O principal distúrbio metabólico decorrente do Diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e da Síndrome Metabólica corresponde a alterações no metabolismo lipídico. Portanto, torna-se importante a melhor compreensão de alguns aspectos do metabolismo de lipoproteínas plasmáticas. Nesse sentido, a avaliação do metabolismo dos quilomícrons e da transferência de lípides de lipoproteínas plasmáticas para a lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL), pode fornecer informações importantes relacionadas com o processo aterogênico. No presente estudo, foram estudados 15 indivíduos portadores de Diabetes mellitus tipo 2, 15 indivíduos com Síndrome Metabólica e 14 controles normolipidêmicos. Foi avaliada a cinética plasmática de uma nanoemulsão lipídica artificial com comportamento metabólico similar ao dos quilomícrons naturais, marcada com triglicérides (TG-3H) e éster de colesterol (EC-14C) radioativos. A nanoemulsão de quilomícrons artificiais foi injetada endovenosamente e amostras de sangue foram coletadas durante intervalos préestabelecidos. As curvas de decaimento plasmático dos lípides radioativos da nanoemulsão foram traçadas e as taxas fracionais de remoção (TFR) foram calculadas por análise compartimental. Para avaliação da transferência de lípides foi utilizada uma nanoemulsão semelhante a LDL (LDE) marcada com TG-3H e colesterol livre-14C (CL-14C) ou fosfolípides-14C (PL-14C) e EC-3H, como doadora de lípides para a HDL. Após incubação in vitro da LDE com o plasma, seguiu-se a precipitação das lipoproteínas que contem apolipoproteína B, restando no sobrenadante apenas a HDL. As taxas de transferência de lípides foram expressas em % de radioatividade encontrada no sobrenadante. Também foi determinado o diâmetro da HDL por espalhamento de luz. A TFR-EC dos grupos DM2 (p <0,05) e SM (p <0,01) comparado ao grupo controle apresentou-se diminuída, enquanto que as TFR-TG foram similares nos três grupos. Houve maior transferência de fosfolípides e colesterol nos grupos DM2 e SM comparando-se com grupo controle (p<0,001) A transferência de triglicérides e de éster de colesterol não diferiu entre os grupos. Não observou-se diferença no diâmetro da HDL nos três grupos. Concluindo, nossos resultados sugerem que a remoção plasmática dos remanescentes de quilomícrons encontra-se alterada em pacientes com SM e com DM2. Além disso, a transferência de lípides presentes na superfície das lipoproteínas para a HDL encontra-se aumentada nesses dois distúrbios metabólicos. Essas alterações podem contribuir com a maior incidência de aterosclerose nesses pacientes. / The main metabolic disturbances occurring as a result of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) are alterations in the metabolism of lipids. It is therefore, important to better understand the aspects by which plasma lipoproteins are metabolized. The evaluation of chylomicron metabolism and lipid transfer of high density lipoprotein (HDL) can thus yield useful information regarding the atherosclerotic process. In this study, 15 Type 2 Diabetes individuals, 15 Metabolic Syndrome individuals and 14 normolipidemic control individuals were studied. The plasmatic kinetics of an artificial lipidic nanoemulsion mimicking the behavior of natural chylomicrons were evaluated. This artificial chylomicron nanoemulsion, labele with radioactive triglycerides (TG-3H) and radioactive cholesteryl oleate (CO-14C) was injected intravenously and blood samples collected at pre-established time intervals. The plasmatic decay curve of the radioactive lipids of the nanoemulsion was traced and the fractional clearance rate calculated (FCR) through compartmental analysis. In order to evaluate the lipid transfer, we used a nanoemulsion similar to LDL., labeled with TG-3H and free cholesterol -14C (CL-14C) or with phospholipids -14C (PL-14C) and CO-3H, as a lipid donator to HDL. After in vitro nanoemulsion incubation with the plasma, the lipoproteins containing apolipoprotein B were precipitated, resulting in a supernatant containing HDL. The lipid transfer rates were expressed in % of radioactivity measured in the supernatant. It was also determined the diameter of the HDL using light scattering technique. The TFR-EC for the DM2 (p <0.05) and MetS (p <0.01) groups when compared to the control group was reduced. The TFR-TG, on the other hand, remained similar in all three groups. The transfer of phospholipids and cholesterol for the DM2 (p<0.001) and MetS groups was greater than that of the control group (p<0.001). The triglycerides and ester cholesteryl transfer showed no differences between the studied groups. Furthermore, no difference in HDL diameter was observed in any of the three groups. In conclusion, our results suggest that the removal of chylomicron remnants from the plasma is altered in SM and DM2 patients. Furthermore, there is an increase in the transfer of lipids located on the surface of lipoproteins to HDL . These alterations may contribute to a higher incidence of atherosclerosis in these patients.

Objetivo. Analisar a frequência de síndrome metabólica em pacientes adultas jovens com dermatomiosite (DM) e a possível associação de síndrome metabólica com as características clínicas e laboratoriais da DM. Posteriormente, analisar os níveis séricos das adipocitocinas em pacientes com DM. Métodos. O presente estudo unicentro e transversal incluiu 35 pacientes com DM, de acordo com os critérios de Bohan e Peter, pareadas por idade e índice de massa corpórea com 48 controles saudáveis. A atividade da doença foi baseada nos parâmetros estabelecidos pelo International Myositis Assessment and Clinical Studies Groups (IMACS). A síndrome metabólica foi definida de acordo com critérios preconizados por Joint Interim Statement de 2009. Resultados. A média de idade foi comparável entre DM e o grupo controle (respectivamente, 33,2 ± 6,5 e 33,3 ± 7,6 anos), com duração média da doença de um ano. Quando comparadas aos indivíduos do grupo controle, as pacientes com DM tinham alta prevalência de síndrome metabólica (34,3 vs. 6,3%; P = 0,001), assim como altos níveis séricos de adiponectina e resistina, em contraste com baixos níveis de leptina. Estas adipocitocinas se correlacionavam com vários parâmetros da dislipidemia em pacientes com DM. Além disto, os casos de DM com síndrome metabólica (N = 12) apresentaram maior faixa etária (36,7 ± 5,6 vs. 31,5 ± 8,0 anos; P = 0,035) e maior atividade da doença do que os casos sem síndrome metabólica (N = 23). Entretanto, a distribuição de adipocitocinas foi similar entre os grupos. Conclusão. Quando comparadas ao grupo controle, as pacientes adultas jovens com DM apresentam maior prevalência de síndrome metabólica e maiores níveis séricos de adiponectina e resistina, em contraste com menores níveis séricos de leptina. Entre as pacientes, a síndrome metabólica correlacionou-se positivamente com a maior faixa etária e com a atividade da doença / Objective. To analyze the frequency of metabolic syndrome in young adult female dermatomyositis (DM) patients and to evaluate the possible association of metabolic syndrome with DM-related clinical and laboratory features. Secondarily, to analyze the serum adipocytokine levels in DM patients. Methods. The present cross-sectional single-center study included 35 DM patients according to the criteria of Bohan and Peter, who were age-, body mass index-matched to 48 healthy controls. The disease activity was based on parameter established by the International Myositis Assessment and Clinical Studies Groups (IMACS). Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed according to the criteria established 2009 Join Interim Statement. Results. The median age was comparable in both the DM and control groups (33.2 ± 6.5 and 33.3 ± 7.6 years, respectively), with median disease duration of 1 year. When compared to healthy control group, the DM patients had a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome (34.3 vs. 6.3%; P = 0.001), as well high serum adiponectin and resistin levels, in contrast to low serum leptin levels. These adipocytokines correlated with various dyslipidemia parameters in DM patients. Additionally, DM cases with metabolic syndrome (N = 12) were older (36.7 ± 5.6 vs. 31.5 ± 8.0 years; P = 0.035) and have more disease activity index than cases without metabolic syndrome (N = 23). Nevertheless, adipocytokines distribution was similar in both groups. Conclusion. Compared to control group, Adult young female patients with DM show higher metabolic syndrome prevalence and a higher serum adiponectin and resistin levels, in contrast to lower serum leptin levels. Among the patients, the metabolic syndrome correlates positively with older age and with disease activity

INTRODUÇÃO: A Síndrome metabólica (SM) é uma condição clínica complexa, onde há associação de obesidade abdominal e distúrbios do metabolismo da glicose e lipídeos. Essencialmente, sua fisiopatologia envolve o aumento da resistência insulínica periférica, a qual acelera o processo de aterosclerose. Sendo assim, a SM apresenta-se como um cofator para aumento da incidência de doenças cardiovasculares, incluindo a doença cerebrovascular. Frequentemente, a aterosclerose carotídea é avaliada pela ultrassonografia Doppler (USG-D), a qual determina apenas o grau de estenose. No entanto, em determinadas situações, a avaliação qualitativa da placa carotídea é importante para conduta terapêutica. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto da síndrome metabólica na morfologia de placa carotídea, acessada pela mediana de escala de cinza (GSM), e análise da distribuição de pixels utilizando um software dedicado a este propósito. MÉTODO: No período de setembro de 2011 a setembro de 2012, 83 pacientes assintomáticos portadores de estenose de artérias carótidas foram consecutivamente incluídos em um estudo transversal observacional. A coleta de dados envolveu avaliação clínico-laboratorial e USG-D realizada por um único examinador. A análise ultrassonográfica incluiu a obtenção de uma única imagem no melhor segmento longitudinal que demonstrasse a maior porção da placa. As imagens foram gravadas, sendo posteriormente avaliadas em um programa de computador dedicado a medida de GSM e análise da distribuição de pixels. RESULTADOS: No grupo total (n = 83), foi identificada média de idade de 72,23 ± 7,9 anos (52 - 90), com predominância do sexo masculino (53 %). A SM foi diagnosticada em 51,8% da casuística. Pacientes com a SM apresentaram maior prevalência de diabetes mellitus (53,5% vs. 27,5%, p = 0,016), utilizavam um maior número de classes de anti-hipertensivos (2 [0 - 4] vs. 2 [0 - 6], p = 0,009) e usavam estatinas há mais tempo (60 vs. 48 meses, p = 0,011) quando comparados aos pacientes sem essa condição. Em ambos os grupos, houve predomínio de estenose carotídea de 50 - 69% (37,3 %) e a análise por distribuição de pixels foi realizada em 148 placas carotídeas. Nestas, a mediana do GSM foi superior em pacientes com a SM em relação aos pacientes sem esta condição (71 vs. 60,5, p = 0,012). Adicionalmente, o histograma demonstrou que pacientes com a SM apresentaram placas carotídeas mais estáveis, com maiores quantidades de tecido fibrótico (15,8 vs. 12, p = 0,015) e menores proporções de sangue (0,5 vs. 1,9, p = 0,005) e gordura (7,6 vs. 12,4, p = 0,003). CONCLUSÃO: O presente estudo demonstrou que a SM não foi associada a presença de instabilidade da placa carotídea / INTRODUCTION: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex clinical disorder in which abdominal obesity and impairment of glucose and lipid metabolism coexist. In essence, this condition involves increased peripheral insulin resistance, which is associated with atherosclerosis. Accordingly, MetS is a cofactor in atherosclerotic disease, including cerebrovascular disorders. Carotid artery stenosis is generally assessed by Doppler ultrasonography (DUS); however, some patients also require qualitative carotid plaque analysis to aid clinical decision-making. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of MetS on the morphology of carotid artery plaques as evaluated using DUS with computer-assisted analysis. METHOD: Between September 2011 and September 2012, 83 consecutive asymptomatic patients with carotid artery stenosis were enrolled in this cross-sectional observational study. We collected data from clinical and laboratory evaluations, and DUS conducted by a single operator. All plaques were scanned longitudinally and the best segment was selected, recorded, and evaluated using dedicated software. The main softwarebased analyses were grey-scale median (GSM) measurements and pixels distribution analysis. RESULTS: Of the total group (n = 83), 53% of subjects were male and the mean age was 72.23 ± 7.9 years (52-90). MetS was identified in 51.8% of patients. Compared with patients without MetS, patients with MetS had a higher incidence of diabetes mellitus (53.5% vs. 27.5%, p = 0.016), used more classes of antihypertensive drugs (2 [0 - 4] vs. 2 [0 - 6], p = 0.009), and were treated with statins for longer (60 vs. 48 months, p = 0.011). Both groups exhibited moderate carotid stenosis of 50% - 69% (37.3%) and MetS was not associated with an increased prevalence of severe carotid artery stenosis. In computer-assisted analysis of 148 carotid plaques, the median GSM was higher in the MetS group than in the non-MetS group (71 vs. 60.5, p = 0.012). Additionally, patients with MetS had more stable carotid artery plaques with higher amounts of fibrotic tissue (15.8 vs. 12, p = 0.015) and lower quantities of blood (1.9 vs. 0.5, p = 0.005) and fat (7.6 vs. 12.4, p = 0.003). CONCLUSION: In patients with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis, MetS was not associated with unstable carotid plaques

Loh Shwu Chun. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [109]-120). / Abstracts in English and Chinese; appendix also in Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Abstract (in Chinese) --- p.iv / List of Abbreviations --- p.v / List of Tables --- p.vii / List of Figures --- p.ix / Table of Contents / Chapter Chapter One: --- Introduction and Study Objectives / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Definition and diagnostic criteria of the metabolic syndrome --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Clinical states of the metabolic syndrome --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT) and Impaired Fasting Glucose (IFG) --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- The metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Dyslipidaemia --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Hypertension --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- Obesity --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3 --- Effects of weight loss on the metabolic syndrome --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4 --- Ethnic differences in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome --- p.15 / Chapter 1.5 --- Treatment of the metabolic syndrome --- p.16 / Chapter 1.6 --- Oral Hypoglycaemic agents and their failure in the metabolic syndrome --- p.17 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Sulphonylureas --- p.17 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Biguanides --- p.18 / Chapter 1.6.3 --- Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitors --- p.20 / Chapter 1.6.4 --- Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) --- p.21 / Chapter 1.6.4.1 --- Thiazolinedinediones --- p.22 / Chapter 1.6.4.1.1 --- Rosiglitazone --- p.24 / Chapter 1.6.4.1.1.1 --- Mode of Action --- p.24 / Chapter 1.6.4.1.1.2 --- Adverse events and current status --- p.26 / Chapter 1.7 --- Orlistat --- p.27 / Chapter 1.7.1 --- Mode of Action --- p.28 / Chapter 1.7.2 --- Adverse events and current status --- p.28 / Chapter 1.7.3 --- Therapeutic Potential in the Metabolic Syndrome --- p.29 / Chapter 1.8 --- Study Hypothesis --- p.30 / Chapter 1.9 --- Study Objectives --- p.30 / Chapter Chapter Two: --- Research Design and Methods / Chapter 2 --- Study Protocol --- p.31 / Chapter 2.1 --- Overall Design --- p.31 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Patients Selection Criteria --- p.31 / Chapter 2.1.1.1 --- Inclusion Criteria --- p.31 / Chapter 2.1.1.2 --- Exclusion Criteria --- p.33 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Recruitment Period --- p.34 / Chapter 2.1.2.1 --- Screening Period --- p.34 / Chapter 2.1.2.2 --- Run- In Period (Visit 0) --- p.35 / Chapter 2.1.2.3 --- Randomisation --- p.35 / Chapter 2.1.2.4 --- Evaluation Periods (Visit 2 to 4) --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2 --- Investigations --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Anthropometric measurements --- p.38 / Chapter 2.3 --- Analytical Methods --- p.39 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Determinations of insulin levels in plasma samples --- p.39 / Chapter 2.3.1.1 --- Principle of the Insulin assay --- p.40 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Determinations of glucose concentrations in samples --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.2.1. --- Principle of the glucose assay --- p.42 / Chapter 2.4 --- Calculations --- p.43 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Insulin (hepatic) sensitivity (HOMA) --- p.43 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Area Under the Curves --- p.44 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Sample Size Calculations --- p.45 / Chapter 2.5 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.46 / Chapter Chapter Three: --- Results / Chapter 3.1 --- Study Population --- p.48 / Chapter 3.2 --- Randomisation --- p.49 / Chapter 3.3 --- Study Results --- p.50 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Indices of Glycaemic Control --- p.54 / Chapter 3.3.1.1 --- HbAlc --- p.54 / Chapter 3.3.1.2 --- Fasting Plasma Glucose --- p.58 / Chapter 3.3.1.3 --- Fasting Insulin --- p.58 / Chapter 3.3.1.4 --- 75g Oral Glucose Tolerance Test --- p.59 / Chapter 3.3.1.4.1 --- Glucose --- p.59 / Chapter 3.3.1.4.1.1 --- 2hr-Glucose --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3.1.4.1.2 --- GlucoseAuc --- p.62 / Chapter 3.3.1.4.2 --- Insulin --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3.1.4.2.1 --- 2-hr insulin --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3.1.4.2.2 --- InsulinAuc --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.1.5 --- HOMA score --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Clinical Determinants --- p.69 / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- Lipid Profiles --- p.69 / Chapter 3.3.2.1.1. --- Total Cholesterol --- p.69 / Chapter 3.3.2.1.2 --- HDL-Cholesterol --- p.70 / Chapter 3.3.2.1.3 --- LDL-Cholesterol --- p.71 / Chapter 3.3.2.1.4 --- Triglycerides --- p.72 / Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Anthropometric Evaluations --- p.74 / Chapter 3.3.2.2.1 --- Body Weight --- p.74 / Chapter 3.3.2.2.2 --- Waist Circumference Difference --- p.75 / Chapter 3.3.2.2.3 --- Hip --- p.76 / Chapter 3.3.2.2.4 --- Body Fat --- p.78 / Chapter 3.3.2.2.5 --- BMI --- p.78 / Chapter 3.3.2.3 --- Blood Pressure --- p.79 / Chapter 3.3.2.4 --- RCCA and LCCA --- p.79 / Chapter 3.3.2.5 --- Other outstanding measurements --- p.82 / Chapter 3.4 --- Side Effects experienced --- p.82 / Chapter Chapter Four: --- Discussion and Conclusion / Chapter 4.1 --- Summary of the results --- p.83 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Effects of Diet and Lifestyle Changes --- p.83 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Effects of Orlistat --- p.84 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Effects of Rosiglitazone --- p.35 / Chapter 4.2 --- Implications for therapy --- p.86 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Management of metabolic syndrome --- p.87 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Early Diagnosis --- p.88 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Lifestyle Modification --- p.89 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Pharmacological Targets --- p.92 / Chapter 4.2.4.1 --- Statins --- p.92 / Chapter 4.2.4.2 --- Fibrates --- p.93 / Chapter 4.2.4.3 --- ACE Inhibitors --- p.93 / Chapter 4.2.4.4 --- Thiazolidinediones --- p.94 / Chapter 4.2.4.4.1 --- Economic Evaluations of Thiazolidinediones --- p.97 / Chapter 4.2.4.5 --- Orlistat --- p.98 / Chapter 4.2.4.5.1 --- Economic Evaluations of Orlistat --- p.102 / Chapter 4.3 --- Limitations of the study --- p.104 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Small sample size --- p.104 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Short period of study --- p.105 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Adherence to lifestyle modifications --- p.105 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Analytical assays --- p.106 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Follow up end of study --- p.106 / Chapter 4.3.6 --- Ultrasound measurement of the common carotid arteries --- p.106 / Chapter 4.3.7 --- Availability of thiazolinediones --- p.107 / Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusion and Implications for future studies --- p.107 / References --- p.110 / Appendix I --- p.121 / Appendix II --- p.122 / Appendix III --- p.125

Na Síndrome Metabólica, ações lipotóxicas e glicotóxicas contribuem para a aceleração do processo aterogênico cuja base é a inflamação. O tecido adiposo epicárdico vem sendo reconhecido como metabolicamente ativo e foi relacionado à elevação da produção de citocinas e adipocinas inflamatórias e aumento de DAC. Pioglitazona e Sinvastatina comprovadamente atuam como drogas pleiotrópicas na redução do processo inflamatório sistêmico. O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal avaliar possíveis correlações entre a presença de citocinas inflamatórias plasmáticas versus teciduais e a resposta de ambas à terapia medicamentosa. Para tanto, foram utilizadas monoterapia com Sinvastatina ou Pioglitazona e terapia combinada Pioglitazona+Sinvastatina e acompanhadas as variáveis lipídicas, glicêmicas e inflamatórias sistêmicas, células e citocinas inflamatórias em TAE, um tipo de tecido adiposo branco visceral instalado nas adjacências de focos ateroscleróticos em artérias coronárias de pacientes portadores de DAC e SMet. O estudo envolveu 73 pacientes com DAC multiarterial, avaliada pela cinecoronariografia e SMet que foram submetidos a revascularização e 20 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia valvar para substituição de valva mitral. Os pacientes com DAC eram incluídos de forma não aleatória a um dos 4 subgrupos: controle (n = 17), Simvastatina (20 mg / dia, n = 20), Pioglitazona (15 mg ou 30 mg / dia, n = 18) e Simvastatina + Pioglitazona (20 mg / dia + 15 mg ou 30 mg / dia, respectivamente, n = 18). Amostras de tecido adiposo epicárdico foram obtidas durante a cirurgia. Infiltração de macrófagos, linfócitos e secreção adipocitocinas foram investigados por coloração imunohistoquímica e comparados aos biomarcadores inflamatórios plasmáticos. Os resultados mostraram que a infiltração de macrófagos e a presença de citocinas pró-inflamatórias tais como TNF-, IL-6, leptina and resistina foram reduzidas em TAE de pacientes DAC/SMet após monoterapia com Pioglitazona. Os pacientes tratados apenas com Sinvastatina apresentaram os menores valores plasmáticos de leptina, resistina and MCP-1. Pioglitazona+Sinvastatina foram associadas aos menores valores plasmáticos de IL-6, TNF-, resistina, ADMA, MMP-9 em comparação ao grupo de pacientes não tratados. Além disso, a terapia combinada revelou a mais alta concentração de adiponectina plasmática concomitante ao menor valor de PCRus. Esses achados refletiram não só a condição plasmática como se correlacionaram positivamente à condição tecidual mostrada pela porcentagem média de área ocupada por macrófagos no TAE e a quantidade de PCRus presente no plasma após os tratamentos. Houve correlação positiva também entre citocinas sistêmicas e teciduais após os tratamentos, exceto para o TNF- após o tratamento com sinvastatina ( r = - 0,025, p = 0,33) e leptina após o tratamento com pioglitazona (r = -0,877, p <0,0001). Nos pacientes tratados com Sinvastatina, os fragmentos de TAE apresentaram agregados de linfócitos T, B e macrófagos concentrados na borda e ao redor de vasos sanguíneos / In the Metabolic Syndrome, the concentration of free fatty acids and the elevation of glycemia result in lipotoxic and glycotoxic actions, respectively, which contribute to accelerate the atherogenic process. (MS). Inapropriate secretion of adipocytokines plays a critical role in chronic inflammatory states associated with obesity-linked diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis. The pleiotropic anti-inflammatory action of Simvastatin and/or Pioglitazone may counteract such systemic effects but its influence upon human epicardial adipose tissue is unknown. To assess the anti-inflammatory action of Simvastatin, Pioglitazone or both in epicardial adipose tissue in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and metabolic syndrome. The study comprised 73 patients with multivessel CAD, evaluated by cinecoronariography, and MS who underwent bypass grafting and 20 valvar patients who underwent surgery for mitral valve replacement. The 73 who underwent elective bypass grafting were non-randomly allocated to one of 4 subgroups: control (n=17), Simvastatin alone (20 mg/day, n=20), Pioglitazone alone (15 mg or 30 mg/day, n=18), or Simvastatin+Pioglitazone (20 mg/day + 15 mg or 30 mg/day, respectively, n=18). Epicardial adipose tissue sample was obtained during surgery. Infiltration of macrophages, lymphocytes and adipocytokines secretion were investigated by immunohistochemical staining and compared to plasma inflammatory biomarkers. Among CAD/MS patients, treatment with Simvastatin alone, Pioglitazone alone and Simvastatin+Pioglitazone significantly reduced plasma CRP and cytokines compared with control group. Monotherapy with Simvastatin significantly reduced plasma IL-6, leptin, resistin, MCP-1 (p<0.001 for all), whereas monotherapy with Pioglitazone reduced IL-6, TNF-, resistin and MMP-9 (p<0.001 for all) compared with control group. Simvastatin+Pioglitazone treatment reduced more plasmatic variables (IL-6, TNF-, resistin, ADMA and MMP-9 vs. control group (p<0.001). All treatments increased adiponectin plasma levels (p<0.001). In the combined treatment group, higher concentration in plasma adiponectin and lower hsCRP, were found simultaneously. There was positive correlation between mean percentage macrophages area in EAT and plasma hsCRP; also between systemic and tecidual citokynes after the treatments, except for TNF- after treatment with simvastatin (r = -0.025, p = 0.33) and leptin after treatment with pioglitazone (r = -0.877, p <0.0001). In fat fragments of patients treated with Simvastatin, T- and B-lymphocytes, and macrophages clusters concentrated near the edge or around blood vessels were observed by first time. In patients with CAD and MS treatment with Pioglitazone, Sinvastatin or combination can substantially reduce both epicardial tissue and plasma inflammatory markers. Such tissue effects may contribute to the control of coronary atherosclerosis progression

Introdução: A síndrome metabólica (SM) é preditor independente de doença cardiovascular, a principal causa de mortalidade no Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico (LES). Não existem dados sobre os principais fatores associados à SM em pacientes jovens na pré-menopausa, população mais afetada pelo LES. Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência da SM em mulheres jovens na pré-menopausa com LES e identificar fatores relacionados a doença e à terapêutica que contribuem para a SM, utilizando a análise pelo propensity score. Materiais e Métodos: Foram avaliadas 103 pacientes com LES (critérios do American College Rheumatology 1997) na pré-menopausa, com idade inferior a 40 anos de idade. Foram selecionadas 35 mulheres saudáveis como controles, com menos de 40 anos de idade, sem doenças crônicas e autoimunes. Os critérios de exclusão foram idade inferior a 18 anos, menopausa e gravidez. Parâmetros clínicos, laboratoriais e de terapêutica foram avaliados. A definição da SM foi feita de acordo com os recentes critérios do Joint Interim Statement de 2009. Análise multivariada utilizou a regressão de Poisson e a análise pelo propensity score foi realizada para o controle das variáveis de confusão. Resultados: A prevalência de SM foi mais elevada no grupo LES (22,3 vs. 5,7%; p=0,03), assim como o risco cardiovascular pelo Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) (1,4 ± 0,8 vs. 1,1 ± 0,4; p=0,01). Hipertensão arterial sistêmica (42,7 vs. 2,9%; p<0,0001) e circunferência abdominal aumentada (83,5 vs. 37,1%; p < 0,0001) foram critérios da SM mais frequentes no LES, que apresentou maiores Homeostasis Model Assessment Index (HOMA-IR) (1,8 + 0,9 vs. 1,3 + 1,0; p=0,0008). Não houve diferença significativa quanto à idade, tempo de doença e pontuação no Systemic Lupus International Collaborative Clinics (SLICC/ACR DI) entre os grupos LES com e sem SM. No grupo com LES com SM, os escores do Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) foram significativamente mais elevados (5,9 ± 7,6 vs. 1,9 ± 2,7; p=0,006), assim como atividade renal prévia (73,9 vs. 51,2%; p=0,05) e atividade renal atual (34,8 vs. 10,0%; p=0,008), dose atual de prednisona (20 [0-60] vs. 5 [0-60]mg/dl; p=0,018) e dose cumulativa de prednisona (41,48 ± 24,7 vs. 27,81 ± 18,66g; p=0,023). A cloroquina foi menos utilizada nos pacientes LES com SM (65,2 vs. 90,0%; p=0,008). Na análise multivariada, apenas o uso atual de cloroquina (razão de prevalência [RP]=0,29; IC95% 0,13-0,64) e dose cumulativa de prednisona foram associados com SM (RP=1,02; IC95% 1,01-1,04), mesmo após ajuste pelo propensity score. O uso de cloroquina determina uma redução de 71% na prevalência de SM no LES. Por outro lado, para cada aumento de 1g da dose cumulativa de prednisona determina um aumento de 2% na prevalência de SM. Importante notar que o uso da cloroquina reduziu a prevalência estimada de SM mesmo quando do uso de corticosteroides, e este benefício foi maior quanto maior a dose cumulativa de prednisona. Conclusão: A prevalência da SM em pacientes jovens com LES na pré-menopausa é alta, sendo principalmente influenciada pelas terapias com prednisona ou cloroquina. Os antimaláricos possuem um efeito protetor sobre a prevalência da SM no LES, sendo que este benefício compensou o efeito deletério do corticoide de maneira dose-dependente / Background: There are no data about the main factors associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) in young premenopausal systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency of MetS and disease- or therapy-related factors in premenopausal young SLE patients. Methods: 103 premenopausal SLE patients with age less than 40 years old were selected and compared to 35 healthy premenopausal age-matched female. MetS was defined according to the 2009 Joint Interim Statement. Results: A higher frequency of MetS (22.3 vs. 5.7%, p=0.03) was observed in SLE group. MetS-SLE patients presented higher SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) scores (5.9 ± 7.6 vs. 1.9 ± 2.7, p=0.006), more frequently previous (73.9 vs. 51.2%, p=0.05) and current renal disease (34.8 vs. 10.0%, p=0.008), higher current prednisone dose (20 [0-60] vs. 5 [0- 60] mg/dl, p=0.018) and cumulative prednisone dose (41.48 + 27.81 vs. 24.7 + 18.66 g, p=0.023) than those without MetS. Chloroquine was less frequently used in MetS-SLE patients (65.2 vs. 90.0 %, p=0.008). In multivariate analysis, only current chloroquine use (prevalence ratio [PR]=0.29; 95% CI 0.13-0.64) and cumulative prednisone were associated with MetS (PR=1.02; 95% CI 1.01- 1.04). Further estimated prevalence analysis identified that antimalarial use promoted continuous decrease in the progressive MetS prevalence associated with glucocorticoid cumulative dose. Conclusion: The prevalence of MetS in premenopausal young adult SLE patients is high, and is mainly affected by steroid and antimalarial therapies. Chloroquine has protective effect on the prevalence of MetS in these patients and this benefit counteracts the deleterious effect of glucocorticoid in a dose dependent manner

Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da sibutramina na perda de peso de adolescentes obesos e as mudanças ocorridas nos parâmetros da síndrome metabólica com a perda de peso. Pacientes e métodos: O estudo foi duplo cego placebo controlado tipo cross-over com duração de 13 meses. Os pacientes receberam placebo ou sibutramina por 6 meses e vice-versa, nos 6 meses seguintes. Foram incluídos no estudo 73 adolescentes obesos de ambos os sexos com idades entre 10 e 18 anos. Os exames laboratoriais e exames de imagem foram realizados antes, no período de wash-out e ao final dos 13 meses de acompanhamento. Foram dosados: Colesterol total e frações, triglicérides, Leptina, proteína C reativa, transaminases e teste de tolerância à glicose oral. Os exames de imagem realizados foram: ultrassom de abdômen, Ecocardiograma, Eletrocardiograma, idade óssea. Resultados: A porcentagem de pacientes que perderam 10% do peso inicial no placebo foi de 46% e no grupo sibutramina foi de 75%. Quando usaram o placebo, o peso em média se elevou em1,61 kg, DP 4,46 e o IMC reduziu-se em média 0,24 kg/m2 DP 1,57 enquanto que os pacientes que receberam a sibutramina, o peso reduziu-se em média 4,47 kg e DP 5,87 e o IMC reduziu-se em média 2,38 kg/m2 e DP 2,36 com p < 0,001. Apesar da sibutramina reduzir o peso, IMC e medida de circunferência abdominal as mudanças metabólicas laboratoriais não foram observadas no período de tempo avaliado. Conclusão:A sibutramina induziu significantemente mais perda de peso em adolescentes obesos comparado ao placebo, sem efeitos colaterais significativos. Embora tivesse havido perda de peso, no período observado, não houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes nos parâmetros metabólicos / Objective: Evaluate the effect of sibutramine on weight loss and changes in the parameters of the metabolic syndrome due to weight loss in obese adolescents. Patients and methods: This was a randomized double blind crossover study with duration of 13 months. The study included 73 obese adolescents of both sexes aged between 10 and 18 years (with BMI > 2DP registered at the outpatient clinic of the Pediatric endocrinology Department of Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, Brazil, between 2007 and 2010. Patients were randomized to receive either placebo followed by sibutramine (6 months each) or sibutramine followed by placebo (6 months each). Anthropometric measurements, laboratory tests and imaging studies were performed at baseline, during the wash-out period and at the end of the 13 months follow-up. Total cholesterol, HDL, triglycerides, leptin, C-reactive protein, transaminases and oral glucose tolerance were tested. The following Imaging studies were performed: abdominal ultrasound, echocardiogram, EKG, bone age X-ray. Results: The percentage of patients who lost at least 10% of initial weight while taking the placebo was 46% and while taking sibutramine was 75%. While on placebo, average weight increased by 1.61 kg (SD 4.46). BMI decreased by 0.24 kg/m2 (SD 1.57) as a consequence of growth. While on sibutramine, weight decreased on average by 4.47 kg (SD 5.87) and mean BMI decreased by 2.38 kg/m2 (SD 2.36, p <0.001). Changes in BMI, waist circunference, or metabolic changes were not found statistically significant. Conclusion: Sibutramine induced significantly more weight loss in obese adolescents compared to placebo, without significant side effects. Although there was weight loss, in the study period there were no statistically significant differences in metabolic parameters

Objetivo. Analisar a frequência de síndrome metabólica em pacientes adultas jovens com dermatomiosite (DM) e a possível associação de síndrome metabólica com as características clínicas e laboratoriais da DM. Posteriormente, analisar os níveis séricos das adipocitocinas em pacientes com DM. Métodos. O presente estudo unicentro e transversal incluiu 35 pacientes com DM, de acordo com os critérios de Bohan e Peter, pareadas por idade e índice de massa corpórea com 48 controles saudáveis. A atividade da doença foi baseada nos parâmetros estabelecidos pelo International Myositis Assessment and Clinical Studies Groups (IMACS). A síndrome metabólica foi definida de acordo com critérios preconizados por Joint Interim Statement de 2009. Resultados. A média de idade foi comparável entre DM e o grupo controle (respectivamente, 33,2 ± 6,5 e 33,3 ± 7,6 anos), com duração média da doença de um ano. Quando comparadas aos indivíduos do grupo controle, as pacientes com DM tinham alta prevalência de síndrome metabólica (34,3 vs. 6,3%; P = 0,001), assim como altos níveis séricos de adiponectina e resistina, em contraste com baixos níveis de leptina. Estas adipocitocinas se correlacionavam com vários parâmetros da dislipidemia em pacientes com DM. Além disto, os casos de DM com síndrome metabólica (N = 12) apresentaram maior faixa etária (36,7 ± 5,6 vs. 31,5 ± 8,0 anos; P = 0,035) e maior atividade da doença do que os casos sem síndrome metabólica (N = 23). Entretanto, a distribuição de adipocitocinas foi similar entre os grupos. Conclusão. Quando comparadas ao grupo controle, as pacientes adultas jovens com DM apresentam maior prevalência de síndrome metabólica e maiores níveis séricos de adiponectina e resistina, em contraste com menores níveis séricos de leptina. Entre as pacientes, a síndrome metabólica correlacionou-se positivamente com a maior faixa etária e com a atividade da doença / Objective. To analyze the frequency of metabolic syndrome in young adult female dermatomyositis (DM) patients and to evaluate the possible association of metabolic syndrome with DM-related clinical and laboratory features. Secondarily, to analyze the serum adipocytokine levels in DM patients. Methods. The present cross-sectional single-center study included 35 DM patients according to the criteria of Bohan and Peter, who were age-, body mass index-matched to 48 healthy controls. The disease activity was based on parameter established by the International Myositis Assessment and Clinical Studies Groups (IMACS). Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed according to the criteria established 2009 Join Interim Statement. Results. The median age was comparable in both the DM and control groups (33.2 ± 6.5 and 33.3 ± 7.6 years, respectively), with median disease duration of 1 year. When compared to healthy control group, the DM patients had a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome (34.3 vs. 6.3%; P = 0.001), as well high serum adiponectin and resistin levels, in contrast to low serum leptin levels. These adipocytokines correlated with various dyslipidemia parameters in DM patients. Additionally, DM cases with metabolic syndrome (N = 12) were older (36.7 ± 5.6 vs. 31.5 ± 8.0 years; P = 0.035) and have more disease activity index than cases without metabolic syndrome (N = 23). Nevertheless, adipocytokines distribution was similar in both groups. Conclusion. Compared to control group, Adult young female patients with DM show higher metabolic syndrome prevalence and a higher serum adiponectin and resistin levels, in contrast to lower serum leptin levels. Among the patients, the metabolic syndrome correlates positively with older age and with disease activity

Mong, Lok Yee. / Thesis submitted in: December 2007. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 124-145). / Abstracts in English and Chinese; some text in appendix also in Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract (English version) --- p.iii / Abstract (Chinese version) --- p.v / Table of Contents --- p.vii / List of Tables --- p.ix / List of Figures --- p.xi / List of Abbreviations --- p.xiii / Chapter Chapter 1 - --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Childhood obesity: a worldwide epidemic --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Health consequences of childhood obesity --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Determinants of childhood obesity --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4 --- Hormonal dysregulation and obesity --- p.9 / Chapter 1.5 --- Project objectives and long term significance --- p.14 / Chapter Chapter 2 - --- Research Plan and Methodology / Chapter 2.1 --- Study cohort / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Subject recruitment --- p.15 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Ethics --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Measurements and blood sample collections --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Subgroup for dietary assessment --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Cohort re-visits in 2006 --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2 --- Genetic study / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Sample size estimation and research subjects --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- DNA samples --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Candidate genes --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- SNP tagging and prioritizing --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Genotyping methods & quality control --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Statistical analysis --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3 --- Dietary assessment / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Three-day 24-hour dietary recalls --- p.36 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Lifestyle questionnaire --- p.37 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Data management --- p.38 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Statistical methods --- p.39 / Chapter Chapter 3 - --- Results Page / Chapter 3.1 --- Study cohort --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2 --- Genetic study / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Subjects --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- SNPs selection --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Factor analysis of adiposity in the study population --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Genotyping and association testing in stage1 --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Genotyping and association testing in stage2 --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Association of the CART gene with adiposity --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.7 --- Association of the GHR gene with adiposity --- p.60 / Chapter 3.2.8 --- Association of the GHRHR gene with adiposity --- p.69 / Chapter 3.2.9 --- Association of the IGFBP3 gene with adiposity --- p.75 / Chapter 3.2.10 --- Association of the POMC gene with adiposity --- p.83 / Chapter 3.2 --- Dietary assessment / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Nutrient intakes of the subgroup in2004 --- p.87 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Nutrient intakes of the subgroup in2006 --- p.92 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Lifestyle pattern of the cohort in2006 --- p.97 / Chapter Chapter 4 - --- Discussion / Chapter 4.1 --- The role of GH-related genes with adolescent adiposity --- p.102 / Chapter 4.2 --- Nutrient intakes and lifestyle pattern of the adolescents --- p.120 / Chapter 4.3 --- Conclusion of this study --- p.123 / References --- p.124 / Appendices / Chapter A --- Information of the SNPs selected --- p.146 / Chapter B --- Comparison of SNPs minor allele frequency (MAF) among two genotyping stages and HapMap data --- p.154 / Chapter C --- Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) of SNPs in two genotyping stages --- p.162 / Chapter D --- Factor score coefficient matrix --- p.170 / Chapter E --- Association of SNPs with factors scores --- p.172 / Chapter F1 --- Consent form (English version) --- p.207 / Chapter F2 --- Consent form (Chinese version) --- p.209 / Chapter G1 --- 24-hour dietary recall forms (English version) --- p.211 / Chapter G2 --- 24-hour dietary recall forms (Chinese version) --- p.218 / Chapter H --- Food photo booklet --- p.225 / Chapter I1 --- Lifestyle questionnaire (English version) --- p.236 / Chapter I2 --- Lifestyle questionnaire (Chinese version) --- p.238

Objetivo: A doença cardiovascular é umas das principais causas de mortalidade tardia não relacionada ao fígado após o transplante hepático. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos a longo prazo do transplante hepático sobre o perfil metabólico e o sistema cardiovascular. Métodos: Trinta e seis receptores de fígado foram avaliados um ano após o transplante hepático para avaliar a prevalência da síndrome metabólica e outros preditores de doenças cardiovasculares. Foram coletados dados antropométricos, exames bioquímicos, biomarcadores de aterosclerose e calculado o escore de Framingham. Quatro anos após o transplante, essa avaliação foi repetida e todos os participantes foram submetidos a uma tomografia de coronárias para obtenção do escore de cálcio coronariano. Os dados obtidos foram comparados para estimar a progressão do risco cardiovascular. Resultados: A população era constituída na sua maioria por indivíduos do sexo masculino, de cor branca e transplantados por hepatite C. Observou-se um aumento estatisticamente significativo na circunferência abdominal e na prevalência de dislipidemia, obesidade e síndrome metabólica ao longo do tempo. Todos os biomarcadores de aterosclerose estudados apresentaram aumento importante dos seus níveis no quarto ano (p < 0,001) após o transplante. Quanto ao escore de cálcio, 25% dos pacientes apresentaram calcificação coronariana moderada a grave, conferindo maior risco de evento cardíaco. A mediana do escore de Framingham aumentou substancialmente do primeiro ao quarto ano (p=0,022), alterando a estratificação de baixo para alto risco. Isso se refletiu em um aumento significativo de eventos cardiovasculares após quatro anos de transplante hepático. Conclusões: A prevalência de síndrome metabólica e risco cardiovascular aumenta significativamente do primeiro ao quarto ano após transplante hepático. O escore de cálcio coronariano e os biomarcadores de aterosclerose podem melhorar a estratificação de risco e ajudar a prevenir a progressão de doenças cardiovasculares / Objective: Cardiovascular diseases are a major non-liver-related contributor to late mortality after liver transplantation. The aim of this study was to assess the long-term effects of liver transplantation on the metabolism and cardiovascular system. Methods: Thirty-six liver recipients were assessed one year after transplantation to evaluate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and other predictors of cardiovascular diseases. The data collected included anthropometric features, biochemical test results, Framingham risk score and atherosclerosis biomarkers. This evaluation was repeated four years after transplantation, and a coronary artery calcium score was obtained from all participants. Data were compared to estimate cardiovascular risk progression. Results: The population consisted mostly of white male subjects who underwent transplantation for hepatitis C. Significant increases were observed in waist circumference and the prevalence of dyslipidemia, obesity and metabolic syndrome over time. All biomarkers of atherosclerosis studied showed increased levels at the fourth year (p < 0.001). Regarding the calcium score, 25% of patients had moderate to severe coronary artery calcification, conferring an enhanced risk of a cardiac event. The median Framingham risk score substantially increased from the first to fourth year (p=0.022), changing the stratification from low to high risk. This change was reflected in a significant increment of cardiovascular events four years after liver transplantation. Conclusions: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk significantly increased from the first to fourth year after liver transplantation. Coronary artery calcium scores and atherosclerosis biomarkers may improve risk stratification and help prevent symptomatic cardiovascular disease