In this dissertation I address the question of why some social groups classify some people and groups as strangers. To answer the question I focus the stranger in the writings of the Polish sociologist Zygmunt Bauman. According to Bauman, the social construction of the stranger cannot be compared with the asymmetrical relation between an in-group and an out-group. An in-group stands for friends and proximity. It considers the out-group as the enemy at a distance. The hierarchical and a reciprocal relationship that exists between the in-group and the out-group is a part of the social order. The stranger, on the other hand, is constructed in the ambivalent position between the in-group and the out-group. Since there is no room for the stranger in an orderly world she has to be dealt with in a way that keeps the world free from incongruity. Since Bauman considers the moral consequence of cultural classification, his work is also relevant for the question of living with the stranger. Leaving the Occidental rational tradition in favour of a phenomenological tradition, Bauman offers a view that considers the encounter with the stranger as a moral meeting. Highlighting responsibility, instead of social arrangements, law or tradition, Bauman visualises the stranger as a moral subject and not as aparticular social type, one who is constantly out of place The theoretical considerations of the social making of the stranger, and the moral understanding of living for the stranger, contribute to a deeper understanding about the institutional origins of social marginalisation and cultural exclusion.

Temporary Work Agencies (TWAs) are an example of a trend towards flexibility in the labour market. By hiring staff from TWAs organisations can keep their staff numbers down. This however, refers to the client companies´ use or temps, and omits the intermediary, the TWA, which also needs various flexibility strategies in its activities. The main purpose of this thesis is to study the organising of TWAs supply of manpower to different clients companies, and how managers and temps experience their terms of employment, working conditions and relationships with regular employees at the client companies. Two qualitative case studies were conducted. In study one, interviews have been carried out with managers and temps in a TWA and a client company in Jämtland. In the second study, managers and temps in an international TWA in Sweden were interviewed. The results show that both managers and temps work under complex conditions and demands on flexibility. The managers shall, by flexible prioritising, satisfy demands from the TWA on profitability, demands from client companies´ for an adaptable workforce and temps need of employment and community. The results also indicate that temps have to balance between a position as stranger and outsider, and handle insecurity of the assignments duration and spatial location. They have to be able to manoeuvre between the power inequalities, stigmatisation and exclusion they encounter in working conditions and social interactions in client companies. To handle such situations the ideal temp and manager have to be able to vary between distance and nearness in spatiality and indifference and involvement in social relations.

The main purpose of this dissertation was to analyse and compare the attitudes of young people who lived in two different local contexts towards foreigners and immigrants. In the main study 36 teenagers, 17 from Bruksort and 19 from Industriort, were interviewed. Both local societies are rather small and dominated by one major industry, and a large number of the inhabitants are workers. Prospects for the future differed – in Bruksort people did not believe they had a future in the community because of the lack of jobs, while the people in Industriort felt a certain optimism in this respect, as the major industry was doing well. While Industriort had a long tradition and experience of immigration, Bruksort did not. Refugee camps were established in both societies in the early 1990s. The interviews brought up questions of attitude towards foreigners and immigrants. The analysis is also in part based on two pilot studies and an analysis of articles and letters to the editor in the local press, Industriort News and Bruksort Times during 1991-99. Two different discourses were analysed in the main study: the discourse of refugees, immigration, racism and anti-racism in the local press, and discourse of the young people´s discussions of those subjects. These two ways of talking were compared in order to discover possible patterns and changes in underlying thought figures in each town. The importance of the locality was demonstrated in the study. Young people are affected by political decisions, by demands made by adults and by the media. However young people are also being brought up in an active way by their own local society. The inhabitants of Bruksort were suspicious of strangers and of “the other”. However, in Industriort this sort of suspicion was only temporarily acted out towards the refugees in the camp and quickly dissipated because the refugees were integrated into the society. Also, a number of the young inhabitants in Industriort had an immigrant background themselves. The gender difference is notable; girls and boys narrated divergent versions of the events that had taken place involving the inhabitants and the refugees. The girls had a more emphatic way of reasoning about refugees and of the situation immigrants´ of than the boys. Boys on the other hand had been in conflict with the people from the refugee-camp and present juridical and economic arguments about Swedish immigration policies. It is concluded that creating meeting places where people from different ethnic backgrounds can get together and learn to know each other is of crucial importance. Also, the fact that young people seemed to be unaware of the anti-racist projects arranged by the school in Bruksort and the youth centre in Industriort a few years prior to the interviews, and that most of the teenagers interviewed felt that school had done too little, if anything, regarding the discussion of such matters as refugees, immigration and racism, emphasises the importance of more deliberate and longterm strategies as opposed to short term projects.

This study examined whether hiring recommendations based on thin slices of a structured interview were associated with recommendations based on the interview in its entirety. After viewing 12 seconds of silent interviewee behavior, participants made hiring recommendations that were significantly correlated with those produced by individuals viewing a still-frame of the interview and the entire interview. In an effort to determine what sources of information participants were using to arrive at their recommendations, nonverbal behaviors were examined in detail. Applicants who appeared attentive, not anxious, competent, confident, dominant, optimistic, and professional were more likely to receive positive hiring recommendations than others. Additional analyses reveal that these nonverbal behaviors impact hiring recommendations in both the still-frame and thin-slice video conditions after controlling for applicant physical attractiveness. Overall, results indicate that despite the availability of verbal content, interviewers may be heavily influenced by their first 12-second impression of a job applicant.

<p>Humans are champions of prosociality. Across different cultures and early in life, humans routinely engage in prosocial behaviors that benefit others. Perhaps most strikingly, humans are even prosocial toward strangers (i.e. xenophilic). This is an evolutionary puzzle because it cannot be explained by kinship theory, reciprocal altruism or reputation. The parochialism hypothesis proposes that this extreme prosociality is unique to humans, is motivated by unselfish motivation and evolved through group selection made possible by human culture and warfare. The first impression hypothesis, on the other hand, proposes that xenophilia can evolve to promote the selfish benefits that accrue from extending one's social network. It predicts that 1) nonhuman species can evolve prosociality toward strangers when the benefit of forming new relations is higher than the cost, 2) the motivation for prosociality can be selfish, and 3) encounters with strangers can be a positive social event since strangers represent potential social partners. This dissertation presents three sets of experiments designed to test these predictions with bonobos (Pan paniscus), a species known for reduced xenophobia. These experiments showed, first, that bonobos voluntarily shared monopolizable food with a stranger and helped the stranger to obtain out-of-reach food. Second, the observed prosociality was driven by a selfish motivation to initiate an interaction with the stranger in close proximity and an other-regarding motivation to benefit the stranger. Third, an involuntary yawning task and a voluntary choice task show converging results that bonobos attribute positive valence to completely unknown strangers by default. These experiments support the three core predictions of the first impression hypothesis and challenge the view that intergroup competition is crucial to the origin of prosociality toward strangers in our species. Instead, the first impression hypothesis proposes that xenophilia in bonobos is probably an adaptation to initiating non-kin cooperation. Because female bonobos are highly cooperative even though they are the dispersing sex, xenophilia might function to quickly establish cooperative relationships with new immigrants. This suggests that xenophilia and reciprocity are likely two complementary aspects of non-kin cooperation: the former explains its initiation while the latter explains its maintenance. Similarly, xenophilia in humans is likely a result of the increasing need for cooperation among non-kin due to enhanced fission-fusion dynamics, population expansion, obligate cooperative foraging and greater dependence on cultural knowledge.</p> / Dissertation

Αντικείμενο της παρούσης ερευνητικής εργασίας αποτελεί η πραγμάτευση της ταυτότητας του «άλλου», του ξένου, μέσα στο πλαίσιο των κειμένων της αρχαίας ελληνικής τραγωδίας. Ως αντικείμενο μελέτης η αρχαία τραγωδία και αναπόσπαστο τμήμα των προγραμμάτων σπουδών στη Μέση Εκπαίδευση, αλλά και στις περισσότερες χώρες του κόσμου, έχει ιδιαίτερο ενδιαφέρον να εντοπίσουμε πώς ακριβώς αντιμετωπίζουν οι τραγικοί ποιητές τη διαφορετική εθνικότητα μέσα στα κείμενά τους και, επομένως, πώς αυτή η αντιμετώπιση καταγράφεται, κατ’ επέκταση, στο γενικότερο αρχαιοελληνικό πολιτισμό. Το ζήτημα αυτό παρουσιάζει αυξημένη σημασία, πέρα από τη φιλολογική του πλευρά και το ενδιαφέρον για την αρχαία ελληνική λογοτεχνία, από τη στιγμή που η σύγχρονη εποχή αποζητά σημεία αναφοράς και δείκτες αποδοχής ή όχι του «άλλου» στην ανάγκη της να αποσαφηνίσει το δικό της πολυπολιτισμικό και διαπολιτισμικό χαρακτήρα. Τελικός σκοπός, λοιπόν, αυτής της εργασίας είναι να φανεί πώς μπορεί η αρχαία τραγωδία να συμβάλλει, ως έργο πνευματικό και διδακτικό, στο γενικότερο δημόσιο διάλογο περί πολυπολιτισμικότητας και διαπολιτισμικών κοινωνιών. Τι άλλο από τα ίδια τα κείμενα της αρχαίας τραγωδίας αποτελούν τον οδηγό μας σε αυτήν την έρευνα. Στο πλαίσιο της διαπολιτισμικής προσέγγισης που αποπειραθήκαμε οφείλαμε να δώσουμε το λόγο στους ίδιους τους τραγικούς ήρωες. Ακολουθήσαμε, λοιπόν, όπως γίνεται έτσι, αντιληπτό, τη μέθοδο της ανάλυσης περιεχομένου, η οποία θέτει το ίδιο το κείμενο στο επίκεντρο της έρευνάς της. σε συνδυασμό με τη μέθοδο ανάλυσης των δομών του βάθους και της επιφάνειας ενός κειμένου. Το τελικό αποτέλεσμα από την ανάλυση που επιχειρείται στην εργασία αυτή δεν μπορεί παρά να είναι θετικό για τη διαπολιτισμική προσέγγιση των έργων του πνεύματος. Όπως θα φανεί και στην εξέλιξη της εργασίας, το εθνικό στοιχείο, αν και υπάρχει μέσα στην αρχαία τραγωδία και κάνει αισθητή την παρουσία του, ωστόσο, δεν αποτελεί τον καθοριστικό παράγοντα για την εξέλιξη και τον προσδιορισμό των πραγμάτων. / The main object of this paper is the negotiation of the identity of the “other” in the context of the texts of ancient Greek tragedy. As studied ancient tragedy and an integral part of the curriculum in secondary education, but also in most countries of the world, there is a particular interest to identify how exactly facing the tragic poets of different nationalities within their texts and, therefore, how these responses are recorded thus the overall ancient culture. This question is increasingly important, beyond the literally side and the interest in ancient Greek literature, since the modern era longs benchmarks and indicators of acceptance or not of the “other” in the need to clarify its own multicultural and intercultural character. The ultimate goal, therefore, of this paper is to show how the ancient tragedy to contribute, as spiritual and educational work in the more general debate on multiculturalism and intercultural societies. The texts of the ancient tragedy will be our guide in this research. In the context of intercultural approach we attempted ought to give the floor to the same tragic heroes. Followed, then, as is so understood, the method of content analysis, which sets the text itself at the center of the investigation in combination with the method of analysis of the structures of the surface and depth of a text. The final result of the analysis in this paper can only be positive for the intercultural approach of literally works. As will be seen in the evolution of our research, the national element, though present in the ancient tragedy and makes its presence felt, however, is not the decisive factor for the development and identification of what is happening in the plays.

This essay is a study of the portrayal of the theme of alienation in Eugene Ionesco's novel The hermit. In my study I examine the different ways in which the theme of alienation is portrayed and how the cause of the narrator's experience of alienation can be found in ideological, psychological and existential conflicts that the narrator has to face. The result is an experience of das unheimliche, a Freudian concept, which is a kind of uncanny detachment that the narrator experiences, when he is put up against an invisible force that lurks in the perifery of the world, which is portrayed in the story. The meaning of the ideological conflict is a portrayal of man's situation in a world that is ruled by capitalism, with marxism as a positive leveler and the meaning of the psychological conflict is a conflict in the narrator's own inner reality. The meaning of the existential conflict is a portrayal of man's situation in a world absent of God. The novel by Ionesco points at these conflicts and also offers a solution to the limitations, that are caused by alienation by transcending them. In my study I focus on the function of language, biblical imagery, allegory and the theories that are being used to define the ideological (marxist theory) and existential (Albert Camus' theory of the absurd) conflicts. In my analysis I have also used Camus' The stranger in comparison with Ionesco's novel.

This study explores how the context of an event can be reconstructed in order to change an event's meaning and how the recontextualization can influence perceptions of a community. The artifact examined is a documentary film produced by Appalshop, Stranger with a Camera directed by Elizabeth Barret.Chapter One includes an introduction to Stranger with a Camera, and work by scholars related to the study of documentary film. The research focus guiding the analysis is an examination of how Barret reconstructs the context of a murder in Jeremiah, Kentucky in order to alter the event's significance and meaning, and how her reconstruction may influence dominant social perceptions of a community.Chapter Two describes the method to be used in the analysis, cluster analysis developed by Kenneth Burke. The process of cluster analysis entails: 1) identifying the key terms in the rhetoric, 2) charting the terms that cluster around the key terms, 3) discovering emergent patterns in the clusters, and 4) naming the motive, or situation, based on the meanings of the key terms.Chapter Three is a cluster analysis of Stranger with a Camera. Key terms found in this analysis are "picture," "camera," "shooting," "media," "poverty," and "social action."Chapter Four contains conclusions pertaining to the analysis of the rhetorical artifact, conclusions for cluster analysis as a rhetorical methodology, and future considerations for academic scholarship. / Department of Communication Studies

The diploma thesis is focused on the perception of pain across selected cultures and religions. The thesis is divided into theoretical and practical research. The theoretical part describes transcultural nursing and development, pain and perception. Subsequently, selected ethnic and religious minorities, namely the Vietnamese, Ukrainian, Roma minority and Islamic minority, are characterized. In the practical part, the data obtained during the research survey are processed. At the beginning of the research were compiled two goals. The first was aimed on mapping the perception of pain among members of selected national and religious minorities. The second objective was focused on the use of pain therapy options among members of selected national and religious minorities. Data were obtained using a semi-structured interview of 25 open questions. The interviews were attended by five probands from each minority residing in the territory of the Czech Republic. Only an Islamic minority was represented by two members residing in the territory of the Czech Republic. It can be seen from the results that the perception of pain and its symptoms are probably among ethnic minorities differ. Individuals of the Ukrainian and Vietnamese minorities hide their pain as opposed to individuals of the Roma minority. Islamists were represented by two individuals of Czech nationality, which influenced the results of the research. Furthermore, the research part deals with minorities access to pain therapy. It is important that each individual is approached individually. The results only outlined possible assumptions that would influence pain relief. Based on the results of the research was compiled information material for nurses, which briefly describes the specifics of the perception of pain in selected minorities. Its aim is to help nurses orientate in this field and introduce them pain therapy technique or to select suitable methods of its measurement.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:19:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoaoBMB.pdf: 663210 bytes, checksum: 2ab6213ebc014db9ddee045316e8fd79 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-15 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The aim of this work is to analyze the phenomenon of the partner-space segregation in the city of Fortaleza, having as reference the sprouting of recent forms of housing that privilege areas with desert-like aspects, and the removal from the popular accumulations, which is becoming the shelter of the populations economically favored of the capital. Our field study was developed in the land division Alpha Village, a located urban enterprise in the east of the city. Different from the research that deals with the question of segregation as a sui generis product of the partner-economic inequality, we opt to an analysis directed more towards the dimension of the subjectivity, searching the roots of the phenomenon in the proper constitution of the human being. From interviews with the inhabitants of the related land division, we decided to analyze the social imaginary significances (Castoriadis) that composed their speech, and that they defined in this way, its representations concerning themselves, as strangers that cross the streets of the cited space, becoming thus suspected in potential. Inside our perspective, the segregation gains a ambiguous connotation, therefore at the same time that it authorizes the symbolic destruction of the other, it is also a tool that aids to support the "pain of the unreliability" / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o fen?meno da segrega??o s?cio-espacial na cidade de Fortaleza, tendo como refer?ncia o surgimento de formas recentes de moradia que privilegiam ?reas com aspectos des?rticos, e o afastamento de aglomerados populares, e que vem se tornando o ref?gio das popula??es economicamente favorecidas da capital. Nosso estudo de campo foi desenvolvido no loteamento Alpha Village, empreendimento urbano localizado no leste da cidade. Diferente das pesquisas que tratam a quest?o da segrega??o como um produto sui generis da desigualdade s?cio-econ?mica, optamos por uma an?lise mais voltada para a dimens?o da subjetividade, buscando as ra?zes do fen?meno na pr?pria constitui??o do ser humano. A partir de entrevistas com os moradores do referido loteamento, buscamos analisar as significa??es imagin?rias sociais (Castoriadis) que compunham suas falas, e que definiam por sua vez, suas representa??es acerca de eles pr?prios, como dos estranhos que cruzam as ruas do referido espa?o, tornando-se assim suspeitos em potencial. Dentro de nossa perspectiva, a segrega??o ganha uma conota??o amb?gua, pois ao mesmo tempo que autoriza o aniquilamento simb?lico do outro, ? tamb?m uma ferramenta que os ajuda a suportar a dor da inseguran?a