Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T16:45:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Antonio Paulo Lage Terassovich.pdf: 1153516 bytes, checksum: 16e84494ee419af8ec88202f08f39076 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-15 / This master s thesis aims to focus on the average managers perception from comercial Banks on the interviews provided by them, intending to understand the kinds of effective power on the organizations they work for. This research work struggled to specify which power practices an intermediate manager uses (consciously or unconsciously) to carry on his/her work activities. Real Estate Financial Loans Policies in banks was chosen as a sector in this research once it is in considerable growth in these days and its importance has risen significantly in bank institutions, revealing major changes in the sector. The total of units financed by SFH in Brazil (a governamental system to enable citizens to ask for specific loans to purchase houses or apartments) in 2007 and beginning of 2008 reach the highest amounts in terms of volume of units when compared to early 80 s. Some questions arouse in this investigation, such as: Is there a free space in organization rules in which an individual might have total freedom to act? Is there effectively a freedom space for individuals? And for the means of such work, is there a freedom space for a Real Estate Manager? And if so, which perceptions can be gathered in such space? In case there is no freedom at all, rules or bank hierarchy do not alow any kind of freedom? In order to answer those questions, this master s thesis refined as theme an analysis on power and in this context the interviews were carried out so as to verify whether it is possible to distinguish power practices in relationships managers have when they exert their functions in their work environment. The analysis of the interviews identified some kinds of behaviors of those managers when they have to act on the others aiming to exert their fucntions and acomplish their organizational goals in the determined principles established by corporate rules / O objetivo desta dissertação é examinar a percepção da gerência média de bancos comerciais, por meio de entrevistas, buscando compreender as formas de exercício do poder nas organizações em que trabalham. A pesquisa buscou compreender quais as práticas de poder que o gerente intermediário se utiliza, conscientemente ou não, para exercer suas funções. Escolheu-se o setor de crédito imobiliário dentro de instituições bancárias porque ele está em forte crescimento o que aumentou sua importância relativa dentro das áreas dos bancos caracterizando um momento de mudança neste setor. O volume de unidades financiadas com os recursos do SFH Sistema Financeiro da Habitação em 2007 e início de 2008 alcançam, pela primeira vez, os volumes mais altos comparado com o início da década de 80, os maiores de todos os tempos. As perguntas que se faz são: Existe um espaço vazio deixado pelas normas organizacionais em que o indivíduo tem total liberdade de ação? Existe de fato um espaço de liberdade do indivíduo? E para efeitos deste trabalho, existe de fato um espaço de liberdade para o gerente de crédito imobiliário? E se existir, quais as percepções que podem ser encontradas neste espaço? Ou pelo contrário, as normas e a hierarquia dos bancos não deixam área de liberdade alguma? Para responder a essas pergunta a temática escolhida foi o poder e dentro deste contexto as análises das entrevistas serão conduzidas para investigar se é possível distinguir práticas de poder nas relações que os gerentes estabelecem quando exercem suas funções dentro do seu ambiente de trabalho. As análises das entrevistas identificaram alguns tipos de comportamento que os gerentes de crédito imobiliário se utilizam para conseguirem agir sobre a ação dos outros com o objetivo de exercer suas funções e alcançar as metas organizacionais dentro dos limites impostos pelas normas corporativas

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Henrique Garbellini Carnio.pdf: 680239 bytes, checksum: 331c861ccba2eee23e302be635eb4596 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present thesis aims to address the relationship between law and power in its relationship with politics and violence. The work claims to demonstrate that the problematization propose reveals a zone of indeterminacy between the intricacies of law and politics. With this, the thesis intends to lay the foundations for an introduction to a theory of politic-law, in other words, to propose the basis of a legal-politic theory that contributes in a emphatic and in critical way in the discussion of the current legal problems, in particular, the characteristics situations that show a use of law as manipulative governance force that causes disorientation of life itself and reveals a dimension in which the law and institutions who use it turn against themselves generating a profound trivialization of the concepts of legality and legitimacy. The proposal has a genealogical investigative method that understands, in a relational way relationally, law and politics as typically human phenomena that are rooted in deeper dimensions of man from primitive communities and in a emblematically form nowadays / A presente tese objetiva abordar o problema da relação entre direito e poder em sua articulação com a política e a violência. Há no trabalho a pretensão de demonstrar que a problemática instaurada revela atualmente uma zona de indeterminação entre os meandros do direito e da política. Com isso, pretendese lançar as bases de uma introdução à teoria política do direito, ou seja, de propor as bases de uma teoria político-jurídica que contribua de maneira enfática e crítica na discussão dos atuais problemas jurídicos, em especial, das características situações que evidenciam um uso do direito enquanto força manipuladora de governabilidade que ocasiona desorientação da própria vida e revela uma dimensão em que o direito e as instituições que dele se utilizam voltam-se contra si mesmas gerando uma profunda banalização das noções de legalidade e legitimidade. A proposta tem um mote investigativo genealógico que entende, de modo relacional, o direito e a política enquanto fenômenos tipicamente humanos que encontram-se enraizados nas dimensões mais profundas do homem, desde as comunidades primitivas e de forma emblemática nos dias atuais

A good image representation is vital for image comparision and classification; it may affect the classification accuracy and efficiency. The purpose of this thesis was to explore novel and appropriate image representations. Another aim was to investigate these representations for image classification. Finally, novel features were examined for improving image classification accuracy. Images of interest to this thesis were textile design images. The motivation of analysing textile design images is to help designers browse images, fuel their creativity, and improve their design efficiency. In recent years, bag-of-words model has been shown to be a good base for image representation, and there have been many attempts to go beyond this representation. Bag-of-words models have been used frequently in the classification of image data, due to good performance and simplicity. “Words” in images can have different definitions and are obtained through steps of feature detection, feature description, and codeword calculation. The model represents an image as an orderless collection of local features. However, discarding the spatial relationships of local features limits the power of this model. This thesis exploited novel image representations, bag of shapes and region label graphs models, which were based on bag-of-words model. In both models, an image was represented by a collection of segmented regions, and each region was described by shape descriptors. In the latter model, graphs were constructed to capture the spatial information between groups of segmented regions and graph features were calculated based on some graph theory. Novel elements include use of MRFs to extract printed designs and woven patterns from textile images, utilisation of the extractions to form bag of shapes models, and construction of region label graphs to capture the spatial information. The extraction of textile designs was formulated as a pixel labelling problem. Algorithms for MRF optimisation and re-estimation were described and evaluated. A method for quantitative evaluation was presented and used to compare the performance of MRFs optimised using alpha-expansion and iterated conditional modes (ICM), both with and without parameter re-estimation. The results were used in the formation of the bag of shapes and region label graphs models. Bag of shapes model was a collection of MRFs' segmented regions, and the shape of each region was described with generic Fourier descriptors. Each image was represented as a bag of shapes. A simple yet competitive classification scheme based on nearest neighbour class-based matching was used. Classification performance was compared to that obtained when using bags of SIFT features. To capture the spatial information, region label graphs were constructed to obtain graph features. Regions with the same label were treated as a group and each group was associated uniquely with a vertex in an undirected, weighted graph. Each region group was represented as a bag of shape descriptors. Edges in the graph denoted either the extent to which the groups' regions were spatially adjacent or the dissimilarity of their respective bags of shapes. Series of unweighted graphs were obtained by removing edges in order of weight. Finally, an image was represented using its shape descriptors along with features derived from the chromatic numbers or domination numbers of the unweighted graphs and their complements. Linear SVM classifiers were used for classification. Experiments were implemented on data from Liberty Art Fabrics, which consisted of more than 10,000 complicated images mainly of printed textile designs and woven patterns. Experimental data was classified into seven classes manually by assigning each image a text descriptor based on content or design type. The seven classes were floral, paisley, stripe, leaf, geometric, spot, and check. The result showed that reasonable and interesting regions were obtained from MRF segmentation in which alpha-expansion with parameter re-estimation performs better than alpha-expansion without parameter re-estimation or ICM. This result was not only promising for textile CAD (Computer-Aided Design) to redesign the textile image, but also for image representation. It was also found that bag of shapes model based on MRF segmentation can obtain comparable classification accuracy with bag of SIFT features in the framework of nearest neighbour class-based matching. Finally, the result indicated that incorporation of graph features extracted by constructing region label graphs can improve the classification accuracy compared to both bag of shapes model and bag of SIFT models.

Cette thèse s’intéresse au thème des luttes symboliques entre les citadins et les « sitiantes » (« petits propriétaires terrien »), dans un contexte de réélaboration de la ruralité. L’objectif général est d’analyser le processus de réinterprétation des pratiques paysannes à partir de la participation des « sitiantes » au développement du tourisme dans la municipalité d’Areia–État de Paraíba, dans le Nord este du Brésil. La recherche qualitative a un caractère éminemment ethnographique, favorisant l’observation des relations sociales dans la Communauté « Chã de Jardim » et les stratégies de reconversion des « sitiantes ». Les données ont été produites et collectées au travers de l’observation directe et d’entretiens semi directifs et directifs avec les artisanes, les travailleurs du Restaurant Rural Vó Maria, les membres de l’Adesco, les entrepreneurs du tourisme à Areia et les représentants des instances intermédiaires –rôle joué par des entités telles que le Senar, le Sebrae, le PBTur, la Cooperar, l’Atura, parmi d’autres impliquées dans la structuration du tourisme dans les zones rurales. En outre, une enquête exploratoire a été réalisée auprès des clients du restaurant Vó Maria, au travers de questionnaires et de l’accompagnement d’excursions, ce qui a permis de dresser un profil et d’identifier les demandes du public consommateur. L’analyse met en relation des catégories « indigènes » (produites par les propres personnes étudiées) et analytiques, en gardant en perspective les échanges symboliques entre les « sitiantes » et les autres agents. Les solidarités et les jeux d’intérêts qui marquent les relations entre eux sont traités à partir de la théorie du don de Marcel Mauss, de la sociologie de la domination de Pierre Bourdieu et de la notion de réciprocité hiérarchique de Marcos Lanna. L’hypothèse centrale est que la participation des « sitiantes » à la production de l’offre touristique est rendue possible par des alliances internes et externes, établies sur la base de l’échange de dons, suivant le principe de la réciprocité hiérarchique. D’une part, les échanges de dons avec d’autres agents tendent à promouvoir la reconnaissance sociale et à renforcer l’estime de soi ; et, d’autre part, ils engendrent une différenciation interne et de nouvelles hiérarchies, naturalisant la subordination et la domination symbolique des employés vis-à-vis des nouveaux « patrons ». Ainsi, les luttes symboliques sont conçues comme des luttes quotidiennes pour la reconnaissance et la dignité, visant à surmonter les processus d’infériorisation et d’invisibilité auxquels sont soumis les « sitiantes », et d’autres groupes mal situés dans l’espace social,dans leurs relations avec les dominants. Longtemps « invisibilisées», ces luttes n’ont pu émerger qu’au travers de la mise en œuvre de politiques publiques visant à lutter contre la pauvreté rurale, à promouvoir l’éducation dans les milieux ruraux et les actions de développement rural qui, en outre d’améliorer les conditions de vie de la population rurale, a permis l’émergence et le renforcement du leadership local. Loin d’être un mouvement à sens unique, qui se traduit par une véritable restructuration des positions dans l’espace social, les solidarités et les luttes observées entre les agents se révèlent être un processus complexe et ambigu, rempli de contradictions, au sein duquel différents niveaux de réciprocité sont établis,que ce soit au sein du microsystème communautaire ou dans les échanges entre les« sitiantes » et les entrepreneurs de la municipalité, les organismes intermédiaires ou les consommateurs, formant ce que l'on pourrait considérer comme un réseau étendu de circulation des dons dans le marché touristique de Brejo Paraibano. / The theme of this thesis is the symbolic battles between towns people and ‘peasants’ in the context of the re-elaboration of rurality. The general aim is to analyze the reinterpretation process of countryside practices by the 'peasants' participation in the tourism development in the city of Areia - state of Paraíba. The qualitative research has an eminently ethnographic character, focusing on the observation of social relations in the Chã de Jardim Community and the small landowners reconversion strategies. The data were produced and collected through observation and structured and semi-structured interviews with craftsmen, workers of the Restaurante Rural Vó Maria, members of Adesco, tourism entrepreneurs in Areia, and representatives of intermediary bodies - a role played by entities such as Senar, Sebrae,PBTur, Cooperar, Atura, among others involved in modelling the tourism in rural areas. In addition, an exploratory survey was carried out among the customers of the restaurant through questionnaires and by monitoring excursions, which allowed to draw a profile and identify the demands of the consumers. The analysis links “native” (produced by the people studied) and analytical categories, keeping in perspective the symbolic exchanges between the smalllandowners and the other agents. The solidarities and games of interest which mark the relations between them, at the micro and macro social levels, are discussed by the theory of the gift of Marcel Mauss, the sociology of domination of Pierre Bourdieu, and the notion of hierarchical reciprocity of Marcos Lanna. This study defends the thesis that the participation of the small landowners in the production of the tourist offer is made possible by means of alliances at the internal and external level, established on the basis of the exchange of gifts,following the principle of hierarchical reciprocity. On the one hand, the exchanges of giftswith other agents tend to promote social recognition and raise the self-esteem of the smalllandowners; and, on the other hand, it generates internal differentiation and new hierarchies,“naturalizing” the subordination and symbolic domination of the employees towards their peasant bosses. In this sense, the symbolic battles are understood as daily struggles for recognition and dignity, aiming to overcome the process of inferiorization and invisibility towhich 'peasants' and other groups, poorly placed in the social space, are submitted in their relationship with the dominant classes. For a long time "kept invisible", these struggles could only emerge through the implementation of public policies to confront rural poverty,stimulating rural education and rural development actions, which, in addition to improving the living conditions of the rural population, allowed the emergence and the strengthening of local leaderships. Far from being a one-directional movement that results in a real restructuring of positions in the social space, the observed solidarities and battles between the agents reveal themselves as a complex and ambiguous process, full of contradictions in which different levels of reciprocity are established, whether within the community microsystem orin the exchanges between the ‘peasants’ and the town entrepreneurs, the intermediary bodies or the consumers, forming what could be considered an extended circuit of circulation of giftsin the tourism market in Brejo Paraibano. / O tema da presente tese são as lutas simbólicas entre citadinos e sitiantes, no contexto dere elaboração da ruralidade. O objetivo geral é analisar o processo de ressignificação daspráticas camponesas a partir da participação dos sitiantes no desenvolvimento do turismo nomunicípio de Areia, na Paraíba. A pesquisa qualitativa tem caráter eminentemente etnográfico, privilegiando a observação das relações sociais na Comunidade Chã de Jardim eas estratégias de reconversão dos sitiantes. Os dados foram produzidos e coletados por meioda observação e de entrevistas semidirigidas ou dirigidas, realizadas com as artesãs, ostra balhadores do Restaurante Rural Vó Maria, os membros da Adesco, os empre endedores deturismo, em Areia, e os representantes das instâncias intermediárias – papel ocupado porentidades como o Senar, o Sebrae, a PBTur, o Cooperar, a Atura, dentre outras implicadas naformatação do turismo no espaço rural. Complementarmente, realizou-se uma pesquisa exploratória junto aos clientes do Restaurante, por meio de questionários e do acompanhamento de excursões, o que permitiu traçar um perfil e identificar as demandas do público consumidor. A análise articula categorias nativas e analíticas, mantendo em perspectiva as trocas simbólicas entre os sitiantes e os outros agentes. As solidariedades e osjogos de interesse que marcam as relações entre eles são tratados a partir da teoria da dádiva,de Marcel Mauss, da sociologia da dominação, de Pierre Bourdieu, e da noção de reciprocidade hierárquica de Marcos Lanna. Defende-se a tese que a participação dos sitiantesna produção da oferta turística viabiliza-se por meio de alianças, nos planos interno e externo,estabelecidas com base na troca de dons, seguindo o princípio da reciprocidade hierárquica.Por um lado, as trocas de dádivas com outros agentes tendem a promover o reconhecimento social e elevar a autoestima dos sitiantes; e, por outro lado, tendem a gerar diferenciação interna e novas hierarquias, naturalizando a subordinação e a dominação simbólica dos empregados aos patrões. Desse modo, as lutas simbólicas são compreendidas como lutas cotidianas por reconhecimento e dignidade, que visam à superação do processo deinferiorização e invisibilidade às quais os sitiantes e outros grupos mal posicionados noespaço social são submetidos na relação com as classes dominantes. Por muito tempo “invisibilizadas”, essas lutas só puderam ganhar a cena a partir da implantação de políticas públicas de enfrentamento à pobreza rural, do estímulo à educação no campo e de ações de desenvolvimento rural, que, além de elevar as condições de vida da população rural,permitiram a emergência e o fortalecimento de lideranças locais. Longe de ser um movimentoem sentido único, que resulte em uma verdadeira reestruturação das posições no espaço social, as solidariedades e lutas observadas entre os agentes revelam-se um processo complexo e ambíguo, pleno de contradições, dentro do qual se estabelecem diferentes níveisde reciprocidade, seja dentro do microssistema comunitário, sejam nas trocas entre os sitiantese os empre endedores do município, as instâncias intermediárias ou os consumidores,formando o que poderia ser considerado um circuito ampliado de circulação de dádivas nomercado turístico no Brejo Paraibano.

本世紀中葉，在拉丁美洲興起了一股以「解放」為主題的思潮，這股思潮 是在基督宗教的脈絡中發展的，稱為「解放神學」(the theology of liberation)。拉丁美洲諸國在歷經歐洲霸權國家數世紀以來的殖民，已 感受到強烈的桎梏；加上二次大戰後美國強勢經濟的操控、國內政局的不 穩定、種族問題的嚴重，使拉丁美洲的處境如雪上加霜。基督宗教的神父 、牧師在實際的牧靈工作中看見了整個社會現象中最殘酷的一面：貧窮、 失業、疾病、死亡。上溯其原因，不外乎經濟資源的分配不當、政治的高 壓剝奪人民的參政權利、軍隊橫行致使政權不穩、社會動盪。於是，站在 基督宗教的立場、以聖經為依歸、以社會科學為分析工具，在對所在處境 做深度瞭解後，漸形成一套以「解放」為中心的情境化神學。從一九六八 年「解放神學」定名已來，其最為人注目的，即是馬克思主義的思想在其 理論中的醒目地位。神學家運用馬克思主義分析資本主義社會的方法，藉 以理解拉丁美洲的現況。因為，解放神學是從實踐中衍生的神學，強調「 正確實踐優先於正確理論」，故此，在運用馬克思主義思想的同時，亦傾 向社會主義的社會體制，甚至，較激進者更贊成以革命的手段來推翻現有 不公義的體制。本文基於以上的背景，即以「解放」為主題，以「人性與 社會」為主軸，探討解放神學與馬克思主義的解放觀、其解放方法，及二 者之間的種種關係。全文共一冊，分五章十五節，凡二十四萬字，各章內 容摘要如下：第一章：對拉丁美洲的處境作了一番介紹，以作為理論鋪陳 的基礎。 第二章：比較了馬克思主義與解放神學對於「解放」的概念及 範疇。 第三章：則比較二者對於邁向「解放」的方法論。第四章：則處 理二者之關聯性的問題，包括來源與運用，以及其批判。 第五章：從四 個方面對「解放」這個概念與行動提出哲學反省。

Cette thèse propose une étude des données (sociodémographiques, juridiques et politiques) et une réflexion sur les enjeux théoriques fondamentaux du problème du droit de vote des étrangers. <br />La recherche est centrée sur la France, mais une étude de droit comparé en la matière montre qu'au moins un tiers des Etats du monde ont une pratique du droit de vote des étrangers, et cette pratique ne peut donc plus être considérée comme exceptionnelle. Néanmoins, cette pratique est toujours limitée, ce qui montre la résistance du paradigme réservant le droit de vote aux ressortissants de l'Etat. L'étude détaillée du droit français, de ses contradictions internes, et des débats constitutionnels soulevés montre que les enjeux fondamentaux sont de nature politique. <br />Les termes du débat politique sont analysés selon une approche historique, une étude des arguments et celle d'un corpus de presse. Un regard comparatif est également porté sur le débat en cours aux Etats-Unis. Globalement, l'analyse du débat politique sur le droit de vote des étrangers révèle l'opposition entre une logique de domination et de fermeture, d'un côté, et une logique d'émancipation et d'ouverture de l'autre.<br />La réflexion théorique pose les enjeux fondamentaux du problème comme contradiction entre les principes de démocratie et de souveraineté. Le conflit sur le droit de vote des étrangers, qui se traduit dans la dialectique citoyenneté / nationalité, est ainsi interprété comme confrontation entre les logiques de politique et de police (Rancière). Ce qui est en jeu, ce n'est pas seulement le tracé des frontières de la communauté politique, mais la conception même de la communauté et de la politique.<br />La question du vote des étrangers, selon cette perspective, est donc construite comme un noeud symptomatique de la crise du modèle politique lié aux Etats démocratiques modernes, c'est-à-dire un point névralgique où le principe de souveraineté entre en contradiction avec une définition substantielle de la démocratie. La recherche consiste à dévoiler les apories propres au régime politique actuel, à ses alternatives internes, et invite à une refondation démocratique postsouverainiste.

À partir d'une enquête ethnologique, de mars 1993 à mai 1994 au Puy-en Velay, suivant la méthode de l'observation participante, l'auteur retrace la vie quotidienne des institutions et des personnes sans domicile regroupées sous le concept de sine domo. La problématique sine domo englobe les institutions d'assistance ainsi que les hommes qui les composent et qui les utilisent. Suivant un découpage en trois parties, subdivisées chacune en trois sous-parties, cette recherche s'inspire du modèle de la monographie.<br /><br />La première partie privilégie l'axe diachronique dans la perspective de la recherche d'une continuité historique. L'étude commence au milieu du XIXe siècle avec l'entérinement de la loi de 1863 portant sur la répression du vagabondage et de la mendicité en Haute-Loire. L'histoire des institutions nous conduit jusqu'à l'ouverture actuelle d'accueils de jour et de nuit. Le croisement d'entretiens et d'archives permet de montrer une proximité entre la pauvreté endémique des habitants du département et le vagabondage saisonnier. Enfin, l'enquête met en évidence certaines transformations dues aux mutations structurelles du monde rural, comme, par exemple, la fin d'une tradition hospitalière dans les fermes.<br /><br />À travers une géographie et une histoire contemporaine de l'hébergement, la seconde partie débute par le recensement des lieux d'hébergement du département et du Puy-en-Velay. Retraçant l'histoire récente des institutions en place par le biais d'entretiens et de recoupements d'archives, il est montré que la distinction est toujours faite entre le " bon pauvre " et le " mauvais pauvre ", malgré une professionnalisation réelle, mais encore soumise à la morale des institutions de bienfaisance du siècle passé.<br /><br />La troisième partie propose une sociologie du monde sine domo. Partant des institutions en place au moment de la recherche, l'approche sociologique débute par une étude de leur fonctionnement vis-à-vis des hébergés avant d'aborder la typologie des sine domo. Le découpage théorique en cinq catégories (zonard, routard, passager, sédentaire, clochard) est suivi de l'étude de leur existence quotidienne, sur le plan temporel, spatial, économique, vestimentaire, et de l'hygiène corporelle. L'étude se poursuit par un chapitre portant sur la mort du sine domo et ouvre sur une enquête à long terme. Enfin, la troisième sous-partie reprend les diverses théories émises à propos de la notion de bouc émissaire pour aboutir à la description du mécanisme de la logique sacrificielle, au centre de cette thèse. De l'autopunition au sacrifice, l'auteur met en évidence ces processus mis en œuvre à l'aide de ses observations.<br /><br />La conclusion ouverte laisse penser que le mécanisme sacrificiel est d'autant plus présent dans nos sociétés complexes, qu'il en est partie intégrante. Dès lors, seul un déplacement de ce mécanisme permettrait de résoudre le phénomène sine domo au détriment d'un nouveau phénomène à construire.

Nous abordons, par une modélisation à base de graphes, deux problèmes de structuration de données. Phylogénie: Nous utilisons la famille de graphes associée à une dissimilarité pour définir la notion nouvelle de distance triangulée, plus générale qu'une distance additive d'arbre. Nous proposons un algorithme d'ajustement de données à une distance triangulée par triangulation des graphes associés. Nous introduisons pour cela le concept nouveau de sous-triangulation maximale, afin de prendre en compte la sous-évaluation intrinsèque des données phylogénétiques. Nous procédons ensuite à une étude théorique complémentaire. Analyse Formelle de Concepts: Nous codons une relation binaire R et son treillis des concepts L(R) par un graphe non orienté co-biparti G(R). Nous montrons que les éléments de L(R) sont en bijection avec les séparateurs minimaux de G(R), et que les chaînes maximales de L(R) sont en bijection avec les triangulations minimales de G(R). Des procédés algorithmiques appliqués à G(R) trouvent ainsi leurs correspondants dans L(R). En particulier, des treillis de taille polynomiale peuvent être obtenus à partir de L(R), par plongement de G(R) dans un graphe faiblement triangulé. Nous mettons ensuite en évidence un ordre de domination sur les modules complets maximaux de G(R), domination qui s'hérite quand on parcourt une chaîne maximale de L(R). Une structure de données, la table de domination, gère dynamiquement les relations de domination. Nous utilisons cette table pour deux applications algorithmiques: - Mise à jour d'une sous-hiérarchie de Galois matérialisant une hiérarchie d'héritage orienté-objet; - Génération efficace d'un treillis des concepts.

Why do people transgress legal borders on beaches by the lakes and the coastline, despite thefact of a Swedish law defending the beach and a rigorous administration mirroring it? Nationalstudies show great differences in regional and local practice regarding the administration ofthe law of beach defense, Strandskyddslagen.This licentiate thesis explores the administration of Swedish beaches from both an actorand a structural point of view. It was carried out as a case study of three municipalities situatedby the southeast part of the Baltic and inland. The interviewed actors were regional andlocal civil servants including local politicians. The purpose of the thesis was to reveal whatimplications daily practice among civil servants and local politicians have on the forms ofhow beaches are appropriated and dominated. The thesis focus on the dualism of the privateand the public space. Drawing on structural and poststructural theory and qualitative methodologythe importance of methodology is argued. The author use a triangulation of differenttheories and methods. Grounded on interviews, five areas were thematized; ideology, power,professional cultures, communication and mirroring. The thesis reveals that chains of causesto the heterogeneity of the local and regional beach administration, can be investigated moreefficiently by using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methodology.The author found that the administrators personal ideology in relation to the ideology expressedby the law is of importance in the daily practice. He also show how the two mainparts of Strandskyddslagen contribute to the development of two identifiable approaches inthe civil servants practice. This finding he connects with the development of professional staffcultures. Eventually the thesis discuss the importance of interior communication betweendifferent levels of the administration and underpin the rising cost problem when municipalitiesare delegated the main responsibility for mirroring the beaches. This leading to a tendencyof a growing appearance of corporate influence on local public politics regarding exploitationof land close to beaches.The author propose a closer communication between regional and municipal environment-and building administrators. He emphasizes the importance of transparency, communicationand education at both the regional, local administrative and political level of the beachadministration.

In this piece of literature, storytelling is used as a method towards understanding, knowing, and validating the experience of the “other”, in this case Mexican immigrants of all shapes and colors, sexual preferences, and diverse socioeconomic standing. I would like to shift the discourse from their potential as socioeconomic assets towards a recognition of their essence as participating members of our community. Immigrants are artists, they are intellectuals, they are leaders. They are simply not given the space in American society to develop their potential without being chained down to the “immigrant” label. I would like to stress the recognition of fluidity and diversity within this marginalized group, in the sense that to assume a homogeneous experience for this population aggravates the gap of understanding, tolerance, acceptance, and celebration of this rich community. Hegemonic forces have kept immigrants in the shadows, blinded, and hidden from the rest of society. My ultimate goal is to promote an idea of fearless engagement in active, undisciplined, self-determined embracement of the hybrid culture that remains buried under layers of socially constructed self-disciplining forces of domination.