Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:55:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciana Santos Silva.pdf: 1565713 bytes, checksum: 6ccde177d796d89caded2fc7b89991dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-12 / This thesis aims to analyze the effectiveness of the criminal aspects of the Maria da Penha Law, it wonders if its effects were real or symbolic in combating and preventing domestic and family violence against women. The hypothesis that has been confirmed is that its effects are symbolic imprint on the culture of the expansionism of the criminal field. The research was delimited in the region of Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, in the period from 2006 to 2013 and was based on analysis of court cases, interviews and documentary analysis. It was observed that criminal speech does not become effective before the few punishments / A presente tese objetivou analisar a efetividade dos aspectos criminais da Lei Maria da Penha, questionando-se se seus efeitos eram reais ou simbólicos no combate e prevenção da violência doméstica e familiar contra a mulher. A hipótese que foi confirmada é que seus efeitos são de cunho simbólico diante da cultura do expansionismo do campo penal. A pesquisa foi delimitada na comarca de Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, no período de 2006 a 2013 e se pautou em analise de processos judiciais, entrevistas, analise documental. Foi observado que o discurso penal não se efetiva diante das poucas sentenças condenatória

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-09-29T18:38:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Maria L?cia Fernandes Barroso.pdf: 1460228 bytes, checksum: 14646f13cec0b2391227b0f29e044421 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-29T18:38:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Maria L?cia Fernandes Barroso.pdf: 1460228 bytes, checksum: 14646f13cec0b2391227b0f29e044421 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-26 / The research presented here was to investigate the views of the professionals of the Federal Institute of Education Science and Tecnology of Amap? (IFAP), Campus Macap? on the responsibility of the educational institution in combating violence suffered by adolescent students of the integrated secondary school. We sought to identify the knowledge that education teachers and technicians have about the legislation that advocates the rights of this segment to be raised and educated without violence of any kind, as well as to map the existence of cases of victimized students inside or outside the school environment as well as knowing what the view of the professionals in relation to this phenomenon. For this, we used a qualitative approach by carrying out documentary research. In the first phase were studied institutional documents, decrees among others, in addition to the Institutional Development Plan of IFAP, with a view to identifying how the institution materializes combating violence. Also part of the documentary data records three right care sectors to the student called educational core and pedagogical coordination of support to the student. Data collection instrument was a questionnaire with open and closed questions that reached the participation of forty-five teachers and nineteen educational technicians analyzed and categorized based on an analysis of documents. As theoretical work foundation held a brief historical review of the social construction of the concept of childhood and policies in this segment in Brazil in different historical periods to implement the statute of children and adolescents and definition of the Rights Guarantee System .The results revealed a significant quantity of thirty-two students who have suffered violence. According to the records of the former pedagogical coordination the institution has demonstrated the need for a specific policy that directs the IFAP for an expansion of preventive and interventional actions based on three main points: 1. Integrated responsibility and articulation by part of those responsible for teenagers an adolescents aducational process, 2. Continuing the proposal to be followed by professionals at IFAP; 3. Actions aimed at expansion of family participation in the education of adolescents. As a suggestion that there is synergy in these cases of identified violence it was proposed to start this work through an implementation of a flow comprising the participation and involveme of the whole school community in the social commitment in order to breaking cycles of violence involving adolescents students. / A pesquisa ora apresentada se prop?s a investigar as percep??es dos profissionais do Instituto Federal do Amap? (IFAP), Campus Macap? acerca da responsabilidade da institui??o de ensino no enfrentamento ? viol?ncia sofrida por alunos adolescentes do ensino m?dio integrado. Buscou-se identificar o conhecimento que docentes e t?cnicos educacionais possuem acerca da legisla??o que preconiza o direito desse segmento a ser criado e educado sem viol?ncia de qualquer natureza, realizar um mapeamento da exist?ncia de casos de alunos vitimizados dentro ou fora do ambiente escolar, bem como conhecer qual a vis?o dos profissionais em rela??o a esse fen?meno. Para isso, utilizou-se a abordagem qualitativa realizando-se pesquisa documental. Na primeira fase foram estudados documentos institucionais, decretos e portarias, al?m do Plano de Desenvolvimento Institucional do IFAP, com vistas a identificar como a institui??o materializa o enfrentamento da viol?ncia. Tamb?m fizeram parte dos dados documentais os registros de tr?s setores de atendimento direto ao aluno, quais sejam, coordena??o de turno, n?cleo pedag?gico e coordena??o de apoio ao estudante. Como instrumento de coleta de dados foi aplicado um question?rio com perguntas abertas e fechadas que alcan?ou a participa??o de quarenta e cinco docentes e dezenove t?cnicos educacionais, analisados e categorizados com base na an?lise documental. Como alicerce te?rico do trabalho realizou-se um breve resgate hist?rico da constru??o social do conceito de inf?ncia e das pol?ticas de atendimento a esse segmento no Brasil em diferentes per?odos hist?ricos at? a implementa??o do Estatuto da Crian?a e do Adolescente e defini??o do Sistema de Garantia de Direitos. Os resultados revelaram um quantitativo significativo de vinte e quatro alunos que sofreram viol?ncias, de acordo com os registros da antiga coordena??o pedag?gica, da coordena??o de turno e da coordena??o de apoio ao estudante, bem como a fragilidade nos registros de encaminhamentos adotados nestes casos pela equipe da institui??o, demonstrando a necessidade de uma pol?tica pr?pria que direcione o IFAP para uma amplia??o de a??es preventivas e interventivas, baseadas em tr?s pontos principais:1. Articula??o com a Rede de atendimento ? crian?a e ao adolescente de Macap??; 2. Forma??o continuada dos profissionais do IFAP; 3. A??es voltadas para amplia??o da participa??o da fam?lia na educa??o dos adolescentes. Como sugest?o para que haja sinergia nos encaminhamentos dos casos de viol?ncia identificados, ? proposto a partir desse trabalho, a implementa??o de um Fluxo de encaminhamento, que compreende a participa??o e envolvimento de toda comunidade escolar no compromisso social com o rompimento de ciclos de viol?ncia envolvendo os alunos adolescentes.

Tant au Chili qu’en France, l'intérêt public pour la violence faites aux femmes au sein du couple s'est concrétisé par la création d'une politique publique. Ainsi, des lois, des programmes adressés aux victimes et des campagnes de communication publique ont vu le jour. Nous sommes intéressés par les campagnes de communication publiques réalisées par les gouvernements chilien, présidé par Michelle Bachelet (2006-2010), et le gouvernement français, sous la présidence de Nicolas Sarkozy (2007-2012). Au cours des années 2006-2012, les deux pays ont produit des campagnes de communication qui sont devenues des véritables composantes de l’action publique. Dans les deux cas on observe un mode opératoire des campagnes : d’abord, celles qui cherchent à choquer les individus à travers des messages pathémiques. Ensuite, une fois que le public a été choqué, les gouvernements ont mis en place des campagnes d’information et de prévention. Dans ce cas, l’objectif n’est plus celui d’attirer l’attention des gouvernés, sinon de les faire comprendre l’ampleur du phénomène. Delà l’importance de l’information dans ces campagnes : c’est à travers des informations sur le phénomène (le nombre des femmes mortes, ou le nombre des femmes victimes, par exemple) que les gens pourront progressivement diminuer le seuil de tolérance à ce type de comportements. C’est ainsi que il est possible d’observer la mise en place de la gouvernementalité.Notre s’inscrive dans les travaux en Sciences de l’Information et de la Communication que portent sur "la dimension communicative de l'action publique", développé par des chercheurs travaillant sur la communication publique et politique. / In both Chile and France, the public interest in violence against women within the couple has resulted in the creation of a public policy. For example, laws, programs for victims and public communication campaigns have emerged.We are interested in the public communication campaigns chaired by Michelle Bachelet (2006-2010) and the French government under the presidency of Nicolas Sarkozy (2007-2012). During the years 2006-2012, the two countries produced communication campaigns which became true components of public action. In both cases we observe a mode of operation of the campaigns: first, those that seek to shock individuals through pathemic messages. Then, once the public was shocked, governments put in place information and prevention campaigns. In this case, the aim is no longer to attract the attention of the governed, but to make them understand the magnitude of the phenomenon. In view of the importance of information in these campaigns, it is through information about the phenomenon (the number of dead women, or the number of women victims, for example) that people will gradually reduce the tolerance for this behavior. It is thus possible to observe the establishment of governmentality.Our work is part of the work in Information and Communication Sciences, which focuses on the "communicative dimension of public action", developed by researchers working on public and political communication.

Estudou-se a experiência de mulheres vivendo com HIV e aids também conviverem com situações de violência por parceiro íntimo, e as repercussões destes entrecruzamentos para o cuidado de sua saúde. Tomamos como referência o conceito de vulnerabilidade já formulado para a AIDS e retrabalhado especificamente para as questões de gênero, permitindo explorar o conceito nas situações de violência doméstica contra as mulheres. Partiu-se do pressuposto que os contextos do HIV/Aids podem gerar situações de violência de mulheres soropositivas e que as representações amorosas, o ideal de conjugalidade e de família podem influenciar no impacto do cuidado da saúde das mulheres. Foram realizadas 20 entrevistas em profundidade com mulheres em acompanhamento do HIV/Aids, inseridas nos Serviços de Saúde da Rede Especializada em DST/Aids da cidade de São Paulo, na modalidade história de vida. Encontraram-se diversos contextos da vulnerabilidade, denominada de gênero, nas narrativas produzidas, na infância, adolescência e fase adulta, reforçando padrões hegemônicos de gênero ao longo dos diferentes ciclos de vida dessas mulheres. O estudo aponta que as experiências do adoecimento na revelação do diagnóstico é o elemento disparador de medos e sofrimentos em decorrência da reação dos parceiros e a das preocupações com os filhos. O diagnóstico do HIV é o momento não só do contato com a doença, mas de desvelar ou reconhecer situações de violência. É a partir das concepções e contextos de vida que as mulheres identificam o modo de se situarem no enfrentamento do HIV e da violência. O cuidado da saúde foi abordado tanto como cuidado de si, quanto na relação com os serviços de saúde, o que mostrou a grande preocupação representada pelas dificuldades que, em função de suas condições de portadoras do HIV, essas mulheres viam para se manterem na condição tradicional de cuidadoras, dentro das referências do padrão social de gênero, quer em torno de seus adoecimentos e expectativas de vida futura, quer para com os filhos. Tais preocupações surgem como justificativas da manutenção da família diante de parceiros violentos. Embora presente, observou-se que o tema violência não é pauta na atenção à saúde da mulher vivendo com HIV e aids, nos serviços de saúde especializados. A vulnerabilidade de gênero destaca-se pela ênfase na condição materna, em que por ela e para ela as mulheres dão significados às suas vidas, ao adoecimento e ao cuidado. / This work studied the experience of women living with HIV and AIDS also live with situations of violence by their intimate partner and the implications of these intersections for their health care. We took as reference the concept of vulnerability already formulated to AIDS and adapted for gender issues, allowing explore it in situations of domestic violence against women. We started from the assumption that the contexts of HIV / AIDS can lead to situations of domestic violence involving HIV positive women and that the representations of love, the ideal of marital and family can influence on health care of these women. We made 20 in-depth interviews with women living with HIV / AIDS, followed on STD / AIDS reference centers of the Municipality of São Paulo, using living history method. We found in the narratives several contexts of the so called gender vulnerability occurred in childhood, adolescence and adulthood, reinforcing hegemonic gender patterns over the different life cycles of these women. The study shows that the fact of the diagnosis disclosure to be made during an illness is the element that triggers fear and suffering in relation to the reaction of the partners and worries with their children. The time of HIV diagnosis is not only the moment of contact with the disease, but also the time to uncover or recognize situations of violence. It is through conceptions and contexts of life that women identify how to locate themselves in the struggle against HIV and violence. Health care was addressed as much as caring for oneself as well in relation with the health services. This approach showed the great concern about the difficulties perceived by these women in order to keep the condition of traditional caregivers within the references of hegemonic social pattern of gender, either about their illnesses and future life expectations either about children. Such concerns arise as a justification for maintaining the family when there is coexistence with a violent partner. Although present, it was observed that violence is not an issue discussed in health care of women living with HIV and AIDS in specialized health services. The vulnerability of gender of these women is distinguished by an emphasis on maternal condition which gives meaning to their lives, illness and care.

The problem of violence against women in Serbia is connected with the position that women hold inside of the discourse of family and society in general. Also, the general atmosphere in media implies the lack of media freedom, specific structural organization, and ownership relations in media companies. From this starting point, this paper investigates how different newspapers in Serbia are reporting about violence against women. This study outlines the most common topics and social actors that are represented inside of the articles. The analysis is divided in two parts. A content analysis of the five different newspapers in Serbia (Kurir, Blic, Vecernje Novosti, Politika and Danas) and critical discourse analysis of the most relevant articles inside of those. Part of the study is devoted to identify how these articles are most commonly framed among the chosen newspapers. Another part of the study looks at the comparison of the newspapers, with special emphasis on the social actors and the way they are represented among the articles. Results showed that newspapers report on violence against women differently when it comes to the category of frame. Most commonly used frame among overall sample is human interest frame which implies reports connected to the individual cases of violence against women that often generate feelings of outrage, empathy, caring, sympathy, or compassion. The background of the cases is almost in all of the articles used to portray the human-interest perspective. The reports are somewhat similar when it comes to the way how social actors are represented in the articles. For example, in the analyzed articles it is most often that the victims are presented as passive agents. The discourse of guilt around the social actors is often shared between the perpetrator and the victim. According to the latest statistics, eight women were killed during the first 58 days of 2018. Thus, practical implication of this study is to potentially point out more and less effective ways for Serbian news media to approach this serious social issue in the future.

As redes de proteção à criança e ao adolescente constituem uma política pública recente no contexto nacional. O Conselho Tutelar é uma instituição que aciona o funcionamento das redes, sob a égide jurídica do Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA). Nesse campo problemático e complexo, quais os significados e representações da função social do Conselho Tutelar construídas pelos seus atores principais? Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar o funcionamento dessa instituição, a partir das práticas discursivas de seus agentes. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, referenciado na Teoria das Representações Sociais, segundo Moscovici e Jodelet. A coleta de dados ocorreu em cinco sessões de grupo focal, análise de documentos, prontuários e observação participante da rotina institucional, num Conselho Tutelar que atua num município de pequeno porte (85 mil habitantes) no interior do país. Os dados foram analisados através da técnica denominada Análise de Conteúdo, que consiste na identificação dos temas recorrentes e emergentes, seja nas regularidades ou singularidades discursivas. As unidades de significado foram organizadas em categorias temáticas que explicitaram os aspectos cognitivos, afetivos e políticos do dispositivo grupal. Enquanto resultados, afirma-se que os discursos indicam posicionamentos defensivos, ambivalentes e paradoxais no que tange ao trabalho do Conselho Tutelar e a Doutrina de Proteção Integral. Os enunciados trazem à tona incompatibilidades entre a esfera pública e a esfera privada. As condições institucionais, concretas e subjetivas, contribuem efetivamente para o sofrimento psíquico dos conselheiros tutelares, com destaque para a impotência e regressão psicofamiliar frente às pressões da sociedade. As representações sociais, objetivadas na prática desses agentes públicos, desvelam que o dispositivo acabou tomando a forma do mal social que visa a combater. Conclui-se, enquanto tese, que o Conselho Tutelar, tal como está estruturado no país, funciona como um dispositivo ideológico e propagandístico, sendo pouco capaz de atender aos anseios sociais por promoção de direitos, inclusão e cidadania. Frente ao julgamento ético e moral, as vítimas tendem a ser culpabilizadas, incorrendo na amenização ou negação dos danos, justificando a violência para fins idealistas na educação exemplar. Diante da condição paradoxal, constatou-se um processo de estereotipia, discriminação e demonização da clientela. / The child and adolescent protection network is a recent public politics in the national context. The Guardianship Council is an institution that actuates the networks functioning, under the legal aegis of the Child and Adolescent Statute (CAS). In this complex field, what are the meanings and representations of the function of the Guardianship Council constituted by its main actors? This study aimed to analyze the functioning of this institution, from its agents discursive practices. Its a qualitative study, having as reference the Theory of the Social Representations, according to Moscovici and Jodelet. The data collection occurred in five sessions of focal group, analysis of documents, records and participating observation of the institutional routine, at a Guardianship Council that acts in a small city (85 thousand inhabitants) in the countrys interior. The data were analyzed through the Content Analyzed, which consists in identifying the recurrent and emerging themes, on the discursive regularity or uniqueness. The meaning units were organized into thematic categories that show the cognitive, affective and political aspects of the group device. While results, its affirmed that the speeches indicated defensive, ambivalent and paradox positions regarding the Guardianship Councils work and the Integral Protective Doctrine, findings revealed an incompatibilities between the public and private spheres. The institutional conditions, concrete and subjective, contribute to the psychic suffering of the guardianship counselors, highlighting the psych familiar impotence and regression. The social representations, objectified at these public agent practices, unveiling that the device, ended taking the shape of the social ill that aims to combat. Its concluded, as thesis, that the Guardianship Council, as it is organized in Brazil, works as an ideological and propagandistic device, it is incapable to attend the social expectations by rights, social inclusion and citizenship. In view of the ethical and moral judgment, the victims tend to be blamed, incurring mitigation or denial of the damage, justifying the violence to idealistic ends at the exemplary education. Concluding, it has been found a process of stereotyping, discrimination and demonizing of the communities.

This three-paper dissertation quantitatively identifies and examines three different substantive areas using data from the American College Health Association’s Fall of 2016 National College Health Assessment (ACHA-NCHA). Specific areas of inquiry include, marginalized populations and college campus sexual assault, intersectional analyses of risk factors for college campus sexual assault, and drinking protective behavioral strategies as prevention tools for college campus sexual assault. Paper one, titled, “College Campus Sexual Assault and Students with Disabilities,” explores a particular marginalized group of students that have been largely left out of college campus sexual assault studies: female college students with disabilities. The logistic regression analyses find that having any disability increases risk for any type of college campus sexual assault more than other commonly cited risk factors such as binge drinking, or Greek affiliation. Moreover, the study indicates that odds for female students with disabilities are varied depending on the type of assault, completed, attempted, or relationship, as well as the specific type of disability. Results are discussed, and policy implications, limitations, and opportunities for future research are delineated. Paper two, titled, “College Campus Sexual Assault: Moving Toward a More Intersectional Quantitative Analysis,” is guided by an intersectional theoretical framework. The study employs classification and regression tree analyses (CART) to identify more specific groups of students that are at disproportionate risk for sexual assault beyond singular variables or even interaction effects. Unlike traditional regression techniques, CART does not assume a linear relationship, and can simultaneously account for independent variables relationship to one another while determining which variables have the most explanatory power for the dependent variable and for which unique groups of students. The study discusses results of analyses in relationship to intersectional research both theoretically and methodologically, as well as future research, and policy implications. Alcohol consumption, particularly binge drinking, has been consistently linked to greater risk for college campus sexual assault victimization. However, there is a lack of college campus violence prevention and intervention programming that addresses alcohol consumption in relation to campus sexual assault. As such, paper three, titled, “Drinking Protective Behavioral Strategies and College Campus Sexual Assault,” uses logistic regression to explore whether or not the use of drinking protective behavioral strategies (PBS) lowers risk for sexual assault in female college students that drink alcohol. The study examines both the main effects of drinking PBS on sexual assault risk, as well as whether or not the use of drinking PBS moderates the risk of frequent alcohol consumption, and binge drinking on college campus sexual assault. The paper discusses findings, limitations, policy implications, and avenues for future research.

The purpose of this study was to examine factors influencing the decision of lesbian victims of domestic violence to call or not to call the police.

<p>Föreliggande studies syfte är att studera och beskriva behandlingsmodeller för män som använder våld mot kvinnor i nära relationer. Syftet kan brytas ned i följande frågeställningar: (i) vilka behandlingsmodeller finns omnämnda i litteraturen för män som använder våld mot kvinnor i nära relationer och hur kan dessa beskrivas, (ii) vilka likheter respektive skillnader finns mellan olika behandlingsmodeller, (iii) vilka behandlingsresultat och utvärderingssvar finns dokumenterade beträffande behandlingsmodellernas effektivitet samt (iv) hur kan resultatet analyseras utifrån teoretiska perspektiv beträffande mäns våld mot kvinnor? Som utgångspunkt för analys har tre teoretiska perspektiv beträffande mäns våld mot kvinnor brukats. Dessa har utgjorts av ett strukturellt/feministiskt, ett individualpsykologiskt samt ett socialpsykologiskt perspektiv, vilka förklarar mäns våld mot kvinnor på skilda abstraktionsnivåer och med olika teoretiska utgångspunkter. Föreliggande uppsats har genomförts som en litteraturstudie med ett kvalitativt angreppssätt, med anledning av studiens intention att beskriva och sammanställa kunskaper om existerande behandlingsmodeller för män som använder våld mot kvinnor i nära relationer. Vid införskaffandet av material påträffades tre behandlingsprogram som de mest förekommande i den insamlade litteraturen, varför dessa behandlingsmodeller; Emerge, Duluthmodellen; DAIP, och Change, samt utvärderingar av dessa, inkluderades i resultatet. Studiens resultat visar att dessa tre behandlingsmodeller alla utgår från profeministiska teorier vad gäller definitioner och förklaringar av mäns våld mot kvinnor. Liknande behandlingsmetoder har vidare kunnat påträffas i de tre programmen; såsom inslag av kognitiv beteendeterapi i behandlingen, pedagogiska metoder samt gruppsessioner. Vad som skiljer modellerna åt är bland annat att de i olika hög grad har kontakt med de våldsbrukande männens partners, samt att två av dem; Duluthmodellen och Change, inkluderar ett arbete mellan olika officiella instanser i behandlingen, vilket Emerge inte gör. Vidare har Change i högre grad ett uttalat KBT-inriktat förhållningssätt, än de övriga två programmen. Vid analysen har framkommit att behandlingsmodellerna, trots sin profeministiska teoretiska utgångspunkt, tycks vara tämligen eklektiska vad gäller vilka konkreta behandlingsmetoder som används. Emerge, Duluthmodellen och Change har utvärderats i varierande hög grad; de existerande utvärderingarna har dock visat på generellt måttliga resultat beträffande behandlingens effektivitet. Förutom de ovannämnda programmen har även ytterligare utvärderingar av andra behandlingsmodeller inkluderats i resultatet, vilka uppnått varierande, dock sammanfattningsvis, måttfulla resultat.</p> / <p>The purpose of this essay is to study and describe treatment programs for men who are violent against women in intimate relationships. This purpose can be divided into following questions: (i) what treatment programs are to be found in the literature concerning men who are violent against women in intimate relationships and how can they be described, (ii) what similarities and differences are there between different treatment programs, (iii) what are the results of treatment and evaluations documented concerning the treatment programs effect and (iv) how can the results of the study be analysed from the theoretical perspectives concerning men’s violence against women? As a point of departure of the analysis, three theoretical perspectives relating to men’s violence against women has been used. They are constituted by a structural/feminist perspective, an individual psychological perspective and a social psychological perspective, that explains the violences of men against women on various abstraction levels and with separate theoretical views. The method has been conducted as a literature review with a qualitative approach, because of the intention of the study to describe and put together knowledge about existing treatment programs for men who are using violence against women in intimate relationships. Three treatment programs were found to be the most occurring in the collected literature, hence these treatment programs; Emerge, the Duluth Model; DAIP, and Change, together with evaluations of these programs, were included in the result. The study’s result shows that all of these three treatment programs use profeminist theories as a point of departure concerning definitions and explanations of the violences of men against women. Further, similar treatment methods have been found to occur in all of the three programs; such as touches of cognitive behavioural therapy, educational methods and group sessions in the treatment. What separates the programs is that they in varying degrees emphasises keeping in contact with the partners of the violent men, and that two of them; the Duluth Model and Change, are including work with different official institutions in the treatment, as the Emerge program does not. Further, Change has a more outspoken CBT-related approach, which the other two programs have not. The analysis reveals that the treatment programs, in spite of their profeminist theoretical view, seem to be rather eclectic concerning the concrete treatment methods that are used. Emerge, the Duluth Model and Change has been evaluated to varying degrees. The existing evaluations have shown generally moderate results concerning the effect of the treatment. Besides of the mentioned programs further evaluations of other treatment programs have been included in the result, which have reached varied; but in sum, moderate results.</p>

<p>The thesis firstly looks at how women&rsquo / s right to freedom from violence has developed in international (global) human rights law since the early 1990s. In this regard, the study finds that while the issue of violence against women (and women&rsquo / s rights generally) was barely on the international human rights agenda at the beginning of this period, an enormous degree of development has subsequently taken place. Through the adoption of documents such as General Recommendation No. 19 by the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, the Declaration on Elimination of Violence against Women and the Beijing Declaration and Platform of Action, international norms and standards were set regarding role of the State in providing women with protection against violence.</p>