Fade and inter-fade duration data obtained from the three beacons at 12, 20, and 30 GHz aboard the OLYMPUS satellite were analyzed. The different types of signal impairments and their causes were highlighted and a literature survey conducted. Twelve months of fade and inter-fade data were analyzed and the results of these statistics are presented in the form of tables and figures. The analysis was done on both the monthly and annual data. These tables and figures show that at the higher fade levels, the number of fade events and the fade time is smaller than at the lower thresholds. For the same fade level the number of fade events and the fade time goes down as the fade duration which it exceeds is increased. Inter-fade durations also showed similar results. The fades exhibited seasonal dependencies. The number of fades (and consequently the fade time) were much higher for the months of May through August and for the months of March and December. The other months showed very little fade activity. A model was also constructed that can predict the fade time as a function of frequency, attenuation level, and fade duration interval. The predicted fade times agree well with the measured fade duration data. An alternate simplified version of the model is also presented. / Master of Science

Two algorithms for estimating the frequency and power of the carriers of 20 GHz and 30 GHz satellite signals are compared. Both algorithms operate on a prefiltered sequence generated by lowpass filtering followed by signal decimation for the purpose of sampling rate reduction. The lowpass filtering is accomplished via the overlap-add method of FIR filtering using the FFT. Carrier frequency prediction and tracking is accomplished with a Kalman predictor, for which the frequency drift process is modeled via polynomial extrapolation. The Kalman predictor operates on frequency measurements provided by one of two frequency estimators. One of the frequency estimation algorithms, a refinement of the DFT-automatic frequency control technique, uses the Chirp-Transform algorithm in its aim for the maximum likelihood estimate of frequency and power. The averaged periodogram is computed from the prefiltered sequence and is used to measure the frequency of the drifting frequency signal as well as its power. One of the disadvantages of this algorithm is the bias present in the estimation of power. The bias can be removed only with knowledge of the noise power. The algorithm has the advantage of being almost exclusively a convolution and therefore is accomplished with minimal computation via the FFT. An alternative parametric approach to frequency estimation is also investigated. In this approach the weighted least-squares modified Yule-Walker method of autoregressive model estimation is used on the prefiltered sequence to yield frequency estimates. Power estimation is accomplished next via modal decomposition of the estimated correlation sequence. The advantage of this approach is that for slowly varying frequency drift paths (24 hour cycle) the frequency estimates exhibit MSE approximately 3 dB less than the Chirp-Transform algorithm over a wide range of SNR. There are two disadvantages to the parametric algorithm. First the parametric algorithm estimates power with MSE approximately 2 dB greater than the nonparametric algorithm. Secondly the algorithm is more complicated than the nonparametric Chirp-Transform algorithm because it requires matrix inversions and the determination of the roots of a polynomial. For the digital beacon receiver problem investigated here both algorithms perform similarly in two important respects. First both algorithms can lock onto a carrier signal whose frequency is drifting at the rate of 5 Hertz per second in a noise environment corresponding to a 15 dB/Hz SNR. Secondly both algorithms can make unbiased frequency estimates of the carrier signal allowing the receiver to track the carrier at 7 dB/Hz SNR. Both algorithms attain the Cramer-Rao bound for estimation of constant frequency sinusoids. For a simulated satellite signal with maximum frequency drift of 5 Hertz per second the Kalman frequency predictor is able to reduce the problem to nearly that of the constant frequency case so that the resulting performance corresponds to the Cramer-Rao bound for estimation of constant frequency sinusoids. Where computational considerations are critical the nonparametric algorithm is preferred. In fact, unless the superior accuracy of the frequency prediction afforded by the parametric algorithm is paramount, the nonparametric algorithm is to be chosen. / Master of Science

This dissertation broadly seeks to understand the effect different kinematic parameters, external forces, and dynamic wing conformation have on the fluid dynamics of flapping flight. The primary motivation is to better grasp the fundamental fluid phenomena driving efficient flapping flight in the Reynolds number regime of birds, bats, and man made fliers of similar scale. The CFD solver (GenIDLEST) used is a Navier-Stokes solver in a finite volume formulation on non-staggered structured multiblock meshes. It has the capability for both body-fitted moving grid simulations and Immersed Boundary Method (IBM) for simulating complex bodies moving within a fluid. To that purpose we investigate the response of a rigid flapping thin surface planar wing in forward flight, at Re=10,000, subjected to frontal gusts. Gusts are a common ecological hazard for flapping fliers, especially in crowded environments. Among the various temporal and spatial scales of gust possible, we look at the phasing and duration of very large spatial scale gusts and their impact on the unsteady fluid dynamics of flapping within a single flapping cycle. The gust is characterized by a step function with time scale much smaller than the flapping time period. Having the advantage of prescribing the motion, as well as the timing and duration of the gust, this allowed the observation of the effect of angle of attack (AOA) and wing rotation on the evolution of the Leading Edge Vortex (LEV) and, hence the instantaneous lift and thrust profiles, by varying the parameters. During the downstroke, frontal gusts accelerated the flow development resulting in early separation of existing LEVs and formation of new ones on the wing surface which influenced the force generation by increasing the lift and thrust. These phenomena underscored the importance of the unsteady vortex structures as the primary force generators in flapping flight.The effect of the gust is observed to be diminished when it occurs during rapid supination of the wing. Unlike the influence of the vortices during the downstroke, the upstroke primarily reacted to effective AOA changes. A key characteristic of the kinematics of fliers in nature is stroke deviation. We investigate this phenomenon using a similar framework as above on a rigid thin surface flat-plate flapping wing in forward flight. Stroke deviation happens due to a variety of factors including wing flexion, wing lateral translation, and wing area change and here we investigate the different stroke deviation trajectories. Various trajectories were analyzed to assess the different capabilities that such kinematics might offer. The instantaneous lift and thrust profiles were observed to be influenced by a combination of the Leading Edge Vortex (LEV) and the Trailing Edge Vortex (TEV) structures existing in the flow at any given time. As an index of the cost of performance across all cases, the power requirements for the different cases, based on the fluid torques, are analyzed. Anti-clockwise figure-of-eight-cycle deviation is shown to be very complex with high power costs while having better performance. The clockwise elliptic-cycle held promise in being utilized as a viable stroke deviation trajectory for forward flight over the base non stroke deviation case. Armed with insight gained from these simple flapping structures, we are able to conduct the analysis of the flapping flight data obtained on a fruit bat. Understanding the full complexity of bat flight and the ways in which bat flight differs from that of other vertebrate flight requires attention to the intricate functional mechanics and architecture of the wings and the resulting unsteady transient mechanisms of the flow around the wings. We extract the detailed kinematic motion of the bat wing from the recorded data and then simulate the bat wing motion in the CFD framework for a range of Reynolds numbers. The Strouhal number calculated from the data is high indicating that the flow physics is dominated by the oscillatory motion. From the data the bat exhibits fine control of its mechanics by actively varying wing camber, wing area, torsional rotation of the wing, forward and backward translational sweep of the wing, and wing conformation to dictate the fluid dynamics. As is common in flapping flight, the primary force generation is through the attached unsteady vortices on the wing surface. This force output is modulated by the bat through varying wing camber and the wing area. Proper orthogonal decomposition of the wing kinematics is undertaken to compile a simpler set of kinematic modes that can approximate the original motion used by the fruit bat. These modes are then analyzed based on aerodynamic performance and power cost for more efficient flight. Understanding the physics of these modes will help us use them as prescribed kinematics for mechanical flappers as well as improve upon them from nature. / Ph. D.

Yes / Recent studies have reported that quantifying symphyseal and auricular surfaces curvature changes on 3D models acquired by laser scanners have a potential for age estimation. However, no tests have been carried out to evaluate the repeatability of the results between different laser scanners. 3D models of the two pelvic joints were generated using three laser scanners (Custom, Faro, Minolta). The surface curvature, the surface area and the distance between co-registered meshes were investigated. Close results were found for surface areas (differences between 0.3% and 2.4%) and for distance deviations (average < 20 μm, SD < 200 μm). The curvature values were found to be systematically biased between different laser scanners, but still showing similar trends with increasing phases / scores. Applying a smoothing factor to the 3D models, it was possible to separate anatomy from the measurement error of each instrument, so that similar curvature values could be obtained (p < 0.05) independent of the specific laser scanner. / The full text was made available at the end of the publisher's embargo: 31st March 2016

Purpose: In Sweden, a municipal plan monopoly is used to regulate what, how and where you can or cannot build. How the plans, in the shape of comprehensive and detailed development plans, are formed is in turn regulated by the Planning and Building Act (PBL). Throughout history, Swedish building regulations have gone through many more or less extensive changes with the overall goal to improve our built environment and simplify or streamline the planning and building processes. From this comes the term small deviation, which in PBL is used to allow building permits that deviate from the detailed development plan, provided that the deviation is small. There is, however, no explanation in the law as to what this might mean in practice, and so there are large differences in terms of interpretation and application. The goal of this study is to analyse how the term small deviation according to PBL, chapter 9 § 31b is interpreted and applicated in building permit trials. Method: The methods used in this study are interviews (with building permit officers) and document analysis (of building permit decisions from quarter two, 2016, and court cases from the Land and Environment Court of Appeal). Findings: How deviations are interpreted does indeed vastly differ, and while the municipalities do work in a similar manner to determine whether a deviation could be considered small, there are significant differences. Only in the matter of built area on a property, the three studied municipalities all have different practices in what size of violation may be considered small, and the building permit officers in one of these municipalities still deviate from this. In eight out of 13 court cases, the Land and Environment Court of Appeal judged differently from the previous authorities. Only in one did all authorities agree. Implications: The findings implicate the following: There are remarkable differences in how small deviation is assessed. De biggest differences are between the local building permit officers and the Land and Environment Court of Appeal. The factors that affect the assessment on a municipal level the most are experience, precedent cases and discussion with colleagues. Limitations: A wider study containing more information from several municipalities and an analysis of the material accessible to the municipalities for guidance to assess deviations would provide a clearer answer as to what affects the interpretation. Keywords: PBL, Planning and Building Act, building permits, law interpretation, interpretation, deviation, small deviation, deviation from detailed development plan, sensemaking, the Land and Environment Court of Appeal / Syfte: I Sverige används ett kommunalt planmonopol som regleras av Plan- och bygglagen (PBL) 2010:900. Planerna i form av översikts- och detaljplaner reglerar vad, hur och var man får eller inte får bygga. Genom åren har PBL många gånger genomgått mer eller mindre omfattande förändringar med det övergripande syftet att förbättra svensk byggd miljö och förenkla eller effektivisera plan- och byggprocessen, därför har begreppet liten avvikelse tillkommit i PBL. I författningen framgår att det trots avvikelser från planbestämmelser är möjligt att bevilja bygglov, förutsatt att avvikelsen är liten. Det saknas dock förklaringar i PBL kring vad detta kan innebära, och stora skillnader i bedömningen kring vad som kan anses vara en liten avvikelse finns. Målet med arbetet är att analysera hur begreppet liten avvikelse enligt PBL, kap 9 § 31b tolkas och appliceras vid bygglovshandläggning. Metod: De metoder som använts i undersökningen är intervjuer (med bygglovshandläggare) och dokumentanalys (av bygglovsbeslut kvartal två, 2016, och rättsfall i Mark- och miljööverdomstolen från 2016). Resultat: Resultatet visar att det finns stora skillnader i hur liten avvikelse tolkas och appliceras, både mellan olika instanser och på kommunal nivå. Medan kommunerna använder dylika metoder för att avgöra om en avvikelse kan anses vara liten, finns det även avsevärda skillnader i bedömningen. Bara när det gäller byggrätt har kommunerna i undersökningen riktvärden det är stor skillnad på. I åtta av 13 fall bedömde Mark- och miljööverdomstolen olika från samtliga tidigare instanser, och bara i ett fall var samtliga överens om graden av avvikelse. Konsekvenser: De slutsatser som kan dras från resultatet är att: Det finns anmärkningsvärda skillnader i hur liten avvikelse bedöms. De största skillnaderna är mellan den lokala nämnden och Mark- och miljööverdomstolen. Det som främst påverkar bedömningen på kommunal nivå är erfarenhet, prejudicerande rättsfall och diskussion med kollegor. Begränsningar: En bredare undersökning med fler kommuner och bygglovsbeslut från en längre tidsperiod i kombination med en analys av det material som finns för att hjälpa bygglovshandläggare bedöma avvikelser hade kunnat ge ett tydligare svar på vad som påverkar tolkningen. Det hade också gett ett tydligare svar på hur skillnaderna huvudsakligen ser ut, vilket i sin tur gjort det möjligt att ta fram förslag till lösningar. Nyckelord: PBL, Plan- och bygglagen, bygglov, lagtolkning, tolkning, avvikelse, liten avvikelse, avvikelse från detaljplan, meningsskapande, MÖD, Mark- och miljööverdomstolen

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 27-30, 1997 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / Flight Safety concerns increase proportionally with increasing missile performance. These concerns are greatest in the near launch arena where a missile has the greatest potential energy. Systems such as radar, GPS tracking systems, and optics are normally of limited use in this arena for a number of reasons. A system was required that would provide useful tracking data in the first few seconds of a missile launch. This system has met that requirement providing nominal path deviation data from the launcher out to as much as 120 seconds. The tracking system described herein uses the principle of radio interferometry to derive phase difference measurements between carefully spaced antennas. These measurements are transmitted to the Operational Display Facility and converted to a usable angular deviation plot for use by Flight Safety Personnel. This paper provides an elementary radio interferometer system background and discusses this particular system setup and use. Some detail is provided on the premission simulation and setup of the system as well as the real-time display setup and output of the final data product.

一般說來，我們所遇到的線性模式都是 Y＝Xβ＋ι Y 是一N ×１的向量，其元素為應變數的觀測值 X 是一N ×P 的矩陣，其中的元素為已知數 β是一P ×１的向量，其中的元素為母體的參數（parameters） ι是一N ×１的向量，其中的元素為隨機誤差（random errors） 我們可以用幾何求得參數的估計式 β＝（X′X）－X′Y 同理，我們可求得有關β的標準差，建立βi ′s 的信賴區間，及作各種有關的假設 檢定。一旦我們將模式改成 Ｙ＝Ｘα＋ＺU （ii） Y 是一N ×１的向量，其元素為應變數的觀測值 X 是一N ×P 的已知常數矩陣 Z 是N × 的已知常數矩陣 α是P ×１未知的參數向量（固定效應） Ｕ是γ×１的向量，其中包括隨機效應和隨機誤差兩項 因為（ii）式中的隨機向量Ｕ包括隨機效應和隨機誤差兩項，倘若我們把（ii）式中 兩部分予以分解，則（ii）式可以改寫如下： （圖表省略） 本文所討論的是運用已知的原理去估計β和Ｕ，其中將討論如何運用極限的原理去估 計β和Ｕ的向量

Velofarynxinsufficiens (VFI) innebär en nedsatt förmåga att under tal och födointag stänga till mellan mun- och näshåla vilket leder till ett avvikande tal. Operation med svalglambå är en metod som kan användas för att behandla VFI och tidigare forskning har visat goda resultat avseende dess effekt på talet. Dock menar vissa forskare att operationen kan ha negativa effekter och att den bakomliggande orsaken till insufficiensen kan påverka graden av framgång. Aktuell studie ämnade undersöka huruvida operation med svalglambå påverkade talet vid VFI samt belysa om några skillnader fanns mellan olika patientgrupper avseende operationens effekt på tal. De olika patientgrupperna var (a) patienter med spalt, (b) patienter med spalt i kombination med ett syndrom eller en sekvens och (c) patienter med VFI utan förekomst av spalt. Eftersom tidigare studier dessutom indikerat att postoperativ talbehandling hos logoped kan vara relevant för vissa patienter undersöktes det också under vilka omständigheter det skedde. Journaler, inklusive perceptuella lyssnarbedömningar av talet genomförda av logopeder, och enkätsvar studerades för de 66 patienter som deltog. Dessa utgjorde 43,1% av alla 153 patienter som genomgått operation med svalglambå på Akademiska sjukhuset i Uppsala år 2000-2011. Talbedömningar genomförda före och ett år efter operation visade att talet förbättrades avseende förståelighet (p&lt;0,001), hypernasalitet (p=0,005) och tryckreducerad artikulation (p=0,001) samtidigt som hyponasalitet inte ökade (p=0,55). Patienter med spalt i kombination med syndrom eller sekvens uppvisade större förbättring av hypernasalitet jämfört med de andra grupperna (p=0,037). 32 patienter gick i postoperativ talbehandling hos logoped och patienter med enbart spalt fick behandling i något högre utsträckning än patienter med gomspalt i kombination med syndrom eller sekvens. Kompensatorisk artikulation var den enda talavvikelsen vars förekomst kunde relateras till att patienten gick i postoperativ talbehandling. Resultaten indikerar att operation med svalglambå är en lämplig metod för att behandla VFI oavsett bakomliggande orsak. Nyckelord: Velofarynxinsufficiens, svalglambå, LKG, syndrom, primär VFI, talavvikelse, talbehandling / Velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) refers to the failure of separating the oral cavity from the nasal cavity during speech and deglutination. This leads to increased airflow through the nose and is the cause of resonance disturbances such as hypernasality and nasal emission. Previous studies evaluating the success of pharyngeal flap surgery to treat VPI have indicated satisfying result although some studies stress side effects due to postoperative constrictions. The underlying cause of VPI has been shown to influence the postoperative result. With this background we investigated the differences in speech, pre-, and one year post pharyngeal flap surgery and compared the three groups (a) cleft palate, (b) cleft palate in combination with a syndrome or a sequence, and (c) VPI without cleft palate. We also investigated the co-occurance of postoperative speech therapy regarding different speech parameters and the underlying cause of VPI. 66 of the 153 patients who underwent a pharyngeal flap surgery at Akademiska sjukhuset in Uppsala 2000-2011 agreed to participate in the study. 32 patients attended postoperative speech therapy. The data was collected through medical records and a survey and included perceptual analyses of speech pre-, and post surgery performed by speech and language pathologists. According to the results from the perceptual assessment, the pharyngeal flap surgery resulted in improved speech; intelligibility (p&lt;0.001), hypernasality (p=0.005) and weak consonant pressure (p=0.001). Hyponasality did not increase significantly (p=0.55). Patients with cleft palate in combination with a syndrome or a sequence showed greater improvement regarding hypernasality (p=0.037). The only speech disturbance co-occurring with the presence of postoperative speech therapy was compensatory articulation. Patients with cleft palate seemed to receive postoperative speech therapy in a higher extent than patients with cleft palate in combination with a syndrome or a sequence. These results indicate that pharyngeal flap surgery is a successful way of treating VPI disregarding underlying cause. Keywords: Velopharyngeal insufficiency, pharyngeal flap, cleft palate, syndrome, primary VPI, speech deviation, speech therapy

Sammanfattning Examensarbete, Civilekonomprogrammet, Ekonomihögskolan vid Linnéuniversitetet Författare: Hanna Rindhall och Jessica Karlsson Handledare: Ulf Larsson-Olaison Examinator: Karin Jonnergård Titel: ”Ger bolag tillräckligt väl motiverade avvikelseförklaringar?” Bakgrund: Nationella bolagsstyrningskoder har sedan offentliggörandet av Cadbury Code i Storbritannien 1992 spridit sig världen över. Genom att ta itu med agentkonflikter är koderna ett sätt att säkerställa att bolaget sköts på ett för ägarna fördelaktigt sätt. Den svenska koden utgår från självreglering där de reglerade subjekten antingen kan välja att följa kodens rekommendationer eller förklara varför de inte gör det, enligt principen “följ eller förklara”. Det innebär att bolaget kan avvika från enskilda punkter i koden men att en informativ och företagsspecifik förklaring krävs till avvikelsen i bolagets bolagsstyrningsrapport. Syfte: Uppsatsens syfte är att, utifrån ett longitudinellt perspektiv, förklara vad som påverkar informationsinnehållet i bolags förklaringar vid avvikelse från Svensk kod för bolagsstyrning. Metod: Studien har en deduktiv forskningsansats där den teoretiska grunden, som förväntas förklara vad som har en inverkan på förklaringarnas informationsinnehåll, utgår från agentteorin och den institutionella teorin. Den kvantitativa forskningsmetoden bygger på data från bolags årsredovisningar för de studerade åren 2009, 2012 samt 2015. Resultat: Det kan konstateras att bolag i hög utsträckning tenderar att avge kodupprepande och standardiserade förklaringar av lågt informationsvärde och som över tid dessutom inte utvecklas. En underliggande drivkraft till kvaliteten på förklaringarna tycks främst vara styrelsen och dess egenskaper då de egenskaper som identifierats är; styrelsens oberoende, styrelsens storlek, styrelsens ersättning, kvinnliga ledamöter, angloamerikanska ledamöter, Vd i styrelsen samt ägarkoncentration. Utifrån detta kan det vidare konstateras att bolagens förhållningssätt till koden främst kan förklaras i termer av legitimitet. Nyckelord: Svensk kod för bolagsstyrning, Koden, Följ eller förklara, Avvikelse, Informationsinnehåll / Abstract Master Thesis in Business Administration, School of Economics, Linnaeus University Authors: Hanna Rindhall and Jessica Karlsson Supervisor: Ulf Larsson-Olaison Examiner: Karin Jonnergård Title: “Does companies' provide sufficiently well-founded explanations of deviations?” Background: Since the release of the Cadbury Code in the UK in 1992, national corporate governance codes have spread throughout the world. By addressing agent conflicts, the codes are a way of ensuring that the company is managed in an advantageous way for the owners. The Swedish code is based on self-regulation, where the regulated subjects either choose to follow the code's recommendations or explain why they do not, according to the principle "comply or explain". This means that the company may deviate from individual items in the code, but that an informative and company-specific explanation is required for the deviation in the company's corporate governance report. Purpose: The purpose is to explain, from a longitudinal perspective, what influences the information content in companies' explanations in deviation from the Swedish Code of Corporate Governance. Method: The study has a deductive research approach in which the theoretical foundation, which is expected to explain what has an impact on the information content of the declarants, is based on the agency theory and the institutional theory. The quantitative research methodology is based on data from companies' annual reports for those studied in 2009, 2012 and 2015. Conclusions: It can be noted that companies tend to provide coding repetitive and standard explanations of low information value that, over time, do not develop. An underlying driving force for the quality of the explanations appears primarily to be the board and its characteristics when the characteristics identified are; board independence, board size, board remuneration, female directors, anglo-american directors, CEO of the board and concentration of ownership. Based on this, it can be further stated that the company's approach to the code can be explained primarily in terms of legitimacy. Keywords: The Swedish code of corporate governance, The code, Comply or explain, Deviation, Information content

La présente étude examine les causes de déchéance du droit à limitation de responsabilité du transporteur maritime de marchandises. En règle générale, les plafonds d’indemnisation fixés par les conventions internationales écartent la réparation intégrale du préjudice causé par le transporteur maritime de marchandises. Cependant, il est également prévu un certain nombre de causes de déchéance de ce droit à limitation, pour lesquelles les conditions d’application diffèrent d’une convention internationale à l’autre (Règles de La Haye, Règles de La Haye-Visby, Règles de Hambourg et Règles de Rotterdam). Parallèlement, les tribunaux nationaux, par le recours à des notions propres de leurs systèmes juridiques, modifient l’étendue des causes de déchéance de ce droit. En somme, la déchéance du droit à limitation de responsabilité variera selon la convention internationale appliquée et selon la juridiction compétente. Ce qui, en définitive, porte atteinte à la structuration rationnelle du régime de responsabilité du transporteur maritime dans sa globalité et à l’objectif d’uniformisation poursuivi jusqu’ici. / This study examines the institutions capable to deprive the sea carriers from the benefit of limitation of liability. In general, the package limitation provisions settled by international maritime conventions reject the full compensation of damages caused by the shipowning companies. However, this rule can be mitigated. Some specific conducts can bar the carrier from the benefit of limitation of liability. The conventions on international transport of goods (the Hague Rules, the Hague-Visby Rules, the Hamburg Rules and the Rotterdam Rules) have set out differently the conditions required to deprive the carrier of the right to limit responsibility. Concurrently, national courts, through the use of specific concepts, have modified the scope of the right of such limitation. In sum, the conducts barring limitation of liability will vary according to the International Convention applied and according to the relevant competent court. This, ultimately, undermines the rational organization of the maritime liability system and adversely affects the objective of uniformity in this matter.