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The first part of this thesis makes the task to illuminate Nietzsche 's basic concepts, as is "The Will of Power", "Superman" and The Eternal Return" to be understood as the most directly substance of his basic filosophic views. This understanding is a necessary assumption for the second part. Its intention is refer the connection of Nietzsche with this age. It opens question for ethos. The author talks about ontologic diference and its connection in relation to a man of today in the third part. The ethos at thinker do not find it finally, and so it forges to fourth part to only possible relevant step forward. Though it is finding etics in source of every man as background from postmodern 's nihilism. The aim of the thesis is to show not only that Niezzsche destroyed ethical values. These values were inculcated by institutions of power for a long time. By this destroying, he created the bridge to finding himself. It is task and postmodern still does not mature to it, but environment has already been ready here.

Denna uppsats belyser förutsättningar för samarbete om en gemensamt ägd resurs mellan traditionellt sett egoistiska vinstmaximerande aktörer. Handlingar som motiveras utifrån egoistisk vinstmaximerande rationalitet vid utnyttjandet av en gemensamt ägd resurs är kontraproduktivt och ohållbart för resursens bevarande på lång sikt. Därför måste aktörerna ändra sitt beteende kring utnyttjandet av resursen. Här belyses de förutsättningar, processer, handlingsmotiv och verktyg som krävs för att gemensam handling mellan egoister kan ingås, etableras och bevaras. Samarbete som utformas enligt modellen som beskrivs i denna uppsats ger individerna högre nyttoavkastning samtidigt som resursen kan bevaras på ett långsiktigt hållbart sätt. Egoistiska, eller självintresserade, konkurrerande aktörer gör långsiktiga nyttovinster på att samarbeta. Som exempel används två imaginära vinstdrivande företag på en konkurrensutsatt marknad. Företagen får nyttovinster i form av ökad produktivitet och kostnadsminskningar genom att samarbeta om en gemensamt ägd inköpsavdelning, jämfört med individuellt agerande. Ett företag fungerar i denna uppsats som representant för urtypen av en vinstmaximerande självdriven egoist. Inköpsavdelningar har traditionellt sett varit drivna som en privat ägd resurs. Här belyses att nyttovinster kan göras genom att ombilda flera privat ägda inköpsavdelningar till en gemensamt ägd resurs. Men detta kräver att aktörerna omformulerar sina nyttofunktionella motiv till handling. Uppsatsen beskriver hur detta kan gå till, vilka svårigheter samarbete kan innebära och hur aktörerna kan överkomma svårigheterna. ”Mind-Map” modellerna i avsnitten 5.2 och 5.3 har visst sammanfattande värde. De visar hur uppsatsens teorier bygger på varandra. ”Mind-Map” modellerna visar följderna från egoistisk och liberal-utilitaristisk rationalitet som motiv till handling vid utnyttjandet av en gemensamt ägd resurs. För att en gemensam handling ska komma till stånd kan aktörerna inte motivera sina handlingar från egoistisk vinstmaximering, utan snarare liberal-utilitaristisk ”satisficing”. Uppsatsens antaganden är uppbyggda som så att avsnitten 2, 3 och 4 utgör grundantagandena. Hur de antagandena appliceras introduceras i avsnitt 5. I avsnitt 6 kommer ytterligare antaganden allt eftersom modellen anpassar sig efter en inköpssituation.

Growing issues such as climate crises, social injustice and neglection of basic human rights have created a new type of consumption, namely ethical consumption. Ethical consumption was initially mainly concerned for environmental issues but has in later years starting to include a variety of pressing issues. Ethical consumption was also initially mainly connected to groups of extremists, but with the increasing availability of ethical products in mainstream outlets, ethical consumption has shifted to be a mainstream consumer game. Mainstream ethical consumption has largely been neglected in previous research where the field is lacking knowledge in form of qualitative behavioral data. Departing from the gap, this study will mainly focus on exploring the motives for ethical consumption in the mainstream consumer segment. We will examine several driving forces in form of altruistic-based motives, egoistic-based motives, and non-value-based motives. However, in order to give this an additional dimension we also want to examine the level of morality of ethical consumption by using five ethical theories. This approach has been overlooked in previous ethical consumption research and it will question the basic assumption that ethical consumption is the morally correct thing to do. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the motivational factors for ethical consumption and through the lens of ethical theories examine the level of morality of this behavior. In order to fulfill this purpose we have conducted a qualitative study within the context of organic groceries in the Swedish market. Organic groceries is a branch of ethical consumption that few studies has examined before, and that applies especially to the Swedish market. 14 mainstream consumers have been interviewed were all of these were frequent buyers of organic groceries. The interviews were conducted in a semi-structured fashion which was then analyzed by the use of thematic analysis. Furthermore, the study was guided by an exploratory inductive approach where subjectivity played a significant part. The results show that ethical consumption is driven by altruistic-based motives in form of social justice, where consumer want their consumption to benefit other. However, it is far from the only motive because ethical consumers are equally driven by egoistic motives. The result show that consumers are driven strongly by the sense of self- satisfaction created by the force of social norms, health and wellbeing, and product quality. This duality of motives creates a paradoxical tension in form of a win-win situation where the consumers strive for both the benefit of self as well as the benefit of others. Furthermore, ethical consumption is driven by habitual behavior where the consumers rely much on mental shortcuts in their purchases. Consumers are also not well- informed about ethical products and labels and therefore rely heavily on mythical benefits. In addition, when examining the level of morality of ethical consumption we can conclude that it is on level between mediocre to high. From a consequentialist and a non- consequentialist perspective the level of morality is fairly high, but from a character-based perspective the morality stumbles.

In the first chapter of my doctoral thesis, entitled The Political Implications of Nietzsche's Perspectivism, I argue that due to conflicting passages present throughout his oeuvre, Nietzsche is best understood as a twofold metaphysical sceptic. That is, a sceptic about the existence of the external world, and consequently, as a sceptic about such a world's correspondence to our perspectives. Nietzsche presents a threefold conceptualization of 'nihilism' and a twofold one of the 'will to power.' Neutral nihilism is humanity's inescapable condition of having no non-humanly created meanings and values. This state can be interpreted positively as an opportunity to create one's own meanings and values, or negatively as a terrifying incentive to return to dogmatism. The will to power is life before and as it becomes life, the unqualified will to power, and all the realities in it, the qualifiable will to power. The combination of these ontological concepts brings me to my second chapter and to the determination of Nietzsche's general epistemology: perspectivism. Perspectivism is an admittedly created, ontologically derived interpretation of knowledge, which both entails and goes beyond relativism. Nietzsche's perspectivism is constructed to support any norm that allows for univocal evaluations, not just Nietzsche's. Moreover, it can be derived from any ontology that conceptualizes life as a unit of growth and decay and human beings as creators of all their perspectives. These two elastic concepts allow me to propose, in my third chapter, that, although his texts disavow an all-inclusive democracy in favour of a new spiritual aristocracy, on the one hand, the proper political implications of perspectivism allow for democracy, while on the other hand, Nietzsche can be read as disapproving of an all inclusive or representative democracy, yet as approving of the direct democracy that arises naturally among elite peers.

Made available in DSpace on 2009-11-18T18:56:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003 / This research had as objective to identify critical factors that will make possible the implantation, collective and individual development, of one centered public politics in the variable solidarity, as a way of search of the integration for the improvement of the basic and professional education of systems of technical schools of State of Rio de Janeiro, today under the responsibility of Fundação de Apoio à Escola Técnica – FAETEC. The research had as reference of search of datas and informations, in its majority, of professionals, students and stakeholders unloaded of the concrete participation of the current FAETEC´s public politics. Therefore, Pablo Freire also served as referencial, mainly in its citation in page 19 of the book 'Educação e mudança', when he cites 'The true commitment is solidarity, and to not solidarity with that they deny the solidary commitment it, but with that, in the concrete situation, if they find converted into things'. These premises had fortified the choice of the research-action as methodology. Of stakeholders, we can cite the Industrial Union of the Technician of State of Rio de Janeiro (SINTEC-RJ), the Association of responsible parents and pupils of Adolpho Bloch school (APRAETEAB) and the Self-Regulating Body of the Engeneering Profession and architecture (CREA-RJ) through the Technician who are Overseers in the current management. Other interested people had also participated, whose contributions had been effective. All had been pledged in collaborating so that, exactly facing difficulties, the research was enough and showed that we are preparing a land adjusted for the implantation of a new public politic in this institution. Fighting the egoism, the pride and the vanity of that, independent of ideologies, already they had been corroded in its character and more, demonstrates in its corporativism badly guided, what the collective egoism brings of curses, also not to obtain to see the possibility of a better world: one another globalization. / Esta pesquisa tuvo el objetivo de identificar factores críticos que possibilitarán la implantación, con desarrollo colectivo e individual, de una Política Pública centrada en la variable solidariedad, como un medio de busca de la integración para la mejoría de la Educación Básica e Professional del Sistema de las Escuelas Técnicas del Estado del Rio de Janeiro, hoy bajo la responsabilidad de la Fundación de Apoyo a la Escuela Técnica (FAETEC). La pesquisa tuvo como referencia de búsqueda de datos e informaciones, en su mayoría, de profesionales, alumnos y stakeholders rechazados de la participación concreta de la actual Política Pública de la FAETEC y de sus respectivas unidades. Por eso Paulo Freire también sirvió como referencial, principalmente en el que coloca en relación a los exclusos en la página 19 del libro 'Educação e Mudança', cuando escribe: 'El verdadero compromiso es la solidariedad, y no la solidariedad con los que niegan el compromiso solidario, pero con aquellos que, en la situación concreta, se encuentran convertidos en cosas'. Esas premisas fortalecen a elección de la pesquisa-acción como metodología. De los stakeholders citamos el Sindicato de los Técnicos Industriales del Estado del Rio de Janeiro (SINTEC-RJ), la Asociación de Padres y Responsables de Alumnos de la Escuela Técnica Estadual Adolpho Bloch (APRAETEAB) y el Consejo Regional de Ingeniería y Arquitectura (CREA-RJ) a través de ténicos que son Inspectores en la actual gestión. Participaron también otras personas interesadas, cuyas colaboraciones fueron efectivas. Todos se empeñaron en colaborar para que, mismo enfrentando dificultades, la pesquisa fuera suficiente y enseñara que estábamos fertilizando terreno propicio a la implantación futura de una nueva Política Pública en esa Institución, combatiendo el egoísmo, el orgullo e la vanidade de aquellos que, independientemente de ideologías ya fueron corroídos en su caráter, y más, demonstraron en su corporativismo mal orientado, lo que el egoísmo colectivo trae de maleficios, incluso lo de no ver la posibilidad de un mundo mejor: otra globalización. / Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar fatores críticos que possibilitarão a implantação, com desenvolvimento coletivo e individual, de uma Política Pública centrada na variável solidariedade, como meio de busca da integração para a melhoria da Educação Básica e Profissional do Sistema das Escolas Técnicas do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, sob a responsabilidade da Fundação de Apoio à Escola Técnica (FAETEC). A pesquisa teve como referência de busca de dados e informações, em sua maioria, de profissionais, alunos e stakeholders alijados da participação concreta da atual Política Pública da FAETEC e de suas respectivas unidades. Por isso Paulo Freire também serviu como referencial, principalmente no que diz em relação aos excluídos na página 19, do livro 'Educação e Mudança' , quando escreve: 'O verdadeiro compromisso é a solidariedade, e não a solidariedade com os que negam o compromisso solidário, mas com aqueles que, na situação concreta, se encontram convertidos em coisas'. Essas premissas fortaleceram a escolha da pesquisa-ação como metodologia. Dos stakeholders citamos o Sindicato dos Técnicos Industriais do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (SINTEC-RJ), a Associação de Pais e Responsáveis de Alunos da Escola Técnica Estadual Adolpho Bloch (APRAETEAB) e o Conselho Regional de Engenharia e Arquitetura (CREA-RJ) através de Técnicos que são Inspetores na atual gestão. Participaram também outras pessoas interessadas, cujas colaborações foram efetivas, e todos se empenharam em colaborar para que, mesmo enfrentando dificuldades, a pesquisa fosse suficiente e mostrasse que estávamos fertilizando terreno propício à implantação futura de uma nova Política Pública nessa Instituição, combatendo o egoísmo, o orgulho e a vaidade daqueles que, independentemente de ideologias já foram corroídos em seu caráter, e mais, demonstram em seu corporativismo mal orientado, o que o egoísmo coletivo traz de malefícios, inclusive o de não conseguir ver a possibilidade de um mundo melhor: uma outra globalização.