The aim of the study was to analyze the effect brought about by the promulgation of the British Local Government Act of 1988 on the maintenance of parks and recreational services. The Act made it compulsory to local authorities to expose the maintenance of parks and recreational services to a tendering process, commonly known as compulsory competitive tendering. The implementation of compulsory competitive tendering had to be done between the promulgation of the Act in 1988, and 1994. With regard to this period, a perception existed that the standard of the administration of the maintenance of parks and recreational services declined. The research was done to determine if the implementation of compulsory competitive tendering on the maintenance of parks and recreational services could have resulted in a decline in the standard of the administration of the services, and how it could have happened. It was determined that the motive of the British Government at the time of implementation of the compulsory competitive tendering was primarily to save money. The result of the implementation of compulsory competitive legislation on the maintenance of parks and recreational services were amongst other things: - low morale of staff who were pressured to change - culture changes necessary to comply to compulsory competitive organisational structures - legislation that influenced the lives of traditional local authority employees drastically, and - the development of a new approach to financial management to comply to the government's expectations of saving money. / Public Administration and Management / M. A. (Public Administration)

La nouveauté du droit de l’aménagement résulte du renouveau de son objet et de ses enjeux. L’élargissement des finalités d’urbanisme et les restrictions budgétaires des collectivités locales ont rendu nécessaire l’établissement d’un partenariat avec le secteur privé en matière d’aménagement. La logique induite de la réalisation d’une action ou opération d’aménagement s’est dès lors diffusée au sein de l’urbanisme réglementaire et relègue au second plan son origine policière. La mise de la règle au service du projet d’aménagement et la négociation du financement privé des équipements publics par la conclusion d’un projet urbain partenarial rendent floue la frontière des catégories de l’acte unilatéral et du contrat. Une gouvernance horizontale des rapports entre l’administration compétente et les pétitionnaires tend ainsi à se substituer à une logique de commandement. Toutefois, le régime juridique des concessions d’aménagement est actuellement déterminé, sous l’influence du droit communautaire, par ses procédures de dévolution liées à l’existence d’un risque économique à la charge du concessionnaire. Or, cet état du droit est inadapté à la pratique de l’aménagement d’initiative publique. Le risque est inhérent à l’activité économique d’aménagement et ne peut donc constituer un critère d’identification des « concessions publiques » et des « marchés publics » d’aménagement. La complexité et la flexibilité de l’objet d’aménagement nécessitent une appréhension globale que n’autorise pas l’encadrement jurisprudentiel des modifications des contrats de la commande publique. Cependant, l’assimilation de l’objet de la concession à un service d’intérêt économique général permettrait d’élaborer un régime juridique adéquat. Son enjeu économique et sa procédure de dévolution dépendraient étroitement des obligations de service public mises à la charge de l’aménageur. La dimension économique du traité permettrait d’élaborer un régime juridique d’exécution contractuelle fondé sur les risques d’aménagement. / Because of the renewal of its object and purposes, public planning law has been under some changes. Both the enlargement of town-planning public order’s purposes and the constrictions of local municipalities budgets have rendered compelling the development of partnerships with the private sector. The very logic of planning’s action or operation subsequently infused town-planning law and contributed to the relegation of its regulatory origin. The boundary between unilateral act and contract is getting blurred both by a public norm serving planning project and the negotiation of private funding for public amenities by the conclusion of an urban partnership project. The hierarchical logic pertaining to the relationship between the administrative body and its petitioners progressively shifted as horizontal governance. However, the legal regime of public planning concessions – under the influence of E.U. law – is currently organized by awarding proceedings triggered by the existence of an economical risk. Yet this regime does not suit publicly initiated planning activities. The risk is inherent in every economical planning activity, and, as a consequence, cannot thus discriminate between “planning public concessions” and “planning public contracts”. Both complexity and flexibility of planning projects advocate for a compulsory global understanding that is not permitted by a jurisprudential regulation of the changes in the public procurement agreement. Nevertheless, the legal assimilation of the object of a concession to a service of general economic interest would permit the elaboration of a more suitable legal regime. Its economical purpose and awarding proceeding would strictly rely on the developer’s public service requirements. The economical dimension of the treaty would permit the elaboration of a legal regime of contractual performance based on the risks of planning.

The overall purpose of this thesis is to gain further knowledge of how the Swedish local government level is affected by requirements to use public procurement through competitive tendering and, more specifically, understand the actions taken by included actors when public procurement is required in implementation of public transport goals. Through case study method, an in specific process tracing, various implementation processes have been examined. One studied process complied with the procurement regulations, while the others included elements that circumvented them. In each process, the actions taken by involved actors have been the focus. The findings are presented in four papers. An overall conclusion is that, when public procurement is required in implementation at the local government level, several actors need to interact. These actors may use procurement to expand, maintain, or restrain their discretion towards others actors. In addition, various control mechanisms, such as e.g. monitoring, are used to restrain an actor’s discretion when the actor is circumventing procurement legislation. / Det övergripande syftet med denna avhandling är att öka kunskapen om hur den lokala nivån i Sverige är påverkad av kravet på att använda offentlig upphandling, och mer specifikt att förstå de handlingar som olika aktörer vidtar vid implementering av kollektivtrafik mål, då konkurrensutsatt upphandling är ett krav. Genom fallstudie metod har olika implementeringsprocesser undersökts. I en process har upphandlingsreglerna följts, medan i de andra har upphandlingslagen kringgåtts. Resultaten har analyserats utifrån principal-agent teori och presenteras i form av fyra artiklar. I studien konstateras det att flera aktörer är beroende av varandra i implementeringen. Aktörerna kan använda upphandling för att både behålla och expandera sitt handlingsutrymme gentemot andra aktörer, men upphandling kan även vara begränsande. I studien diskuteras även olika kontrollmekanismer som användas då aktörer kringgår upphandlingslagstiftningen.

Tendering is a method for entering into a sales contract. Numerous electronic tendering systems have been established with the intent of improving the efficiency of the tendering process. Although providing adequate security services is a desired feature in an e-tendering system, current e-tendering systems are usually designed with little consideration of security and legal compliance. This research focuses on designing secure protocols for e-tendering systems. It involves developing methodologies for establishing security requirements, constructing security protocols and using formal methods in protocol security verification. The implication is that it may prove suitable for developing secure protocols in other electronic business domains. In depth investigations are conducted into a range of issues in relation to establishing generic security requirements for e-tendering systems. The outcomes are presented in a form of basic and advanced security requirements for e-tendering process. This analysis shows that advanced security services are required to secure e-tender negotiation integrity and the submission process. Two generic issues discovered in the course of this research, functional difference and functional limitations, are fundamental in constructing secure protocols for tender negotiation and submission processes. Functional difference identification derives advanced security requirements. Functional limitation assessment defines how the logic of generic security mechanisms should be constructed. These principles form a proactive analysis applied prior to the construction of security protocols. Security protocols have been successfully constructed using generic cryptographic security mechanisms. These protocols are secure e-tender negotiation integrity protocol suite, and secure e-tender submission protocols. Their security has been verified progressively during the design. Verification results show that protocols are secure against common threat scenarios. The primary contribution of this stage are the procedures developed for the complex e-business protocol analysis using formal methods. The research shows that proactive analysis has made this formal security verification possible and practical for complex protocols. These primary outcomes have raised awareness of security issues in e-tendering. The security solutions proposed in the protocol format are the first in e-tendering with verifiable security against common threat scenarios, and which are also practical for implementation. The procedures developed for securing the e-tendering process are generic and can be applied to other business domains. The study has made improvements in: establishing adequate security for a business process; applying proactive analysis prior to secure protocol construction; and verifying security of complex e-business protocols using tool aided formal methods.

No description available.

Les rapports entretenus par le droit de l’Union européenne et le droit français de la propriété publique sont équivoques. Alors que l’article 345 TFUE témoigne, a priori, de la neutralité du droit de l’Union européenne quant aux régimes de propriété nationaux, le premier possède des incidences tangibles sur le second. La présente thèse s’applique d’abord à en démontrer les ressorts théoriques : compte tenu de l’emprise systémique et de la prééminence des règles concurrentielles, la portée de l’article 345 TFUE se révèle presque nulle. À cela s’ajoute une mutation conceptuelle des notions de propriété et de biens publics : redéfinissant et rompant le lien entre appropriation publique, intérêt général et satisfaction de l’utilité publique, le droit de l’Union européenne substitue une vision renouvelée de la propriété publique, englobant l’ensemble des biens contrôlés par les personnes publiques et ayant une valeur patrimoniale. À la neutralisation conceptuelle succède un infléchissement matériel de la propriété publique. Même si la réception en droit français est parfois incertaine ou insuffisante, l’application des règles de concurrence ou du droit des aides d’État altére les régimes d’acquistion, de gestion ou de cession des biens publics. Favorisant la fragmentation et la privatisation du droit de la propriété publique, le droit de l’Union européenne semble aussi en mesure de remettre en cause les privilèges d’insaisissabilité et d’incessibilité à vil prix. Accélérant la décomposition de la propriété publique, son influence n’en constitue pas moins une opportunité, celle-ci étant susceptible de permettre une refondation cohérente de l’édifice français. / Interactions between European Union law and French law can be confusing when it comes to public property. Although it a priori testifies of the neutrality with which the European Union law deals with public property regulations at national scale, article 345 TFUE actually has tangible impacts on them. This thesis first looks to demonstrate the theoretical aspects behind it: given the pre-eminence and systemic influence of competition rules, the reach of article 345 TFUE turns to be almost void. In addition to this arises a conceptual mutation in the notions of property right and public ownership: as it redefines and breaks the link between public appropriation, general interest and the satisfaction of public affectation, the European Union law brings a renewed vision of public property which encompasses all the assets controlled by a public-law person and having a heritage value. To the conceptual neutralization succeeds a substantive inflection of public property. Although its reception under French law is sometimes uncertain or insufficient, the application of competition or State aid rules alters the acquisition, operation and disposal schemes for publicly-owned assets. Since it fosters the fragmentation and privatization of the public property law, it appears that the European Union law is also able to question the privileges of unseizability and the principle according to which a publicly-owned asset cannot be sold at a price lower than its market value. Accelerating the decomposition of public property, its influence remains nonetheless an opportunity as it could lead to a comprehensive re-founding of the French edifice.

Le présent mémoire est divisé en deux parties. La première, un peu plus théorique, se veut un bref constat des problèmes reliés à l’octroi des contrats municipaux au fil du temps ainsi qu’un rappel des règles actuelles en matière d’attribution des contrats. La seconde partie porte sur les bonnes pratiques à adopter lors d’un appel d’offres, les zones grises et les erreurs à éviter lors du processus menant à l’adjudication d’un contrat. Dans un premier temps, l’auteure traite de la rédaction de l’appel d’offres, de sa publication, de l’ouverture des soumissions et des formalités à suivre afin de déterminer la soumission devant être retenue. Par la suite, elle aborde les concepts de division de contrat et d’avis d’intention. Finalement, le dernier chapitre relate les différents mécanismes de plaintes dans le milieu municipal. À la fin du mémoire, six (6) annexes viennent illustrer, sous forme de tableaux ou de schémas, différents concepts et étapes clés en matière de gestion contractuelle. / This master’s thesis is divided into two parts. The first one is a bit more theoretical and is intended to be a brief overview of the problems linked to the awarding of municipal contracts over time, as well as a reminder of the current rules governing the awarding of contracts. The second part informs on the best practices to be followed during a call for tenders, the gray areas, and the errors to avoid during the process leading to the awarding of a contract. First, the author addresses the writing of the call for tenders, its publication, the opening of tenders, and the formalities to be followed in order to determine the tender to be selected. Next, she discusses the concepts of contract division and notice of intention. The last chapter describes the various complaint mechanisms in the municipal sector. At the end of the thesis, six (6) appendices illustrate, using tables or diagrams, various key concepts and stages in terms of contractual management.