellen Software Testens (HyDiff) ein: eine hybride Analysetechnik für die Generierung von Eingaben zur Erkennung von semantischen Unterschieden in Software. HyDiff besteht aus zwei parallel laufenden Komponenten: (1) einem such-basierten Ansatz, der effizient Eingaben generiert und (2) einer systematischen Analyse, die auch komplexes Programmverhalten erreichen kann. Die such-basierte Komponente verwendet Fuzzing geleitet durch differentielle Heuristiken. Die systematische Analyse basiert auf Dynamic Symbolic Execution, das konkrete Eingaben bei der Analyse integrieren kann. HyDiff wird anhand mehrerer Experimente evaluiert, die in spezifischen Anwendungen im Bereich des differentiellen Testens ausgeführt werden. Die Resultate zeigen eine effektive Generierung von Testeingaben durch HyDiff, wobei es sich signifikant besser als die einzelnen Komponenten verhält. / Differential software testing is important for software quality assurance as it aims to automatically generate test inputs that reveal behavioral differences in software. The concrete analysis procedure depends on the targeted result: differential testing can reveal divergences between two execution paths (1) of different program versions or (2) within the same program. The first analysis type would execute different program versions with the same input, while the second type would execute the same program with different inputs. Therefore, detecting regression bugs in software evolution, analyzing side-channels in programs, maximizing the execution cost of a program over multiple executions, and evaluating the robustness of neural networks are instances of differential software analysis with the goal to generate diverging executions of program paths. The key challenge of differential software testing is to simultaneously reason about multiple program paths, often across program variants, in an efficient way. Existing work in differential testing is often not (specifically) directed to reveal a different behavior or is limited to a subset of the search space. This PhD thesis proposes the concept of Hybrid Differential Software Testing (HyDiff) as a hybrid analysis technique to generate difference revealing inputs. HyDiff consists of two components that operate in a parallel setup: (1) a search-based technique that inexpensively generates inputs and (2) a systematic exploration technique to also exercise deeper program behaviors. HyDiff’s search-based component uses differential fuzzing directed by differential heuristics. HyDiff’s systematic exploration component is based on differential dynamic symbolic execution that allows to incorporate concrete inputs in its analysis. HyDiff is evaluated experimentally with applications specific for differential testing. The results show that HyDiff is effective in all considered categories and outperforms its components in isolation.