Qu’a de particulier le théâtre-témoignage de Charlotte Delbo ? L’objet de cette étude est de mettre en lumière une « écriture de la spectralité », renvoyant à l’évocation des spectres de sa mémoire que Delbo convoque sur une scène de théâtre. Les titres de deux de ses pièces, Qui rapportera ces paroles ? et Une scène jouée dans la mémoire, sont révélateurs d’un exercice d’anamnèse jamais fini, car il n’a pas de fin possible. Il se traduit par la réélaboration, la transposition théâtrale des fragments poétiques et narratifs déjà rédigés par l’auteure après son retour d’Auschwitz, – et nous avons dû parcourir ses archives pour repérer les traces de cette réécriture. Mais, et c’est un fait singulier, le caractère spectral du théâtre de Delbo provient également de la fréquentation des personnages-fantômes de sa bibliothèque théâtrale venus la visiter dans les marais d’Auschwitz, messagers d’une humanité dont l’existence même du théâtre est le garant. Secrétaire de Louis Jouvet avant et – pour quelque temps – après sa captivité, Charlotte Delbo semble ainsi converser avec le « patron » à travers les intertextes de son œuvre théâtrale et testimoniale. La dramaturgie du témoignage qui découle d’une telle écriture, par laquelle le passé ne cesse de revisiter le présent et réciproquement, pourrait se résumer ainsi : l’auteure se souvient, grâce à sa mémoire profonde, elle écrit en mémoire de ses camarades pour que nous, lecteurs et spectateurs, les gardions en mémoire ; et les spectres appellent les vivants à garder leur conscience en éveil.L’absence effective d’une étude sur le langage dramatique de Charlotte Delbo nous a convaincue de mener la présente recherche, qui traite résolument du travail dramaturgique de l’écrivaine et de son rapport, d’une extrême richesse, au théâtre. / What is so particular about Charlotte Delbo’s theatre testimony ? Goal of this study is to shed light on a « writing of spectrality », sending us back to the evocation of the spectres of her memory which Delbo summons upon stage. The titles of two of her plays, Who will carry the word ? and A Scene played in the memory are revealing of an incomplete anamnesis for which no ending is possible. It translates through reelaboration, theatrical transposition and poetical and narrative fragments already written by the author following her return from Auschwitz– and we had to explore her archives in order to trace these re-writes. Nevertheless, and it is a strange fact, the spectral nature of Delbo’s theatre also comes from the visitations of ghost-like characters from her theatrical library which come to haunt her in the swamps of Auschwitz, messengers of a humanity to whom the very existence of theatre turns out to be a guarantee. Once Louis Jouvet’s secretary prior and – for a while – after her captivity, Charlotte Delbo therefore seems to talk with the « patron » within the inner lines of her theatrical and testimonial work. The dramaturgy of the testimony which arise from such a writing, through which the past never ceases to revisit the present, could be summed up as follows : the author remembers, thanks to her deep memory; she writes in memory of her friends so that we, readers and spectators, remember them ; and the spectres call to the living to keep their consciences awake. The effective absence of Charlotte Delbo’s use of dramatic language has convinced us to lead the present research which deals fundamentally with the dramatic work of the writer and her extremely rich relationship to theatre.

[pt] Testemunho e ficção: os lugares da fala na obra de António Lobo Antunes discute a possibilidade de análise dos procedimentos de escrita utilizados por António Lobo Antunes em sua obra. A partir da leitura de quatro romances publicados na última década, a tese marca um dos projetos que particularizam a escrita de ficção do autor: a representação da subjetividade como constructo verbal e a apresentação de personagens criados pelas próprias vozes narrativas, articulados como texto. Neste processo, produzir o verossímil em detrimento do verdadeiro é a estratégia utilizada pelo escritor para conferir aos relatos uma densidade que ponha em tensão as idéias de testemunho e de ficção. O emaranhado de vozes - cuja ação está na base dos romances analisados - aponta para a construção de personagens que são, ao mesmo tempo, lugares discursivos e emblemas da impossível realização de um projeto de vida. Demonstraremos, a partir deste encaminhamento, o modo com que Lobo Antunes encena veementemente a falência dos mitos que sustentaram a vida moderna, chamando a atenção para formas discursivas que formatam a vida contemporânea. / [en] Fiction and testimony discusses the possibility of an analysis of the writing procedures used by António Lobo Antunes on his work. After reading four novels published during the last decade, the thesis highlights one of the projects that specify the writing of fiction of this Author: the representation of subjectivity as a verbal construct, and the presentation of characters created by the narrative voices themselves, articulated as a text. In this process, to produce the believable to the detriment of the truthful is the strategy used by the writer to grant to the accounts a density that put under strain the testimonial and fictional ideas. The entangled voices - whose action is the basis of the novels analyzed - points to the building of personages which are, at the same time, discursive places and emblems of the impossible fulfillment of a life project. We will show, from this reasoning, the way Lobo Antunes passionately stages the debacle of the myths supporting modern life, calling the attention to the discursive ways that format contemporary living.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work entails a study on the religious discourse of the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God, drawn by the analysis of the testimony of members of this church, publicized at the section Overcoming of the "Folha Universal" newspaper. The core of these discussions is focused on the notion of changes in the discursive practices, proposed by Fairclough (2001, 2008), according to which the social activities of education, medical, and religion, for example, are fruits of this market invasion and resulting of the pressure so that these institutions evolve with new activities that are defined mostly by news discursive practives (such as marketing). This author complements stating that the colonization of the existing activities by external speeches as the one of publicity provokes relexicalization of activities and relations. As an example, the author mentions some kinds of relexicalizations which happen in the teaching field, where learners are seen as consumers or clients and the courses as packages or products . It also stands out a more subtle restructuring of the discursive practices of education types of speech (genders, styles, etc.) that are therefore used (FAIRCLOUGH, 2008, p.25). It is used as a theoretical and methodological foundation, the Critical Discourse Analysis. We focus this research on the changes in the domain of the religious discourse, its constitution in the posmodern heterogeneity, and on the way the other discourse, specially of publicity (in the midia), have framed their style and identity. / Este trabalho compreende um estudo do discurso religioso da Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus, elaborado a partir da análise do testemunho de fiéis dessa Igreja, veiculado na seção Superação do Jornal Folha Universal. O eixo central das discussões desta pesquisa se situa na noção de mudanças nas práticas discursivas, proposta por Fairclough (2001, 2008), segundo a qual as atividades sociais de educação, médica, e religião, por exemplo, são frutos da invasão do mercado e resultado da pressão para que essas instituições se envolvam com novas atividades que são definidas em grande parte por novas práticas discursivas (como marketing). Esse autor complementa afirmando que a colonização das atividades já existentes por tipos de discurso exteriores como o da publicidade provoca relexicalizações de atividades e relações. Como exemplo o autor cita alguns tipos de relexicalizações que acontecem na área do ensino, onde aprendizes são vistos como consumidores ou clientes e os cursos como pacotes ou produtos . Destaca também uma reestruturação mais sutil das práticas discursivas da educação os tipos de discurso (gêneros, estilos, etc.) que aí são usados (FAIRCLOUGH, 2008, p.25). Utilizando-se como suporte teórico e metodológico a Análise Crítica do Discurso, focalizaremos nesta pesquisa as mudanças no domínio discursivo religioso, sua constituição na heterogeneidade pós-moderna, e a forma como outros discursos, especialmente o da publicidade (na mídia), tem moldado seu estilo e identidade.

Les enfants victimes d’agression sexuelle (VAS) sont susceptibles de développer d’importantes conséquences psychologiques et sociales à la suite de leur victimisation. Plusieurs de ces jeunes sont même confrontés, tôt ou tard, au système de justice à titre de témoin, qui risque, à son tour, d’exacerber ces symptômes chez ces enfants. Objectifs. L’expérience judiciaire des enfants VAS étant un sujet peu documenté dans la littérature scientifique, le projet actuel vise une meilleure compréhension de la réalité de ces jeunes qui sont impliqués sur le plan judiciaire dans le but de mieux informer les chercheurs et les professionnels qui oeuvrent auprès de cette clientèle quant aux caractéristiques et besoins de ces enfants. Méthode. Le présent projet vise trois questions de recherche : 1) Quelles sont les caractéristiques qui distinguent les enfants VAS qui a) n’ont pas témoigné au tribunal de ceux qui b) ont témoigné à la Chambre criminelle et pénale de la Cour du Québec ou la Chambre criminelle de la Cour supérieure et de ceux c) qui ont témoigné dans un autre tribunal, soit la Chambre de la jeunesse ou la Chambre de la famille? 2) Quelles sont les caractéristiques qui distinguent les enfants VAS dont la cause s’est soldée par un verdict d’acquittement ou un verdict de culpabilité? 3) Existe-t-il un lien entre la décision du juge (verdict) et l’état psychologique des enfants VAS à la suite de la psychothérapie? Des enfants VAS pris en charge par un centre d’appui pour enfants, soit le Centre d’Expertise Marie-Vincent (CEMV) (n=177), ont rempli une série de questionnaires accompagnés de leur(s) parent(s) concernant leur implication judiciaire, leur prise en charge et leur état psychologique. Afin d’étudier le type d’implication judiciaire de ces enfants, trois groupes ont été formés, soient les enfants VAS qui ont témoigné à la Chambre criminelle et pénale (N=19), les enfants VAS qui ont témoigné dans un autre tribunal que la Chambre criminelle et pénale (N=59) et les enfants VAS qui n’ont pas témoigné (N=99). Les participants sont âgés entre 6 et 14 ans et 71,8% sont des filles (M=9,93; É-T=2,060). Résultats. Les filles plus âgées, victimes d’AS plus sévères, de manière répétitive ou chronique, dans un contexte intrafamilial sont plus nombreuses à être impliquées dans le processus judiciaire. Également, les jeunes filles VAS dans un contexte intrafamilial sont significativement plus susceptibles de témoigner dans un tribunal comme celui de la Chambre de la Jeunesse (« autre tribunal ») et tendent à ressentir, en moyenne, plus de stress en lien avec leur dévoilement, comparativement aux enfants VAS qui ne témoignent pas. Également, plus l’agresseur sexuel est âgé et plus il est probable que le dossier judiciaire procède à la Chambre criminelle et pénale. Finalement, les enfants VAS dont la cause s’est soldée par un verdict de culpabilité présentent moins de troubles intériorisés et de symptômes d’anxiété comparativement aux enfants VAS dont la cause s’est soldée par un verdict d’acquittement. Conclusion. Ces résultats appuient en partie certains constats soulevés précédemment par d’autres chercheurs. D’autant plus, les résultats observés dans le cadre de ce projet ainsi que les limites méthodologiques rencontrées dans son exécution mettent en lumière l’importance de poursuivre les études dans le domaine afin de mieux orienter les interventions visant à diminuer la victimisation secondaire et la détresse des jeunes victimes d’AS. / Victims of child sexual abuse (CSA) are likely to develop multiple psychological and social consequences in relation to their victimization. Sooner or later, many of these children may be involved in the justice system as witnesses, which can exacerbate the consequences for them. Objective. The judicial experience of children exposed to sexual abuse has rarely been documented in the scientific literature. The main objective of this Masters’ thesis is to foster a better understanding of the reality that these children who are involved in the justice system face and to contribute to inform researchers and professionals who work with CSA victims of the characteristics and needs of these children. Method. This project addresses the following three research questions: 1) What are the characteristics that distinguish CSA victims who a) did not testify in court from those who b) testified in the Criminal and Penal Chamber of the Court of Quebec or the Criminal Chamber of the Superior Court and those who c) testified in another court, either the Youth Chamber or the Family Chamber? 2) What are the characteristics that distinguish CSA victims whose cases has resulted in an acquittal or a guilty verdict? 3) Is there a link between the judge’s decision (verdict) and the psychological state of the CSA victim following psychotherapy? With the help of their parents, children who received services in a Child Advocacy Centre (Centre d’Expertise Marie-Vincent, CEMV) (n=177) filled out surveys concerning their legal implication, the support that they received and their psychological state. In order to study the type of judicial implication, we separated these children into three groups; CSA victims who testified at the Criminal and Penal Division (N=19), CSA victims who testified in court other than the Criminal and Penal Division (N=59), and CSA victims who did not testified (N=99). The participants’ ages ranged from 6 to 14 years old, 71,8% are girls (M=9,93; SD=2,060). Results. Older girls, who are victims of more severe, repetitive and intrafamilial sexual abuse, are more likely to testify in court. Also, girls who have been victims of intrafamilial sexual abuse more often testify in courts such as Youth Court (‘’ other court ‘’) and report experiencing more stress in relation to their disclosure than CSA victims who did not testify. Further, cases in which the accused are older are more likely to be processed in the Criminal and Penal Division. Finally, children for whom the accused was declared guilty were reported to experience less internalized behavior problems and anxiety symptoms than children for whom the accused was acquitted. Conclusion. The results of this study partially support the findings of past research. The finding observed in this research project as well as the methodological limitations encountered in its execution highlight the importance of continuing to conduct studies in the field in order to better guide interventions that can reduce the secondary victimization and distress of young victims of sexual abuse.

La thèse porte sur les auteurs italiens qui, acteurs ou témoins de l’Histoire pendant la période 1936-1945, ont fait l’expérience de la différence vis-à-vis de la norme anthropologique imposée par le régime fasciste. Dans une première partie, nous précisons les enjeux historiques et interprétatifs du sujet, en examinant le contexte des années trente – à partir de romans de propagande pour la jeunesse – et les difficultés interprétatives possibles. La deuxième partie est consacrée aux écritures de la différence et aux figures de la marginalité. Le corpus met en lumière plusieurs problématiques : l’individu en inadéquation avec la norme des années trente, puis le tournant de l’année 1938 et l’irruption de la question raciale qui redéfinit le statut des Juifs dans la nation et, enfin, les années de la guerre et de la Résistance avec l’expression d’un antifascisme existentiel et l’expérience traumatique de la Shoah. Une troisième partie appréhende la mise en récit de la différence sous un angle diachronique : nous analysons les variations de la perception de la différence entre le temps de l’Histoire, celui de l’écriture et celui de la publication – réception des œuvres. Les textes témoignent en effet d’expériences mais aussi d’une évolution du regard sur cette expérience. Nous étudions ces changements de perception selon trois axes qui traversent la seconde moitié du XXe siècle : le témoignage de la Shoah, l’écriture féminine de la Résistance, et le récit des persécutions de l’homosexualité. / The thesis concerns Italian authors who, as actors or witnesses of History during the period 1936-1945, experienced difference in regard to the anthropological norms imposed by the fascist regime. In the first part, we specify the historical and interpretative stakes of the subject by examining the context of the thirties – through propaganda novels for the youth – and the possible difficulties of interpretation. The second part is dedicated to the writing of difference and to the figures of marginality. The corpus highlights several problems : the individual in inadequacy with the norms of the thirties, then the turning point of the year 1938 and the rapid emergence of the racial question which redefined the status of Jews in the nation and, finally, the war years and the Resistance with the expression of an existential anti-fascism and the traumatic experience of the Shoah. The third part apprehends the writing of the difference through a diachronic angle: we analyze the variations in the perception of difference between the taking place, the writing and the publication of the History or the reception of the works. Texts do indeed testify to experiences but also to the evolution in the perception of these experiences. We study these changes of perception according to three axes which traverse the second half of the XXth century: the testimony of Shoah, feminine writing of the Resistance, and narratives of the persecution of homosexuality.

The presented study takes up the problem of Bataille's impossible testimony of the impossible. This endeavor represents a wider contextual framework for a project of this thesis which proposes a way of laying down the foundation for a philosophical reading of Bataille's L'expérience intérieure by developing some key moments of his anthropology. Bataille's thought is introduced as the dynamics of a gesture of testimony (or a witnessing) which testifies to the difference du sens as it is being incorporated in the movement of writing (écriture) into the texts of La Somme Athéologique. Since these texts oftentimes resist a direct philosophical treatment, this essay discusses the possibilities of a philosophical approach to Bataille. Such discussion results in setting up the necessary limitations of an adequate philosophical attitude towards Bataille's thought while leaving its problematic quality in play. Then the narrower framework of this essay is put into work in an attempt to achieve an understanding of key parts of The Inner Experience through a philosophical analysis of Bataille's concept of humanity.

Since the 1970s there has been a rising trend in South Africa for legal professionals to use the services of psychologists in legal proceedings. Psychologists have therefore increasingly started to appear as expert witnesses in court cases. Despite this, the field of forensic psychology in South Africa has yet to be defined and delineated. Currently there are no set guidelines or regulations regarding who is qualified to do forensic work, and no standards against which this work can be measured. Psychology in the courtroom has begun to receive a notorious reputation as a result of this. The Professional Board for Psychology (PBP) of the Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA) is investigating the creation of a new category of registration, that of Forensic Psychologist, partly in an effort to manage and address this problem. However, to date little, if any, research has been conducted on the scope of the work presented to the courts by psychologists appearing as expert witnesses. This research aimed to address this gap by analysing a sample of forensic psychological reports. The following aspects were investigated: <ul><li>Who (category or registration, length of registration, etc.) is doing sentencing reports;</li> <li>How (interviews, collateral information, psychometric tests, etc.) these reports are compiled; and</li> <li>Whether these reports measure up to professional expectations as well as adhere to the guidelines of the HPCSA.</li></ul> It is clear from the results of this research that some of the psychologists doing forensic assessments and writing reports do so in an idiosyncratic way. Besides the fact that no uniformity exists, forensic work is sometimes done by psychologists who are not qualified to do so in terms of their registration category and thus their scope of practice. The reports analysed did not always measure up to guidelines or professional standards from abroad (in lieu of local standards or guidelines for reports) and/or transgressions were made in terms of HPCSA policies and guidelines. This situation is understandable in the light of two shortfalls in this field, namely training and regulation. The following recommendations can be made on the basis of this study: <ul><li>That psychologists who are adequately trained and have the proven experience in forensic work, be accredited by the PBP;</li> <li>That guidelines and standards for forensic work be drawn up by the PBP; in addition, that more complete ethical guidelines than those contained in chapter 7 of the PBP’s Rules of Conduct Pertaining Specifically to Psychology also be drawn up;</li> <li>That adequate training at MA level in basic forensic issues be made compulsory, with the option of advanced training for those wishing to specialise in the field; and</li> <li>That lawyers be trained in basic concepts of psychology so as to allow for better selection of an appropriate psychologist to assist them and also to assure effective cross-examination regarding psychological issues in court.</li></ul> If these recommendations were implemented, they could aid in regulating the field, thus producing forensic work of a consistently high quality. This will hopefully help to narrow the gap between the expected and actual interaction between law and psychology. Copyright / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Psychology / unrestricted

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La présente thèse articule les deux catégories fondamentales de la philosophie de la religion : le « moi » et le « divin », ce en dialogue avec deux interlocuteurs privilégiés, Fichte et Nabert, chez lesquels cette double thématique fut exploitée de manière originale et géniale. Fichte pense le « moi » comme le centre de l'intériorité et de la vie consciente de l'homme qui est une activité incessante vers l'unité de soi. Nabert, quant à lui, part du concept fichtien du « moi » pour élaborer la catégorie du « divin » ; celui-ci apparaît alors comme une demande de la conscience en sa structure fondamentale : elle le reçoit alors qu'il s'affirme à même le« moi». L'examen conjoint de de ces deux pensées apporte, nous cherchons à le montrer, une contribution majeure à la philosophie de la religion contemporaine : elle permet en effet à celle-ci d'avancer dans les réponses aux nombreux défis qu'il lui appartient de relever, soit : la redécouverte de certains préliminaires comme la conscience religieuse, le langage adéquat sur « Dieu », la question critériologique dans la désignation du « divin », le « témoignage » absolu. A cet effet, trois catégories principales sont sollicitées et éprouvées : I'« intériorité » et la place de I'« affectivité » dans l'expérience religieuse, enfin la « vérité » qui polarise toute réflexion philosophique sur la religion. / The present thesis articulates two fundamental categories of the philosophy of religion: the « 1 » and the « divine », it is in the dialogue with two privileged interlocutors, Fichte and Nabert, where this double theme was exploited in an original and brilliant way. Fichte thinks of the « 1 » as the center of the interiority and the conscious lite of a man, which is an incessant activity towards unity of self. Nabert, on his part, starts from the Fichte's concept of the « 1 » and elaborate the category of the « divine »; this last appears as a demand of the consciousness in its fundamental structure: it the « divine » as the one that affirms itself in the « 1 ». The joint examination of these two thoughts brings, as we try to show, a major contribution to the contemporary philosophy of religion. lndeed, this contribution allows philosophy of religion to advance in the answers to many challenges that rise up before it: the rediscovery of certain preliminaries such as the religious consciousness, the adequate language about « Gad », the question about criterion in the designation of the « divine », absolute « testimony ». For that purpose, three main categories are solicited and approved: « interiority » and the place of « affectivity » in religious experience, and finally « truth » which polarizes all philosophical reflection on religion.

Cette recherche, axée sur les témoignages concentrationnaires, vise à montrer comment celui de Charlotte Delbo brise l’espace-temps, qui emprisonne généralement ce type de discours le liant à un moment et un décor dans l’Histoire. Plusieurs facettes de son écriture testimoniale seront explorées pour mettre en lumière l’actualisation et accessibilité de son témoignage qui évoque l’éternel dans une volonté d’écriture de représenter et faire ressentir l’Innommable. La première partie de ce travail fixe l’économie discursive à travers deux grandes vagues de témoignages concentrationnaires en se structurant autour d’auteurs-rescapés ayant marqué le genre, soit Primo Levi et Jorge Semprun. La seconde partie s’attache à démontrer l’exemplarité du discours de Charlotte Delbo. Dans une vision historique du discours concentrationnaire féminin, nous mettons de l’avant, à travers la comparaison de témoignages, la voix plus retentissante et troublante que donne Delbo à son témoignage. Ensuite, l’absence de contraintes qu’elle donne à sa parole concentrationnaire confronte nos représentations entourant cet univers ainsi que nos conceptions de la vérité, de la mémoire et du témoignage, amenant alors une reconfiguration de nos schèmes préétablis. Le dernier chapitre montre le rôle fondamental que Delbo accorde à l’imaginaire dans la réception de son témoignage singulier. De la puissance évocatrice du titre de son premier tome Aucun de nous ne reviendra en passant par les silences et les vides qu’elle laisse, ainsi que le décor elle nous amène à imaginer le non-dit. Finalement, l’étude de certaines figures récurrentes dans son œuvre, celles des personnages théâtraux et de la mère mettent en lumière la volonté animant son écriture, soit par le prisme de l’imaginaire de chacun d’exprimer l’Innommable. / This research on the testimonies of concentration camp survivors shows how Charlotte Delbo’s testimony broke the space-time convention that usually links this genre to a time and place in History. Her multifaceted type of writing will be explored to underscore the timeless and accessible aspect of her testimony, its desire to represent and feel the Unspeakable. The first part of this work examines the discursive prose through two waves of testimonies, structured around two authors who marked the genre, Primo Levi and Jorge Semprun. The second part shows the exemplary nature of Charlotte Delbo’s eyewitness account. In a historical point of view of the female’s testimonies, we emphasize, through testimony comparisons, that Delbo’s voice is louder and more troubling than the others. Her unrestrained speech confronts our representation of this universe, and touches our concepts of truth, memory, and testimony leading us to reorganize our preconceived notions. The last chapter shows us the pivotal role that Delbo gives to imagination in the reception of her peculiar testimony. From the force of her first title Aucun de nous ne reviendra, through the silences, the empty spaces and scenery, she pushes us to imagine the unsaid. Finally, the study of some recurrent figures she uses, the theatrical personae and the mother image shed light on the desire that motivates her writing in which she expresses the Unspeakable through the prism of individual imagination.