The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between two constructs: principled moral judgment and ego identity status. At issue was whether individuals measured to have different ego identity statuses differed systematically in terms of principled moral judgment as had been previously found in the literature. The hypotheses that were tested were a) the use of principled moral judgment is different among individuals having different ego identity statuses, and b) high ego identity individuals are higher in principled moral judgment than low identity individuals. Research regarding gender differences in moral development during the past decade warranted the further study of these two constructs, particularly because earlier research had formed the basis of existing theory. Principled moral judgment was measured by the Defining Issues Test (Rest, 1979), and ego identity status was measured by the Revised Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status (Bennion & Adams, 1986). Analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. The sample was drawn from a population of residential senior-status men and women at a small, four-year public college in the southeastern United States. Instruments were distributed and collected in the residence halls through the efforts of a peer student group over a three and one-half week period. The findings revealed that there were no differences in principled moral judgment among individuals having different ego identity statuses. There were no differences in principled moral judgment between men and women with different ego identity statuses. High ego identity individuals did not have higher principled moral judgment scores than low ego identity individuals. / Ed. D.

[pt] A presente pesquisa busca expor aspectos e proporcionar reflexões a respeito das formações de massas humanas e, mais especificamente, pensar as particularidades do lugar ocupado pela figura de liderança nesse fenômeno. Para isso, partiremos de uma exposição detalhada daquilo que ficou conhecido como massa, grupos ou multidões. Em seguida, retornaremos às origens daquilo que ficou conhecido como psicoterapia, tomando como ponto de partida o trabalho realizado por Mesmer a partir de sua terapêutica magnética. Seguindo nesse percurso, abordaremos os caminhos e estudos posteriores das práticas hipnóticas dos reconhecidos Charcot e Bernheim, para depois chegar à formulação da clínica freudiana propriamente. Outra tarefa primordial para esse trabalho será a articulação de conceitos metapsicológicos fundamentais para essa discussão: sugestão, hipnose e regressão. Nosso intuito com esse roteiro é melhor compreender o fenômeno da transferência: desde sua percepção embrionária nos tratamentos mais variados, passando pela técnica psicanalítica até chegar em sua compreensão a partir do fenômeno das massas. Servirmo-nos do trabalho freudiano de 1921, Psicologia das Massas e Análise do Eu, para melhor desenvolver essa explanação e articulação. Escolhemos esse texto, pois, além de trabalhar os conceitos supracitados, também apresenta outro cenário no qual estão presentes vínculos transferenciais, mesmo que em outro contexto e manejados por outro tipo de figura: o líder. Como afirma Freud, o fenômeno da transferência não é exclusivo à psicanálise. Dessa forma, a partir dessa leitura, torna-se possível entrever a relação entre o indivíduo da massa e o líder e a maneira com a qual o último se vale do seu lugar de influência a partir de seus objetivos de dominação e de exercício de poder. / [en] This research seeks to expose aspects and provide reflections regarding the formations of human masses and, more specifically, to think about the particularities of the place occupied by the leadership figure in this phenomenon. To do this, we will start with a detailed exposition of what became known as masses, groups or crowds. Next, we will return to the origins of what became known as psychotherapy, taking as a starting point the work carried out by Mesmer based on his magnetic therapy; Following this path, we will address the paths and subsequent studies of the hypnotic practices of the renowned Charcot and Bernheim, to then arrive at the formulation of the Freudian clinic itself. Another primary task for this work will be the articulation of metapsychological concepts fundamental to this discussion: suggestion, hypnosis and regression. Our aim with this guide is to better understand the phenomenon of transference: from its embryonic perception in the most varied treatments, through psychoanalytic technique until reaching its understanding based on the phenomenon of the masses. We use the 1921 Freudian work, Mass Psychology and Analysis of the Self, to better develop this explanation and articulation. We chose this text because, in addition to working on these concepts, it also presents another scenario in which transference bonds are present, even if in another context and handled by another type of figure: the leader. As Freud states, the phenomenon of transference is not exclusive to psychoanalysis, so, from this reading, it becomes possible to glimpse the relationship between the individual in the mass and the leader and the way in which he uses his place of influence, from its objectives of domination and exercise of power.

Autonomous driving has seen huge interest and improvements in the last few years. Two important functions of autonomous driving is the depth and visual odometry estimation.Depth estimation refers to determining the distance from the camera to each point in the scene captured by the camera, while the visual odometry refers to estimation of ego motion using images recorded by the camera. The algorithm presented by Zhou et al. [1] is a completely unsupervised algorithm for depth and ego motion estimation. This thesis sets out to minimize ambiguity and enhance performance of the algorithm [1]. The purpose of the mentioned algorithm is to estimate the depth map given an image, from a camera attached to the agent, and the ego motion of the agent, in the case of the thesis, the agent is a vehicle. The algorithm lacks the ability to make predictions in the true scale in both depth and ego motion, said differently, it suffers from ambiguity. Two extensions of the method were developed by changing the loss function of the algorithm and supervising ego motion. Both methods show a remarkable improvement in their performance and reduced ambiguity, utilizing only the ego motion ground data which is significantly easier to access than depth ground truth data

Various prior research studies have investigated the positive and negative effects of an audience on task performance, yet very little research has been conducted specifically on dancers. The focus of this study will be on the interaction between Goal Orientation and Level of Expertise in relation to social facilitation and task performance in ballet dancers. Participants were assessed based on performance with and without an audience at varying levels of expertise. The theory of social facilitation was examined in relation to several subject variables mentioned in background research. The results of this study suggest a trend supporting the hypothesis that a person's reaction to an audience is at least partly dependent on both Goal Orientation and Level of Expertise as explained by drive theory. This study gives dancers valuable insight on personal performance.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of gender and gender-role orientation, defined as levels of instrumentality and expressiveness, to Eriksonian ego identity achievement in young adults. Erikson's theory of psychosocial development was the theoretical framework for the study. It was hypothesized that a regression model can predict ego identity from the independent variables of instrumentality, expressiveness, gender, self-esteem, age, intergenerational intimacy, significant other intimacy, intergenerational fusion-individuation, intergenerational intimidation, and significant other fusion-individuation. The sample consisted of 156 college students, 73 males and 83 females. Respondents ranged in age from 19 to 25. Ego identity achievement was defined as the respondent's score on Rasmussen's Ego Identity Scale (Rasmussen, 1961). Instrumentality and expressiveness were operationalized as scores on the Instrumental (M) Scale and the Expressive (F) Scale of the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (Spence & Helmreich, 1978). Self-esteem was operationalized by scores on the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1979). The three individuation variables and the two intimacy variables were operationalized by five subscale scores of the Personal Authority in the Family System Questionnaire, Version C (Williamson, Bray, Malone, 1984). Based on the results of stepwise multiple regression analysis the null hypothesis was not accepted. Instrumentality was the strongest predictor of ego identity achievement level. Self-esteem, significant other fusion-individuation, gender, intergenerational fusion individuation, and significant other intimacy were also significant predictors of ego-identity achievement. Males reported significantly lower ego identity scores than females. Individuation from parents and significant other predicted identity achievement. Results of the investigation did not support the thesis that the psychological meaning of identity is defined by intimacy issues for females and individuation issues for males. / Ed. D.

Text in Afrikaans / In this study the researcher explored and described the use of Gestalt play therapy with specific focus on self-support with the child in middle childhood years. A literature study was undertaken to examine the concepts of child, Gestalt play therapy, self-support and the play therapy process. This literature study forms the theoretical frame in which this study was done. After the completion of the literature study, the empirical study was conducted. The researcher made use of unstructured interviews within a intrinsic single case study in order to compile research data. During the empirical study ten therapy sessions were conducted with the participant which was explored within the framework of qualitative research methodology. The researcher was able to use ample Gestalt play therapy concepts and principles during the description of the case study in order to explore self-support within the child during middle childhood. These concepts and principles will be discussed in depth within this study. / Social Work / M.Diac. (Spelterapie-rigting)

本研究的目的為探討有關「學習者」本身之相關變項（學生的心理特質－自我概念、 學習目標，學習過程－學習技巧）與其學業成就之關係。並且經由對其間關係之探討 ，可以提供給心理與教育學家一些有關的資料，協助他們發展出一個可以指導學生學 習技巧、學習策略，並且兼顧學生自我概念發展的訓練課程，以增進學生學業成績之 進步。 本研究係以全省地區（包括台北市）的國民中學學生為研究對象，樣本的抽取乃分北 、中、南、東四區分別抽取，共計十八個學校1,800 學生。所用的研究工具計有「學 習目標量表」、「學習技巧量表」、「田納西自我概念量表」（心理自我之部分）等 三個量表。另外，以學生的智育成績為學業成就之代表。本研究所得資料之統計分析 方法是：(一)應用皮爾遜積差相關法，分析各研究變項彼此間之關係，(二)以變異數 分析探討各研究變項與學業成就之關係，(三)以多元逐步迴歸分析，找出可以聯合預 測個人學業成績最大部份的預測變項。 根據研究的結果，本研究的主要發現有： 一、學習技巧較佳的學生，其學業成就也較佳。 二、高學習導向的學生，其學業成就較低學習導向的學生為佳。 三、自我概念（心理自我）好的學生，其學業也就也較佳。 四、高學習導向的學生，其學習技巧也較佳。 五、自我概念（心理自我）、學習目標、學習技巧對學業成就有顯著的影響。 六、前段班的學生，其學習技巧優於後段班的學生。 基於以上的發現，本研究提出二項建議： 一、積極培養學生健全良好的自我概念。 二、設置學生技巧指導的課程，並且力強學生學習技巧及學習目標的輔導。

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Montréal. / Le film Punch-Drunk Love, réalisé en 2002 par Paul Thomas Anderson, présente une approche formelle hors du commun et expose, de manière flagrante, le travail énonciatif du film. L’énonciation filmique qui est sienne pousse le spectateur à se distancer de l’oeuvre et l’incite à se questionner sur la signification des codes mis en place. Ce dernier est également stimulé à remettre en question ses propres attentes ainsi qu’à s’interroger sur son plaisir spectatoriel. Nous proposons, dans le cadre de ce mémoire, de faire l’analyse de l’énonciation filmique du film à travers l’approche abstraite de Christian Metz. Grâce à sa théorie, qui affiche la préséance du film sur l’auteur en matière de signification des codes, nous mettrons en évidence l’idée que les constructions énonciatives fortes reprennent à leur compte l’histoire racontée par le film. L’énonciation réfléchit et redouble le film. Avec une telle approche, le film expose son rapport fusionnel entre le fond et la forme. L’énonciation, vue sous cet oeil, devient l’alter ego du film. / In Punch-Drunk Love (2002), Paul Thomas Anderson applies a unique creative process that reveals the very inner workings of enunciation in the film. His filmic approach functions to distance the spectator from the film and, to various degrees, challenges the spectator to question the codes that create an aesthetic of illusion. Drawing on Christian Metz’s abstract approach to enunciation, this thesis proposes to analyse the filmic enunciation of Anderson’s film. By means of this theoretical approach, we become aware that the enunciation of the film stimulates the spectator into realizing that the implied meaning of the enunciation is one that can be understood within its own self. The “who” and the “what” are no longer questions that are answered from the “outside”. The “who” is the film and the “what” resides in it. What we are observing is the self–reflexive nature of enunciation.

Dans l’Europe du 18ème siècle, plusieurs médecins, pédagogues et moralistes conçoivent la maternité comme un enjeu politique. À l’intérieur de leurs discours, l’allaitement maternel devient le ciment reliant bonheur individuel, harmonie sociale et intérêts de l’État. L’examen de traités médicaux et moraux nous permet d’expliciter les significations que les médecins, pédagogues et moralistes rattachent à l’allaitement, et nous pouvons retracer la popularisation de leurs idées dans certains médias de l’époque tels que les périodiques. Toutefois, ces sources ne nous en disent pas long sur les significations que les femmes concernées elles-mêmes accordaient à l’allaitement. C’est précisément ce point que nous tentons d’élucider, à l’aide d’études de cas. Nous nous basons sur la correspondance d’une mère, sa fille et son beau-fils habitant Nuremberg et Munich au tournant du 18ème au 19ème siècle, afin de reconstituer les discours, enjeux, et pratiques autour de l’allaitement. Nous nous intéressons d’abord aux différentes émotions suscitées par plusieurs expériences d’allaitement, heureuses et moins heureuses. Ensuite, nous explicitons les arguments, relations et autorités mises en scène lors de discussions conflictuelles sur l’allaitement et le sevrage. Nous montrons aussi quelles personnes étaient déterminantes dans la pratique de l’allaitement, pour finalement tenter d’atteindre les expériences et représentations du corps allaitant. / The eighteenth century sees the rise of influential discourses treating motherhood as a political matter. Breastfeeding is at the heart of these discourses. Represented as a way to increase the health and vigor of citizens necessary to the state’s power, breastfeeding is therefore linking individual happiness, social peace, and state’s interests. We can reconstruct the web of meanings physicians and moralists gave to breastfeeding from moral and medical treatises where their ideas are first exposed; new media like periodicals show us how these discourses were popularised. The meanings breastfeeding women gave to this practice is a lesser studied object: it will build the core of this master study. With the help of a case study located in Nuremberg and Munich around 1800, I highlight the meanings breastfeeding bourgeois women and their relatives linked to breastfeeding. The sources used, mainly letters between a woman, her daughter and her son-in-law, allow me first to differentiate some of the emotions generated by happy and unhappy breastfeeding situations. Then I investigate a conflict about the issues of breastfeeding and weaning; this leads me to show that relations between the protagonists, as well as health concerns, are used as arguments in this matter. I also portray the concrete context in which breastfeeding is taking place and the people assisting to this practice. Finally, I try to assess the underlying perceptions and representations of the breastfeeding body. / Während des 18. Jahrhunderts kamen mehrere Ärzte, Pädagogen und Moralisten dazu, sich für Mutterschaft als eine politische Frage zu interessieren. Die von diesen Männern entworfenen Diskurse stellten das mütterliche Stillen in den Mittelpunkt: als Mittel, das Glück des Einzelnen, die gesellschaftliche Harmonie und die Interessen des Staates zu verbinden. Das von den Ärzten, Pädagogen und Moralisten entworfene Beziehungsnetz ist in verschiedenen Traktaten sichtbar, und es wird durch neue Medien wie Zeitschriften popularisiert. Die Bedeutungen, die die Frauen und ihre Umgebung mit dem Stillen verbanden, können allerdings nicht anhand der Untersuchung dieser Medien erschlossen werden. Genau dieser Frage gilt das Interesse dieser Masterarbeit. Am Beispiel einer Fallstudie werde ich die Bedeutungen des Stillens für die Frauen und ihre Umgebung erläutern. Untersucht wird die Korrespondenz zwischen einer bürgerlichen Mutter, ihrer Tochter und ihrem Schwiegersohn, die in Nürnberg und München um 1800 lebten. Zuerst werde ich mich den durch verschiedene Stillerfahrungen ausgelösten Emotionen zuwenden; danach werden die Kenntnisse und Beziehungen, die in den Debatten über das Stillen und Entwöhnen als Argumente benutzt werden, untersucht. Darüber hinaus wird gezeigt, welche Leute konkret den Verlauf des Stillen beeinflussten. Zum Schluß wird eine Annäherung an die Erfahrungen des stillenden Körpers gewagt.

INTRODUÇÃO: A Psicodinâmica é o estudo da interação das forças psíquicas que subsidiam o funcionamento mental. A dinâmica mental interfere na qualidade de vida de um indivíduo, na medida em que modifica a percepção que ele tem da própria existência. O papel da psicodinâmica sobre a qualidade de vida ainda é pouco estudado. OBJETIVOS: Estudar, de forma transversal, a relação entre psicodinâmica e qualidade de vida na população de médicos de Botucatu, para testar a hipótese de que quanto melhor a psicodinâmica do médico melhor a sua qualidade de vida. MÉTODOS: Foram enviados questionários, com carta-resposta, para 602 médicos (população referenciada). As variáveis independentes (Psicodinâmica) foram obtidas por meio de duas escalas: a) Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40), que avalia e classifica os mecanismos de defesa do ego em maduros, neuróticos e imaturos; b) Bell Object Relations and Reality Test Inventory (BORRTI - Forma O), que avalia e classifica as relações objetais (alienação, egocentrismo, vinculação insegura e incapacidade social) em normais e patológicas. As variáveis dependentes (qualidade de vida) foram avaliadas pelo World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-Abreviado), que fornece escores para os quatro domínios: físico, psicológico, relações sociais e meio ambiente. As variáveis moderadoras foram obtidas por meio de um questionário sóciodemográfico. A análise estatística foi feita por meio dos seguintes testes: Shapiro-Wilk, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Mann-Whitney, Coeficiente de Spearman e modelos de regressão linear com resposta Gamma. Foram utilizados os softwares SPSS versão 17, R versão 2.11.0 e Graph Pad versão 5.0. RESULTADOS: Foram respondidos 198 (33%) questionários válidos. Os seguintes resultados foram obtidos: a média (± desvio padrão) de idade foi de 47,6 (± 11,12) anos e o sexo masculino foi de 53,5%. A presença de perfil patológico nas relações objetais do tipo alienação, egocentrismo e vinculação insegura reduziu os escores dos domínios psicológico (p < 0,001) e relações sociais (p < 0,001), da qualidade de vida. A presença do fator imaturo das defesas do ego reduziu os escores dos domínios físico (p < 0,0001) e meio ambiente (p < 0,0001), da qualidade de vida. DISCUSSÃO: Defesas imaturas do ego dificultam a adaptação do indivíduo à vida profissional e conjugal, enquanto que a presença do perfil patológico das relações objetais leva à dificuldade em manter relacionamentos estáveis e à tendência a manipular as pessoas, apresentando-se socialmente inapto. Ou seja, médicos com esse perfil (de defesas e de relações objetais) devem enfrentar dificuldades para conviver com outras pessoas, inclusive com pacientes. Sua qualidade de vida é pior do que a de médicos com defesas maduras do ego e perfil normal de relações objetais. CONCLUSÕES: A psicodinâmica e a qualidade de vida do médico estão significativamente relacionadas. Os escores da qualidade de vida caem à medida que aumentam os escores das defesas imaturas do ego. Médicos com perfil patológico nas relações objetais apresentam menores escores de qualidade de vida, em relação àqueles com perfil normal / INTRODUCTION: Psychodynamics is the study of the psychological forces that underlie mental action. Ego defense mechanisms and object relations are psychodynamic aspects that affect quality of life as they alter people\'s perceptions of their own life. OBJECTIVES: To assess the influence of ego defense mechanisms and object relations on quality of life in a population of physicians, and thus test our hypothesis that mature ego defenses and normal object relations are associated with better physician quality of life. METHODS: In this cross- sectional study, questionnaires and pre-stamped return envelopes were sent to the population of physicians (602 individuals) living in the city of Botucatu, São Paulo. Psychodynamics was evaluated using the following instruments: a) Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40), which assesses and classifies ego defense mechanisms as mature, neurotic, or immature; b) Bell Object Relations and Reality Test Inventory (BORRTI - Forma O), which assesses and classifies object relations (alienation, egocentricity, insecure attachment, and social incompetence) as either normal or pathological. Quality of life was assessed by the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF) that was developed in the context of four domains of quality of life: physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environment. Demographic data were obtained via a specific questionnaire. Statistical analyses were performed using the tests of Shapiro-Wilk, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Mann-Whitney, Spearman\'s coefficient, and Gamma linear regression models with SPSS v. 17, R v. 2.11.0 and Graph Pad v. 5.0 software. RESULTS: A total of 198 questionnaires (33%) with valid responses were obtained. Among respondents, mean age was 47.6 ± 11 years, and the rate of males was 53.5%. High BORRTI scores (pathology) on the alienation, egocentricity and insecure attachment subscales were associated with reduced WHOQOL-BREF scores for the psychological health (p < 0,001) and social relationships (p < 0,001) domains. Immature ego defense mechanisms were associated with lower WHOQOL-BREF scores for the physical health (p < 0,0001) and environment (p < 0,0001) domains. DISCUSSION: Immature ego defenses impair adjustment to professional and marital life, while pathological object relations lead to difficulty in sustaining stable relationships and tendency to manipulate others, hence social ineptitude. Physicians with immature defenses and pathological object relations are, therefore, likely to find it hard to relate with other people, including patients. Their quality of life is worse in comparison with that of physicians with mature ego defenses and normal object relations. In the study population, both immature ego defenses and pathological object relations were associated with lower quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: Among physicians, quality of life is influenced by its psychodynamics, herein assessed through ego defense mechanisms and object relations