Activities of daily living (ADL) are fundamental to participation in daily life. Even if participation is necessary for person’s well-being and development, individuals with disabilities often are not participating in basic life domains. Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can have an impact on many basic functional areas such as daily living skills. The daily living skills (DLS) contain the ability of children to participate in activities such as personal hygiene, dressing, household chores and money management that are important prerequisites for self-sufficiency and autonomy. The aim of this systematic literature review was to investigate the existence and the outcomes of intervention programs which can enhance daily living skills for children with autism spectrum disorder. A search for peer-reviewed articles evaluating such intervention programs and published between 2010 and 2020 was performed. The search in several databases resulted in eight articles. The findings were grouped based on the kind and the target activity of each intervention program. Most of the identified studies have reported effective outcomes using various intervention programs for the improvement of DLS such as picture prompting, video prompting, video-game training, self-monitoring, behavioural training and therapeutic horseback riding aiming in activities such as hygiene, clothing, cooking and money management.  The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, version for Children and Youth (ICF-CY) and the Occupational Therapy practice framework were used as a base for the discussion after the analysis. Despite the number of studies found, not enough research has been done to describe and evaluate interventions enhancing the performance in ADL. The findings of this review may serve as a resource for future researchers, who are working with children in need of special support.

Les enfants et adolescents à haut potentiel intellectuel peuvent présenter des troubles psychologiques très variés, justifiant une prise en charge spécialisée dans un lieu de soin pédopsychiatrique. Parmi ces éventuels troubles, l’anxiété et la dépression sont des motifs fréquemment invoqués par les parents. Afin de mieux comprendre les caractéristiques et les spécificités des troubles anxieux et dépressifs dans la population des enfants et adolescents à haut potentiel, nous avons réalisé une revue de la littérature des études épidémiologiques menées sur l’anxiété et la dépression chez des enfants et adolescents à haut potentiel intellectuel. Les résultats sont variables et parfois même contradictoires. Des biais méthodologiques (absence de consensus dans la définition du haut potentiel intellectuel, biais d’évaluation des troubles anxieux ou dépressifs, faible taille des effectifs) peuvent expliquer, en partie, les résultats contradictoires observés. Nous avons ensuite mené une étude exploratoire avec pour objectif principal de comparer les troubles anxieux et dépressifs dans des groupes d’enfants avec ou sans haut potentiel intellectuel, en tentant de tenir compte de ces biais. Notre étude a donc été réalisée dans de larges cohortes d’enfants à haut potentiel intellectuel et non à haut potentiel intellectuel, à partir de différentes sources d’observation (évaluation parentale, auto-évaluation par l’enfant et évaluation pédopsychiatrique). Concernant les troubles anxieux, les résultats de l’étude 1 suggèrent que les enfants à haut potentiel global (QIT130) seraient plus anxieux que les enfants non à haut potentiel global (QIT<130) selon le diagnostic psychiatrique à la CIM-10 ou au DSM-5. Par ailleurs, selon l’auto-évaluation par l’enfant en utilisant le questionnaire R-CMAS, les enfants présentant un haut potentiel verbal (ICV130) se percevraient plus anxieux que les enfants ne présentant pas de haut potentiel verbal (ICV<130), alors que les enfants présentant un haut potentiel perceptif (IRP130) se percevraient moins anxieux que les enfants ne présentant pas de haut potentiel réceptif (IRP<130). Un ICV élevé aurait donc un effet négatif sur l’anxiété ressentie par l’enfant, alors qu’un IRP élevé aurait un effet protecteur de l’anxiété. Concernant les troubles dépressifs, les résultats de l’étude 2 montrent que, selon l’évaluation des parents, les enfants ayant un haut potentiel verbal (ICV130) présenteraient plus de trouble dépressif que les enfants ne présentant pas de haut potentiel verbal (ICV<130). Selon l’auto-évaluation par l’enfant en utilisant le questionnaire MDI-C, les enfants à haut potentiel global (QIT130), mais aussi les enfants à haut potentiel en mémoire de travail (IMT130) ou en vitesse de traitement (IVT130) se décriraient moins dépressifs au score total du MDI-C que les enfants non à haut potentiel. Enfin, les résultats de l’étude 3 sur les corrélations entre les scores au R-CMAS et au MDI-C viennent confirmer les effets protecteurs de l’IRP pour l’anxiété, ainsi que de l’IMT et IVT pour la dépression mis en évidence dans les études 1 et 2. Ces résultats devront être confirmés dans des études ultérieures qui rechercheront à mieux comprendre les mécanismes des effets protecteurs et négatifs de certaines dimensions et domaines intellectuels. / Gifted children and adolescents may present a wide range of psychological disorders, justifying specialized care in a child psychiatric care facility. Among these disorders, anxiety and depression are frequently cited by parents. To better understand the characteristics and specificities of anxiety and depressive disorders in the population of gifted children and adolescents, we have conducted a review of literature on epidemiological studies of anxiety and depression in gifted children and adolescents. There are some discrepant results. Methodological biases (lack of consensus in the definition of giftedness, bias of anxiety or depression assessment, small sample sizes) may explain, in part, the observed contradictory results. Then, we conducted an exploratory study with the main objective of comparing anxiety and depressive disorders in gifted and non gifted children and adolescents, trying to account for these biases. Our study has therefore been carried out in large samples of gifted children and non gifted children using different sources of observation (parental assessment, child self-assessment and child psychiatric assessment). Concerning anxiety disorders, the results of study 1 suggest that gifted children (Total IQ130) would be more anxious than non-gifted children (Total IQ <130) according to the ICD-10 and DSM-5 criteria. In addition, according to the child's self-assessment with R-CMAS, children with high verbal potential (VCI130) would perceive themselves to be more anxious than children with no high verbal potential (VCI<130), whereas children with high perceptual reasoning (PRI130) would perceive themselves to be less anxious than children with no high perceptual reasoning (PRI <130). High VCI would thus have a negative effect on anxiety perceived by the child, whereas high PRI would have a protective effect on anxiety. Concerning depressive disorders, the results of study 2 show that, according to the parents' assessment, children with high verbal potential (VCI130) would have more depressive disorder than children with no high verbal potential (VCI< 130). According to child self-assessment using MDI-C, gifted children (Total IQ130), but also children with high potential in working memory (WMI130) or in speed processing (PSI130), would describe themselves less depressive on the total score of MDI-C than non-gifted children. Finally, the results of study 3 analyzing the correlations between the R-CMAS and MDI-C scores confirm the protective effects of PRI on anxiety, and WMI or PSI on depression as highlighted in studies 1 and 2. Future studies are requested to confirm these results and to better understand the mechanisms of the protective and negative effects of certain intellectual dimensions and domains.

[pt] Devido ao tabu que se encontra ao abordar educação sexual como estratégia de prevenção ao abuso sexual, torna-se relevante entender o que crianças, adolescentes e responsáveis sabem e pensam sobre esse assunto. Nessa direção, a presente dissertação teve por finalidade identificar e analisar sentidos atribuídos por famílias atendidas no projeto Talentos do Tatame, em Petrópolis, acerca da educação sexual de crianças e adolescentes. Além disso, identificar se e como campanhas de prevenção ao abuso sexual atingem crianças, adolescentes e familiares; analisar resistências à temática da educação sexual nos espaços de socialização de crianças e adolescentes e verificar a existência de diálogo, no seio da família, sobre proteção do corpo como forma de cuidado. De abordagem qualitativa, a pesquisa adotou como instrumento de produção de dados a realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com crianças, adolescentes e responsáveis inseridos no projeto Talentos do Tatame. Para análise do material empírico produzido, utilizou-se o método de interpretação de sentidos atribuídos. Os resultados revelaram que, apesar do tabu que perdura em torno da temática, crianças, adolescentes e responsáveis têm interesse em conhecer mais sobre educação sexual, bem como a presença de mulheres como principais responsáveis pelas informações sobre o cuidado ao corpo. A análise dos dados permitiu conhecer diversas formas de cuidado a que as famílias atribuem o sentido de ações de prevenção ao abuso sexual, conferindo-lhes importância. / [en] Due to the taboo found when addressing sex education as a strategy to prevent sexual abuse, it is relevant to understand what children, adolescents and guardians know and think about this subject. In this sense, this dissertation aimed to identify and analyze meanings attributed by families assisted in the Talents of Tatami project, in Petrópolis, about the sexual education of children and adolescents. In addition, identify whether and how sexual abuse prevention campaigns affect children, adolescents and family members; to analyze resistance to the theme of sexual education in the spaces of socialization of children and adolescents and to verify the existence of dialogue within the family about the protection of the body as a form of care. From a qualitative approach, the research adopted as an instrument for data production the realization of semi-structured interviews with children, adolescents and guardians inserted in the Project Talents of Tatami. For the analysis of the empirical material produced, the method of interpretation of assigned meanings was used. The results revealed that, despite the taboo that persists around the theme, children, adolescents and guardians are interested in knowing more about sex education, as well as the presence of women as main responsible for information on body care. Data analysis allowed us to know several forms of care to which families attribute the meaning of actions to prevent sexual abuse, giving them importance.

[pt] Diante do predomínio do número de crianças e adolescentes negros em situação de acolhimento institucional, elegeu-se como objetivo geral da pesquisa, analisar o processo de invisibilização da questão étnico-racial no contexto das unidades de acolhimento institucional para crianças e adolescentes. O campo de pesquisa se constituiu a partir da atuação em duas unidades de acolhimento do município de Itaguaí-RJ sob o seguinte aporte metodológico: 1) revisão bibliográfica, no qual identificamos as produções existentes que realizam uma análise sobre o acolhimento institucional de crianças e adolescentes, relacionando com a questão étnico-racial e englobando uma discussão Decolonial que discutem a invisibilização das questões étnico-raciais a partir de um olhar colonizador sobre os corpos negros; 2) análise documental dos prontuários das crianças e dos adolescentes acolhidos, na qual buscamos identificar a presença ou ausência da dimensão étnico-racial no espaço de acolhimento; 3) realização de grupos focais com trabalhadores das unidades de acolhimento, visando captar os sentidos atribuídos à invisibilização da questão étnico-racial. O estudo aponta para um processo contínuo e constante de invisibilização da questão étnico-racial considerando o racismo institucional e estrutural. Os profissionais ouvidos identificam que a maior parte das crianças e adolescente são negros, mas a inserção de classe sobrepõe a questão da raça, sem a compreensão que esses marcadores sociais estão intimamente relacionados. / [en] Facing the predominant number of black children and adolescents in institutional care situation, the process of invisibility of the ethnic-racial issue was chosen as a research problem. The research field was constituted from the work in two reception units in the city of Itaguaí (RJ), under the following methodology: 1) bibliographic review, in which we identified productions that carry out an analysis on the institutional reception of children and adolescents, relating to the ethnic-racial issue and encompassing a Decolonial discussion related to the invisibility of ethnicracial topics starting in a colonizing perspective on black bodies; 2) documental analysis of the medical records of children and adolescents who were sheltered, in which we sought to identify the presence or absence of the ethnic-racial dimension in the reception space; 3) holding focus groups with workers from the reception units, the meanings attributed to the invisibility of the ethnic-racial issue. The study points to a continuous and constant process of invisibility of the ethnic-racial issue, considering institutional and structural racism. The professionals consulted identify that most children and adolescents are black, but the social issue overrides the issue of race, without understanding that these markers are closely related.

There is increasing recognition of the relationship between depression and obesity in the pediatric population and recently, there has been a focus on inflammation as a potential link. Both conditions are considered to be pro-inflammatory states, and certain inflammatory markers are linked to depression in obese adults and vice versa. Leptin has also been implicated in depression as a potential mediator between inflammation and depression. Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which is associated with depression and obesity, is influenced by inflammation and leptin in animal models as well. Few studies have examined the interactions between depression, adiposity, and biological markers in obese youth and therefore, our objective was to explore the determinants of depression in obese youth in a clinical setting. We studied 244 youth aged 8-17 years (125 girls, 119 boys) at the time of entry to a weight management program, as part of a prospective, longitudinal study. The CES-DC depression-screening tool was used to assess depressive symptoms, and a participant was classified as having high depressive symptoms if the CES-DC score ≥15 or taking antidepressants. Questionnaires assessed socio-demographic factors and puberty while adiposity was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Inflammatory markers (IL-6, TNFα, CRP, IL-10), leptin, and BDNF were quantified by immunoassays. Of the 244 participants, 8 were on antidepressants and 88 (36.4%) met the criteria for high depressive symptoms. We confirmed previous findings that household income and body fat were important determinants of depressive symptoms. However for the first time, it was identified that leptin levels predicted CES-DC score independent of body fat. Neither inflammatory markers nor BDNF were significantly related to depression scores. Our findings suggest that leptin may mediate the relationship of adiposity and depression but it is uncertain if this is related to direct action or to the phenomenon of leptin resistance. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / Obesity has a significant impact on depression in children and adolescents. Inflammation – the body’s response to injury – is measured through markers in the blood and leptin – the marker of body fat – have shown to be related to depression. Research indicates that depression influences these factors to act on obesity. However, research on the interactions of biological and socio-demographic factors with depression in youth with obesity is lacking. Therefore, our objective was to explore the impact of these factors on depression in obese youth entering into a weight management program. Using a depression-screening tool, we studied 244 youth under 18 years and confirmed that household income and body fat were important factors of depression. However for the first time, we found leptin influenced depression regardless of the amount of fat present suggesting that depression acts on obesity through leptin but it is uncertain how this occurs and further research is warranted.

No description available.

[pt] A presente dissertação analisou os desafios e perspectivas da proteção social de crianças e adolescentes refugiadas e solicitantes de refúgio no município do Rio de Janeiro, a partir da atuação de atores governamentais e não governamentais. Para tanto, empreendeu-se uma abordagem qualitativa a partir de entrevistas com doze profissionais de instituições voltadas para o atendimento da população refugiada e das que compõem o Sistema de Garantia de Direitos da Criança e do Adolescente. Na compreensão dos dados coletados, utilizamos as normatizações nacionais e internacionais que regulam a proteção de refugiados e de crianças e adolescentes. A pesquisa permitiu debater as conexões entre integração local e acesso às políticas sociais, com foco nas ações e estratégias de inserção e nas dificuldades práticas e administrativas-jurídicas vivenciadas por esta população. Os resultados apontam para a potencialidade da intervenção das instituições junto a este público, mas revelam também que os marcos normativos por si só não são suficientes para a consolidação dos seus direitos. Concluímos que existem ainda desafios a serem enfrentados no campo das políticas sociais que atendem esse grupo social cujas especificidades devem ser reconhecidas no desenvolvimento dos seus serviços vislumbrando a reparação de mais uma das iniquidades sociais. / [en] The present dissertation analyzed the challenges and perspectives of the social protection of refugee children and adolescents and refugee applicants in the city of Rio de Janeiro, based on the actions of governmental and non-governmental actors. Therefore, a qualitative approach was undertaken based on interviews with twelve professionals from institutions focused on serving the refugee population and those that make up the Child and Adolescent Rights Guarantee System. In understanding the data collected, we use national and international regulations that regulate the protection of refugees and children and adolescents. The research allowed to discuss the connections between local integration and access to social policies, focusing on the actions and strategies of insertion and the practical and administrative-legal difficulties experienced by this population. The results point to the potential of the intervention of the institutions with this public, but also reveal that the normative frameworks alone are not sufficient for the consolidation of their rights. We conclude that there are still challenges to be faced in the field of social policies that serve this social group whose specificities must be recognized in the development of their services with a view to redressing one more of social inequities.

Barn och unga på landsbygden tenderar att bli mer stillasittande än barn som växer upp i staden. Landsbygden besitter särskilda utmaningar som gör det svårt att få barn och unga att öka sina aktivitetsnivåer. I denna studie används intervjuer och dokumentanalys för att undersöka hur Uppsala kommun arbetar med att öka den fysiska aktiviteten bland barn och unga som växer upp på landsbygden. Utifrån den socio-ekologiska modellen skapas en förståelse för hur påverkansfaktorer för fysiska aktivitetsnivåer hänger samman med synen kring hur utmaningarna ska hanteras. Resultatet från studien visar att Uppsala kommun tar itu med utmaningarna på ett holistiskt sätt, med en övergripande syn på hela kommunen. Landsbygdens utmaningar tenderar således att hamna mellan stolarna där ansvaret att hantera dem förs över mellan olika aktörer. / Children and adolescents in rural areas tend to be more sedentary than children who grow up in the city. Rural areas have specific challenges that make it difficult to get children and adolescents to increase their physical activity. In this study, interviews and document analysis are used to investigate how the municipality of Uppsala works to increase physical activity among children and adolescents who grow up in rural areas. Based on the socio-ecological model, an understanding is created of how influencing factors for physical activity levels are connected with the view of how challenges should be handled. The results from the study show that the municipality of Uppsala works with the challenges from a municipal perspective, which creates problems when the countryside has its own challenges. The challenges of the countryside thus tend to fall through the cracks where the responsibility for handling them is shifted between different actors.

The mental health of children and adolescents’ is a debated topic and constitutes a large part of social work in Sweden. The purpose of this study was to investigate how social workers perceive the importance of children and adolescents’ social networks in relation to their mental health and what role social work has in this. The qualitative method used was semi-structured interviews, that was processed through a thematic analysis. The results of this inductive study show that various aspects of the social network are important for the mental wellbeing of children and adolescents’ and that there are differences in how the social workers perceive their role in the child's social network. There are differences in what previous research believes is important for the child and how the social workers' working methods are designed. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the importance of children and adolescents’ social networks. / Barn och ungas psykiska hälsa är ett omdiskuterat ämne och utgör en stor del av det sociala arbetet i Sverige. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur socialsekreterare uppfattar betydelsen av barn och ungas sociala nätverk i relation till deras psykiska hälsa samt vilken roll det sociala arbetet har i detta. Den kvalitativa metoden som har använts var semistrukturerade intervjuer. Intervjuernas innehåll bearbetades sedan genom en tematisk analys. Studien genomfördes med en induktiv ansats. Resultatet visar att det finns olika aspekter av det sociala nätverket som har betydelse för barn och ungas psykiska mående samt att det finns skillnader i hur socialsekreterarna uppfattar sin roll i barnets sociala nätverk. Studien visar att det finns skillnader i vad tidigare forskning menar är viktigt för barnet och hur socialsekreterarnas arbetssätt är utformade. Denna studie bidrar med en fördjupad förståelse för betydelsen av barn och ungas sociala nätverk.

This study used Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) to investigate the experiences of African immigrant mothers living in the UK with a child diagnosed with an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Six mothers took part in one-off semi-structured interviews. The results indicated five themes: caring for a child we didn’t expect, the pain of stigma and rejection, making sense of our child’s difficulties and diagnosis, negotiating conflicting belief systems and faith as “key”. Many aspects of the mothers’ experiences appear related to their position as immigrants from cultures with very different belief systems regarding child development and disability. Stigma, blame and social isolation appeared to compound the difficulties they experienced. Conflicts between African cultural beliefs and a western, medical understanding of ASD, appeared to create a feeling of cognitive dissonance for the mothers. The strategies they used to negotiate this appear to map onto Berry’s (2005) acculturation strategies, suggesting the experience of having a child with ASD impacts upon the acculturation process. Implications for clinical practice and policy are discussed, including the importance of raising awareness of ASD among immigrant communities, supporting parents to integrate conflicting belief systems and facilitating the development of peer-support groups within minority communities.