O objeto desta dissertação são os trabalhos de arte produzidos pelo autor entre 2013 e 2015. Partindo dos próprios trabalhos e dos espaços onde foram apresentados, este ensaio busca articular procedimentos e conceitos recorrentes na produção do artista por meio de imagens, descrições, desenhos, anotações, projetos e interpretações que interroguem a ideia de livro como suporte, matéria-prima e lugar. / The object of this Master\'s thesis is the author\'s works of art produced between 2013 and 2015. Departing from the works of art themselves and from the spaces where they were presented, this essay seeks to articulate recurring procedures and concepts in the artist\'s production through images, descriptions, drawings, notes, projects and interpretations that question the idea of the book as a support, raw material and place.

O objeto desta dissertação são os trabalhos de arte produzidos pelo autor entre 2013 e 2015. Partindo dos próprios trabalhos e dos espaços onde foram apresentados, este ensaio busca articular procedimentos e conceitos recorrentes na produção do artista por meio de imagens, descrições, desenhos, anotações, projetos e interpretações que interroguem a ideia de livro como suporte, matéria-prima e lugar. / The object of this Master\'s thesis is the author\'s works of art produced between 2013 and 2015. Departing from the works of art themselves and from the spaces where they were presented, this essay seeks to articulate recurring procedures and concepts in the artist\'s production through images, descriptions, drawings, notes, projects and interpretations that question the idea of the book as a support, raw material and place.

全民健康保險自一九九五年起開辦，即將所有台灣的公民納入保險之列，與此同時，藝文工作者該劃歸為哪一類被保險人範疇亦爭論不休。本文即是嘗試從社會保險的角度來探討藝文工作者的社會及經濟處境。 本文檢視全民健康保險開辦之前及之後藝文工作者的社會保障，發現無論在全民健康保險開辦之前或之後，藝文工作者的保障皆是不足的，此除了政策設計的不周到之外，藝文工作者在社會變遷與專業化的訴求下，身份的難以定義亦是主要的原因之一。 德國在一九八九年實行藝術家社會保險法，保障藝文工作者免於遭受生老病死等意外時，生活陷於無保障之虞。因此本論文第四章即介紹德國藝術家社會保險，以此為例進行比較分析的研究，並評估台灣援引德國藝術家社會保險的可能性及限制。最後我呼籲政府應加強藝文工作者的保障，保障藝文工作者即是促進台灣文化的具體措施之一。 第一章 緒論 壹、 研究問題之提出 貳、 研究之範圍 參、 研究方法與流程 第二章 社會變遷下藝文工作者的生活處境與福利需求 壹、 藝文工作者的定義與分類 貳、 社會變遷與藝文工作者的生活處境 一、 封建瓦解與工業革命 二、 藝文工作者作為一種職業 三、 藝文工作者的福利需求 四、 社會變遷下台灣藝文活動與藝文工作者的衝擊 第三章 台灣現行社會安全體系下與藝文工作者生活保障相關之制度 壹、 概說 貳、 藝文工作者的職業災害保障 參、 藝文工作者的醫療保障 肆、 藝文工作者的老年保障 伍、 小結 第四章 德國藝文工作者保障制度 壹、 概說 貳、 藝術家社會保險制度的立法過程 一、 1976年藝術家社會保險法第一次草案 二、 1979年5月藝術家社會保險法第二次草 三、 1979年9月藝術家社會保險法第三次草案 四、 1980年藝術家社會保險法第四次草案 參、 藝術家社會保險制度實施後之修改 肆、 藝術家社會保險制度的主要內容 一、 被保險人 二、 給付內容 三、 財源 四、 組織 伍、評估與展望 第五章 比較觀察與制度援用之可能性評估 第六章 結論 參考書目 / In 1995, every citizen in Taiwan is recruited into National Health Insurance, but the problem of which category of artists should be has at the same time raised. I investigate social and economic conditions of artists and find that artist security is not enough in Taiwan, even National Health Insurance taking into effect. I demonstrate that the inadequateness of artist security in Taiwan is not only because of policy failure, but also the consequence of social modernization and professionalization of artists. To know the situation in other country, I introduce "Kunstlersozialversicherung Gestzt(artist social insurance)", which has executed from 1989 in Germany. From the Germany experience, I compare the difference and uniqueness of artist status between Taiwan and Germany. I also assess the possibility of quoting " Kunstlersozialversicherung Gestzt" in Taiwan. Finally, I argue for the attentation to the artists social and econmic security in Taiwan, that is to say, securing artist is also to promote culture in Taiwan.

I have studied the Swedish artist formation ”1947 års män” with a sociological perspective based on the ideas of Pierre Bourdieu. I initially made a study of the group as a whole, and after that I chose to focus on the sculptors Liss Eriksson, Arne Jones and Knut-Erik Lindberg. I have examined why some of the artists in the formation became more successful than others. My results show that the ones who were versed in culture or came from an economically or intellectually stronger background also were considered to be the most pioneering artists. These artists also were the ones who became noticed by the art critics at their break-through exhibition in Stockholm in 1947. The art critics’ reviews likely had an impact on the future careers of the artists, as well as on the extent of which they came to be reminded today. / Jag har studerat konstnärsgruppen ”1947 års män” utifrån ett kultursociologiskt perspektiv. Jag gjorde först en studie av hela gruppen, för att sedan fokusera på gruppens skulptörer Liss Eriksson, Arne Jones och Knut-Erik Lindberg. Jag ville undersöka varför vissa av medlemmarna i gruppen blev framgångsrika konstnärer som än idag är ihågkomna, och varför andra inte blev det. Jag kom fram till att det var de konstnärer som hade goda sociala kontakter, var kulturellt och intellektuellt bevandrade eller kom från ekonomiskt starka hem som gjorde det som uppfattades som den mest banbrytande konsten och kom att av konstkritikerna tillskrivas som mest intressanta vid tiden för deras genombrottsutställning 1947. Denna reception lär sedan också ha påverkat även konstnärernas fortsatta karriärer i form av uppdrag, utställningar och inköp till viktiga konstsamlingar och kan även ha påverkat dagens beskrivning av vissa av konstnärerna i gruppen som mer framstående än andra.

James Joyce é um dos escritores mais famosos do século 20, sendo sua obra muito comentada por leitores e acadêmicos, especialmente devido ao alto nível de complexidade de Ulisses e Finnegans Wake, os romances da fase madura. O foco da presente dissertação, todavia, são os primeiros livros de Joyce que, apesar de serem mais acessíveis ao público em geral, também contêm toda a elaboração linguística e simbólica que caracteriza o autor. Trato especificamente do volume de contos Dublinenses e do romance Um Retrato do Artista Quando Jovem, utilizando para análise deste o suporte oferecido pelo outro romance anterior, não publicado em vida, Stephen Hero. O objetivo da pesquisa é investigar aspectos presentes na prosa de Joyce que revelem a formulação e a aplicação de sua teoria estética. Como a cidade de Dublin surge como uma metáfora sobre as circunstâncias de ser irlandês, interessa ao leitor adquirir alguma familiaridade com a cultura e a história daquele país e com as relações existentes entre os irlandeses e sua terra natal, especialmente no que tange às questões sobre religiosidade e sobre a dominação inglesa. A dissertação vem estruturada em quatro capítulos. O primeiro apresenta James Joyce tanto como pessoa quanto como escritor em formação, nascendo e crescendo em Dublin na virada dos séculos XIX e XX. São analisadas as influências exercidas pelo contexto católico de sua criação e pela crise social e econômica enfrentadas tanto pelo país quanto pela família do autor. O segundo capítulo lida com Dublinenses, o conjunto de contos que apresenta a visão de Joyce sobre a cidade de Dublin. Esses contos podem ser lidos individualmente, mas a obra assume um significado maior quando considerada de forma unificada em termos de linguagem, simbologia, estratégias narrativas e objetivos, em um plano de evolução que abrange fases da infância, da adolescência, da maturidade e da vida pública. As personagens compartilham características comuns: paralisia, falta de perspectivas e incapacidade de entender ou de reagir aos fatores históricos e sociais que os colocam naquela posição. Entre tais fatores predominam três, a cultura católica, a dominação inglesa e a inabilidade das pessoas para reagir de maneira criativa e produtiva aos problemas que se apresentam. O terceiro capítulo analisa a evolução do fazer artístico de Joyce a partir do binômio Stephen Hero e Um Retrato do Artista Quando Jovem, tendo como elemento comum a ideia do Künstlerroman. No quarto e último capítulo, apresento um comentário sobre as marcas de individuação de Joyce em relação a alguns de seus contemporâneos que também tratam sobre questões envolvendo arte, história e tradição. Ao término do trabalho, espero que a minha percepção sobre o conjunto de fatores que propiciaram o surgimento de um autor como Joyce possa ser de utilidade para pessoas que, como eu, acreditam tanto na importância estética quanto na relevância política e social desses três primeiros livros, os primeiros retratos de Dublin que James Joyce produziu. / James Joyce is one of the most famous writers in the 20th century, whose work is very commented both by readers and scholars, especially because of the high level of complexity of Ulysses and Finnegans Wake, the two mature masterpieces. The focus of the present thesis, however, lies on the first books written by Joyce, because they are more manageable for reading, and yet bear all the linguistic and symbolic sophistication that marks Joyce’s production. The corpus of the research comprises the book of short stories Dubliners and the novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, using as support to the analysis of the latter, the previous novel, never published in life, Stephen Hero. The aim of this thesis is to investigate aspects of Joyce’s prose that expose the stages of construction and application of his aesthetic theory. The city of Dublin comes as a metaphor about the condition of being Irish. As a consequence, some familiarity with Irish history and culture is relevant for a better understanding of the books, and of the complex relations involving the Irish and their land, especially in matters concerning Catholicism and English domination. The thesis is divided in four chapters. The first draws on James Joyce, considered both as a person and as a writer in progress, born and raised in Dublin in the turn of the 19th into the 20th centuries. The chapter centres on the relations involving the influence of the Catholic context of his formation and the economic and social crises experienced by Ireland and by the Joyce family at the time. Chapter two is about Dubliners, the collection of short stories that presents Joyce’s view about the city of Dublin. These stories can be read independently from one another, but they acquire a finer meaning if considered as a unit in terms of language, symbolism, narrative strategies and goals, besides following a plan of evolution from childhood to adolescence, and to maturity, and public life. The characters share common characteristics: paralysis, lack of perspective, incapacity to understand or to react to the historical and social factors that put them in that position. Among those factors we have the Catholic tradition, the English domination and the inability of the people to react to circumstantial problems in a creative and productive way. Chapter three analyses the evolution of Joyce’s craftsmanship through the duo Stephen Hero/A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, using the notion of Künstlerroman as a starting point. In the last chapter I deal with the peculiarities in Joyce’s style, contrasting them to the practice of some other contemporary authors who also state their views about art, history and tradition. As an aftermath to this thesis, I hope that my comments about the body of elements that propitiated the rise of Joyce as the author he is may prove useful to other people like me, who believe in the relevance of his contribution to the aesthetics of literature and to the discussion about political and social issues related to Ireland, in the first portraits of Dublin displayed in Joyce’s three first books.

James Joyce é um dos escritores mais famosos do século 20, sendo sua obra muito comentada por leitores e acadêmicos, especialmente devido ao alto nível de complexidade de Ulisses e Finnegans Wake, os romances da fase madura. O foco da presente dissertação, todavia, são os primeiros livros de Joyce que, apesar de serem mais acessíveis ao público em geral, também contêm toda a elaboração linguística e simbólica que caracteriza o autor. Trato especificamente do volume de contos Dublinenses e do romance Um Retrato do Artista Quando Jovem, utilizando para análise deste o suporte oferecido pelo outro romance anterior, não publicado em vida, Stephen Hero. O objetivo da pesquisa é investigar aspectos presentes na prosa de Joyce que revelem a formulação e a aplicação de sua teoria estética. Como a cidade de Dublin surge como uma metáfora sobre as circunstâncias de ser irlandês, interessa ao leitor adquirir alguma familiaridade com a cultura e a história daquele país e com as relações existentes entre os irlandeses e sua terra natal, especialmente no que tange às questões sobre religiosidade e sobre a dominação inglesa. A dissertação vem estruturada em quatro capítulos. O primeiro apresenta James Joyce tanto como pessoa quanto como escritor em formação, nascendo e crescendo em Dublin na virada dos séculos XIX e XX. São analisadas as influências exercidas pelo contexto católico de sua criação e pela crise social e econômica enfrentadas tanto pelo país quanto pela família do autor. O segundo capítulo lida com Dublinenses, o conjunto de contos que apresenta a visão de Joyce sobre a cidade de Dublin. Esses contos podem ser lidos individualmente, mas a obra assume um significado maior quando considerada de forma unificada em termos de linguagem, simbologia, estratégias narrativas e objetivos, em um plano de evolução que abrange fases da infância, da adolescência, da maturidade e da vida pública. As personagens compartilham características comuns: paralisia, falta de perspectivas e incapacidade de entender ou de reagir aos fatores históricos e sociais que os colocam naquela posição. Entre tais fatores predominam três, a cultura católica, a dominação inglesa e a inabilidade das pessoas para reagir de maneira criativa e produtiva aos problemas que se apresentam. O terceiro capítulo analisa a evolução do fazer artístico de Joyce a partir do binômio Stephen Hero e Um Retrato do Artista Quando Jovem, tendo como elemento comum a ideia do Künstlerroman. No quarto e último capítulo, apresento um comentário sobre as marcas de individuação de Joyce em relação a alguns de seus contemporâneos que também tratam sobre questões envolvendo arte, história e tradição. Ao término do trabalho, espero que a minha percepção sobre o conjunto de fatores que propiciaram o surgimento de um autor como Joyce possa ser de utilidade para pessoas que, como eu, acreditam tanto na importância estética quanto na relevância política e social desses três primeiros livros, os primeiros retratos de Dublin que James Joyce produziu. / James Joyce is one of the most famous writers in the 20th century, whose work is very commented both by readers and scholars, especially because of the high level of complexity of Ulysses and Finnegans Wake, the two mature masterpieces. The focus of the present thesis, however, lies on the first books written by Joyce, because they are more manageable for reading, and yet bear all the linguistic and symbolic sophistication that marks Joyce’s production. The corpus of the research comprises the book of short stories Dubliners and the novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, using as support to the analysis of the latter, the previous novel, never published in life, Stephen Hero. The aim of this thesis is to investigate aspects of Joyce’s prose that expose the stages of construction and application of his aesthetic theory. The city of Dublin comes as a metaphor about the condition of being Irish. As a consequence, some familiarity with Irish history and culture is relevant for a better understanding of the books, and of the complex relations involving the Irish and their land, especially in matters concerning Catholicism and English domination. The thesis is divided in four chapters. The first draws on James Joyce, considered both as a person and as a writer in progress, born and raised in Dublin in the turn of the 19th into the 20th centuries. The chapter centres on the relations involving the influence of the Catholic context of his formation and the economic and social crises experienced by Ireland and by the Joyce family at the time. Chapter two is about Dubliners, the collection of short stories that presents Joyce’s view about the city of Dublin. These stories can be read independently from one another, but they acquire a finer meaning if considered as a unit in terms of language, symbolism, narrative strategies and goals, besides following a plan of evolution from childhood to adolescence, and to maturity, and public life. The characters share common characteristics: paralysis, lack of perspective, incapacity to understand or to react to the historical and social factors that put them in that position. Among those factors we have the Catholic tradition, the English domination and the inability of the people to react to circumstantial problems in a creative and productive way. Chapter three analyses the evolution of Joyce’s craftsmanship through the duo Stephen Hero/A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, using the notion of Künstlerroman as a starting point. In the last chapter I deal with the peculiarities in Joyce’s style, contrasting them to the practice of some other contemporary authors who also state their views about art, history and tradition. As an aftermath to this thesis, I hope that my comments about the body of elements that propitiated the rise of Joyce as the author he is may prove useful to other people like me, who believe in the relevance of his contribution to the aesthetics of literature and to the discussion about political and social issues related to Ireland, in the first portraits of Dublin displayed in Joyce’s three first books.

James Joyce é um dos escritores mais famosos do século 20, sendo sua obra muito comentada por leitores e acadêmicos, especialmente devido ao alto nível de complexidade de Ulisses e Finnegans Wake, os romances da fase madura. O foco da presente dissertação, todavia, são os primeiros livros de Joyce que, apesar de serem mais acessíveis ao público em geral, também contêm toda a elaboração linguística e simbólica que caracteriza o autor. Trato especificamente do volume de contos Dublinenses e do romance Um Retrato do Artista Quando Jovem, utilizando para análise deste o suporte oferecido pelo outro romance anterior, não publicado em vida, Stephen Hero. O objetivo da pesquisa é investigar aspectos presentes na prosa de Joyce que revelem a formulação e a aplicação de sua teoria estética. Como a cidade de Dublin surge como uma metáfora sobre as circunstâncias de ser irlandês, interessa ao leitor adquirir alguma familiaridade com a cultura e a história daquele país e com as relações existentes entre os irlandeses e sua terra natal, especialmente no que tange às questões sobre religiosidade e sobre a dominação inglesa. A dissertação vem estruturada em quatro capítulos. O primeiro apresenta James Joyce tanto como pessoa quanto como escritor em formação, nascendo e crescendo em Dublin na virada dos séculos XIX e XX. São analisadas as influências exercidas pelo contexto católico de sua criação e pela crise social e econômica enfrentadas tanto pelo país quanto pela família do autor. O segundo capítulo lida com Dublinenses, o conjunto de contos que apresenta a visão de Joyce sobre a cidade de Dublin. Esses contos podem ser lidos individualmente, mas a obra assume um significado maior quando considerada de forma unificada em termos de linguagem, simbologia, estratégias narrativas e objetivos, em um plano de evolução que abrange fases da infância, da adolescência, da maturidade e da vida pública. As personagens compartilham características comuns: paralisia, falta de perspectivas e incapacidade de entender ou de reagir aos fatores históricos e sociais que os colocam naquela posição. Entre tais fatores predominam três, a cultura católica, a dominação inglesa e a inabilidade das pessoas para reagir de maneira criativa e produtiva aos problemas que se apresentam. O terceiro capítulo analisa a evolução do fazer artístico de Joyce a partir do binômio Stephen Hero e Um Retrato do Artista Quando Jovem, tendo como elemento comum a ideia do Künstlerroman. No quarto e último capítulo, apresento um comentário sobre as marcas de individuação de Joyce em relação a alguns de seus contemporâneos que também tratam sobre questões envolvendo arte, história e tradição. Ao término do trabalho, espero que a minha percepção sobre o conjunto de fatores que propiciaram o surgimento de um autor como Joyce possa ser de utilidade para pessoas que, como eu, acreditam tanto na importância estética quanto na relevância política e social desses três primeiros livros, os primeiros retratos de Dublin que James Joyce produziu. / James Joyce is one of the most famous writers in the 20th century, whose work is very commented both by readers and scholars, especially because of the high level of complexity of Ulysses and Finnegans Wake, the two mature masterpieces. The focus of the present thesis, however, lies on the first books written by Joyce, because they are more manageable for reading, and yet bear all the linguistic and symbolic sophistication that marks Joyce’s production. The corpus of the research comprises the book of short stories Dubliners and the novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, using as support to the analysis of the latter, the previous novel, never published in life, Stephen Hero. The aim of this thesis is to investigate aspects of Joyce’s prose that expose the stages of construction and application of his aesthetic theory. The city of Dublin comes as a metaphor about the condition of being Irish. As a consequence, some familiarity with Irish history and culture is relevant for a better understanding of the books, and of the complex relations involving the Irish and their land, especially in matters concerning Catholicism and English domination. The thesis is divided in four chapters. The first draws on James Joyce, considered both as a person and as a writer in progress, born and raised in Dublin in the turn of the 19th into the 20th centuries. The chapter centres on the relations involving the influence of the Catholic context of his formation and the economic and social crises experienced by Ireland and by the Joyce family at the time. Chapter two is about Dubliners, the collection of short stories that presents Joyce’s view about the city of Dublin. These stories can be read independently from one another, but they acquire a finer meaning if considered as a unit in terms of language, symbolism, narrative strategies and goals, besides following a plan of evolution from childhood to adolescence, and to maturity, and public life. The characters share common characteristics: paralysis, lack of perspective, incapacity to understand or to react to the historical and social factors that put them in that position. Among those factors we have the Catholic tradition, the English domination and the inability of the people to react to circumstantial problems in a creative and productive way. Chapter three analyses the evolution of Joyce’s craftsmanship through the duo Stephen Hero/A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, using the notion of Künstlerroman as a starting point. In the last chapter I deal with the peculiarities in Joyce’s style, contrasting them to the practice of some other contemporary authors who also state their views about art, history and tradition. As an aftermath to this thesis, I hope that my comments about the body of elements that propitiated the rise of Joyce as the author he is may prove useful to other people like me, who believe in the relevance of his contribution to the aesthetics of literature and to the discussion about political and social issues related to Ireland, in the first portraits of Dublin displayed in Joyce’s three first books.

En kombination av ljud och bild, audiovisuell media, har under en längre tidsperiod varit ett sätt att skapa uppmärksamhet kring en artist. Den teknologiska utvecklingen har förbättrat de audiovisuella verktygen och gjort de mer tillgängliga. Dock har denna utveckling även skapat fler digitala kommunikationskanaler och ett informationsbrus som kan vara svårt för en artist att nå igenom. Utifrån detta kan artister behöva nå sin publik på ett djupare plan, vilket eventuellt kan uppnås genom sinnesmarknadsföring. Denna uppsats har därför som syfte att undersöka hur och varför artister använder audiovisuell media i sin kommunikation via sociala medier samt vilken betydelse samspel mellan flera sinnen har för att förmedla artistens identitet. Undersökningen har tillämpat en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi med hermeneutik som kunskapsteoretisk utgångspunkt. Utifrån denna har studien antagit en abduktiv ansats. Datainsamling för studien utfördes genom semistrukturerade intervjuer, varav två genomfördes personligen, tre via telefon och två respondenter besvarade intervjufrågor via e-mail. Respondenter valdes genom ett målstyrt urval med kriterierna att respondenterna skulle inneha kunskap eller erfarenhet om ämnet genom sitt arbete och inkludera olika åldrar, könstillhörigheter och geografiska hemvister. Resultatet av denna undersökning är att artister kan använda audiovisuell media på ett mångfacetterat sätt som beror på artistens genre, sammanhang och målgrupp. Studien har identifierat tre typer av audiovisuell media: kortare videor, fullskaliga musikvideor samt livestreaming. Artister använder audiovisuell media utifrån olika syften som kan innefatta att kommunicera sin varumärkesidentitet, att addera till ett konstnärligt uttryck eller att etablera närmare relationer till sin målgrupp. Semantisk kongruens mellan flera sinnen är av betydelse för att förmedla en autentisk helhetsbild av artisten. I framtiden kan audiovisuell media få ökad betydelse genom en allt snabbare konsumtionskultur och mer tillgänglig teknik. Denna teknik kan även komma att möjliggöra inkludering av fler sinnen och därmed bidra till en starkare immersiv upplevelse för konsumenten. / A combination of sound and image, audio-visual media, has for a long time been a way to create attention around an artist. Technological developments have improved the audio-visual tools and made them more accessible. However, this development has also created more digital communication channels and an information noise that can be difficult for an artist to get through. Based on this, artists may need to reach their audience on a deeper level, which can possibly be achieved through sensory marketing. This study therefore aims to investigate how and why artists use audio-visual media in their communication via social media and the importance of interplay between several senses in conveying the artist's identity. The study has applied a qualitative research strategy with hermeneutics as the epistemic foundation. Based on this, the study has adopted an abductive approach. Data collection was performed through semi-structured interviews, of which two were conducted in person, three by telephone and two respondents answered interview questions via e-mail. Respondents were selected through a goal-directed selection with the criteria that the respondents would have knowledge or experience of the subject through their work and include different ages, genders and geographical residences. The result of this study is that artists may use audio-visual media in a multifaceted way that depends on the artist's genre, context and target group. The study has identified three types of audio-visual media: shorter videos, full-scale music videos and live streaming. Artists use audio-visual media for various purposes that may include communicating their brand identity, adding to an artistic expression or establishing closer relationships with their target audience. Semantic congruence between several senses is important for conveying an authentic holistic picture of the artist. In the future, audio-visual media may become more important through an ever-intensifying consumer culture and more accessible technology. This technology may also enable the inclusion of more senses and thus contribute to a stronger immersive experience for the consumer.

Cette thèse doctorale étudie la pratique des « artistes-développeurs » œuvrant dans le développement de jeux vidéo en industrie. Elle propose d’aborder cette pratique comme un phénomène complexe, au carrefour du développement de jeu vidéo, de l’agir professionnel et de la pensée des designers. Le développement de jeu vidéo se caractérise par le travail créatif, collaboratif et interdisciplinaire entre design, art, programmation et gestion. En raison de la complexification et de la rationalisation des produits et des processus vidéoludiques depuis les années 1990, des exigences considérables sont apparues pour les artistes, en termes d’adaptation, de spécialisation, de créativité et de productivité. Au cours de la phase de préproduction, des artistes expérimentés collaborent en équipe multidisciplinaire et contribuent à la conception et au prototypage des premières versions fonctionnelles des jeux. Alors que les industries canadienne et québécoise du jeu vidéo se sont rapidement développées au cours des vingt-cinq dernières années, les connaissances sur la pratique des artistes-développeurs demeurent limitées, en dehors de nous informer de l’expertise technique. Les studios développeurs exigent des besoins constants en main-d’œuvre compétente et en alignement des formations ; ils recherchent des compétences particulières (par ex. collaboratives, transversales, polyvalence), tel que constaté chez les petits et moyens studios émergents québécois. En tant qu’enseignant, artiste et chercheur, nous avons voulu développer une compréhension fine et contextuelle dans le but d’informer et guider la formation universitaire des futures artistes et la pratique en industrie. Des explorations pré-terrain au moyen d’entretiens et d’observations auprès d’artistes séniors ont servi à construire la problématique de l’étude, en fournissant une première compréhension de la pratique des artistes-développeurs. Notamment, cette pratique implique des activités individuelles et collaboratives de conception, ainsi que des habiletés réflexives intrinsèques. Ceci a conduit à apparenter leur pratique à celle du designer au sens large. Les va-et-vient entre les premières explorations et la littérature ont enrichi le questionnement pour l’étude jusqu’à conduire à un premier objectif : explorer la pratique réflexive « designlike » des artistes-développeurs expérimentés, durant la phase de préproduction et dans les petits et moyens studios québécois. Un second objectif vise à concevoir un modèle de pratique permettant de saisir la pratique professionnelle compétente des artistes-développeurs. Sur le plan théorique, l’étude se réfère aux théories constructivistes et pragmatistes de l’agir professionnel de la pensée des designers. Le cadre théorique permet d’élaborer une construction théorique avec laquelle il devient possible d’étudier un ensemble de dimensions structurant la démarche réflexive de design, à travers des cas situés et incarnés de pratique. Sur le plan méthodologique, l’enquête qualitative inspirée de l’ethnographie et du « shadowing » explore à travers trois cas de pratique (chaque cas = un artiste dans un petit studio). L’analyse interprétative vise à construire des catégories et à identifier des patterns réplicables d’un cas à l’autre. Chaque cas est analysé et interprété individuellement ; une synthèse transversale des trois cas permet de décrire un modèle provisoire de pratique, lequel est validé auprès des trois participants en entretien individuel. Nous proposons un modèle transférable et enseignable de pratique professionnelle compétent de l’artiste-développeur, en termes de situations et de compétences. Nous soulevons les besoins d’accompagner les artistes à mieux conceptualiser et expliciter leur pratique. Nous montrons comment la préproduction de jeu vidéo constitue un vecteur d’activités collaboratives de design et de prototypage. Nous concluons en proposant des recommandations à la formation des futurs artistes-développeurs, en revenant sur la démarche méthodologique utilisée et en proposant des pistes de recherches futures. / This doctoral thesis studies the practice of “artist-developers” working in video game development. It proposes to examine this practice as a complex phenomenon, at the intersection of video game development, professional practice and design thinking. Video game development is characterized by creative, collaborative and interdisciplinary work between design, art, programming and management. Due to the increasing complexity and rationalization of video game products and processes since the 1990s, considerable demands have been placed on artists in terms of adaptation, specialization, creativity and productivity. During the preproduction phase, experienced artists collaborate in multidisciplinary teams and contribute to the design and prototyping of the early functional versions of games. While the Canadian and Quebec video game industries have grown rapidly over the past twenty-five years, knowledge about the artist-developers’ practice remains limited, except in terms of technical expertise. Development studios have a constant need for qualified practitioners and well-adapted training; they are looking for specific skills (e.g. collaborative, cross-disciplinary, versatility), as seen in small and medium-sized emerging studios in Quebec. As a teacher, artist and researcher, we wanted to develop a fine-grained and contextual understanding in order to inform and guide the academic training of future artists and industry practice. Pre-field investigations based on interviews and observations with senior artists served to frame the study, providing an initial understanding of artist-developers’ practice. This was built on individual and collaborative design activities as well as intrinsic reflective skills. Through the pre-field study we have noticed some similarities between artists’ and designers’ practices. The back and forth between the first explorations and the literature enriched the questioning so to lead to a first objective: to explore the “designlike” reflective practice of experienced artist-developers, in the preproduction phase and in small and medium-sized Quebec studios. A second objective is to develop a model of practice to capture the competent professional practice of artist-developers. The theoretical approach refers to constructivist and pragmatist theories of professional practice and of design thinking. The theoretical framework allows to elaborate a theoretical construction with which we can study a set of dimensions that structures the reflective process of design, through which we can study situated and embodied cases of practice. The methodological approach draws on qualitative research and refers to ethnography and shadowing to explore through three cases of practice (each case = an artist in a small studio). Interpretive analysis is used to construct categories and identify patterns that can be replicated across cases. Each case is analyzed and interpreted individually; a cross-case synthesis is used to describe a provisional model of practice, which is then validated by the three participants during an individual interview. Based on the findings, the study proposes a transferable and teachable model of professional practice of the artist-developer, in terms of situations and skills. In addition, we raise the need to support artists in conceptualizing and making explicit their practice. We also show how the preproduction of video games can be considered as a vector for collaborative design and prototyping activities. In our conclusions, we make several recommendations for the pedagogical training of future artist-developers. We discuss the theoretical and methodological approaches used and suggest various avenues for future research.

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