Orientador: Antonio Alcir Bernárdez Pécora / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T18:51:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Scudeller_Gustavo_D.pdf: 2986764 bytes, checksum: 3727498fd871f3d35722837f19ca8943 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Crítica e a teoria literária do século XX costumam definir a epopeia como um gênero de poesia arcaico, praticamente extinto na modernidade. Contudo, empregam as noções de épico e de poesia épica com notável recorrência para explicar como algumas das principais obras do período fazem do uso de tópicas tradicionais do gênero um elemento central de suas composições. Os Cantos (1930-1969), de Ezra Pound, Mensagem (1935), de Fernando Pessoa, e Invenção de Orfeu (1950), de Jorge de Lima, são casos paradigmáticos disso, sendo algumas das tópicas épicas adotadas por eles a concepção geral do poema como suma enciclopédica de saberes e experiências do passado, a preferência pelo verso de larga medida e a apropriação de motivos mitológicos na criação de seus heróis. Crítica e teoria dão, assim, testemunho da sobrevivência do gênero no período, mesmo que de maneira involuntária e fortuita. Tendo por base tais observações, este trabalho trata dos diferentes usos do épico na composição de Invenção do Mar (1997), do poeta cearense Gerardo Mello Mourão (1917-2007), e Galáxias (1984), do poeta paulista Haroldo de Campos (1929-2003), duas obras de considerável importância para se compreender o crescimento do interesse pelo gênero na poesia brasileira da segunda metade do século XX. Nossa tese é que estes poemas buscam no épico elementos para lidar com os novos desafios que se impõe à poesia moderna à medida que a expansão da cultura de massas e do consumo acaba por esvaziar as perspectivas de transformação social que animaram as utopias de vanguarda e os projetos nacionalistas da primeira metade do século, aos quais os poemas se mantêm vinculados. Nesta nova conjuntura, a poesia épica abandona o triunfalismo que caracterizava suas expressões tradicionais e passa a incorporar a perspectiva do fracasso como elemento central de sua composição, questionando o próprio sentido do fazer poético na modernidade / Abstract: Twentieth century literary theory and criticism usually define the epic as an archaic poetic genre that is virtually extinct in modernity. However, they frequently employ concepts like epic and epic poetry to explain how some of the major works of this period use traditional topics of that genre as their central compositional element. Ezra Pound¿s The Cantos (1930-1969), Fernando Pessoa¿s Mensagem (1935), and Jorge de Lima¿s Invenção de Orfeu (1950) are paradigmatic cases which draw on epic topics like the conception of the poem as an encyclopedic summary of experiences, the preference for the long poetic line, and the employment of mythological motifs in the creation of their heroes. Hence, criticism and theory, though fortuitous and unintentionally, testify to the survival of the epic genre in this period. Bearing these observations in mind, this study investigates the different uses of the epic in the composition of Invenção do Mar (1997), by Gerardo Mello Mourão (1917-2007), a poet from Ceará, and Galáxias (1984), by Haroldo de Campos (1929-2003), a poet from São Paulo. These books are considerably important to understand the growing interest in this genre in the Brazilian poetry of the second half of the twentieth century. Our thesis is that these poems seek elements in the tradition of the epic to handle the new challenges faced by modern poetry as the expansion of mass culture and consumption eventually voids the prospects of social transformation that inspired the utopias of the vanguard and the nationalist projects in the first half of the century, to which the poems remain bound. Under these new circumstances, epic poetry forgoes the triumphalism of its traditional expressions and incorporates the prospect of failure as its central compositional element, thus questioning precisely what it means to make poetry in modernity / Doutorado / Teoria e Critica Literaria / Doutor em Teoria e História Literária

La présence des paradoxes stoïciens dans l’œuvre de poètes dont les liens avec le Portique sont divers révèle le statut particulier occupé par ces formules déconcertantes dans la pensée romaine. Après l’étude des origines du paradoxe et de ses transformations au cours du développement des écoles philosophiques grecques, la thèse examine la spécificité du paradoxe stoïcien et son adaptation au monde romain. Contre toute attente, les Stoïciens ne renoncent pas à ces affirmations déconcertantes. Grâce à leur efficacité rhétorique, et malgré l’hostilité qu’ils suscitent par ailleurs, les paradoxes sont repris dans des textes étrangers au Portique. Leur adaptation dans des œuvres poétiques - satires de Lucilius, Horace et Perse, épodes, odes et épîtres d’Horace et épopée lucanienne - pourrait nous faire considérer qu’ils sont pervertis et détournés de leur fin première. En effet, le but de ces poètes n’est nullement de faire adhérer le lecteur à l’intransigeante perfection dessinée par les paradoxes stoïciens. Mais le lien entre les paradoxes que l’on trouve dans ce corpus poétique et leur origine stoïcienne est en réalité bien plus intime. Selon des modalités différentes, chaque poète reprend l’essentiel de la démarche paradoxale du Portique : il s’agit bien de réveiller les consciences, et de souligner la radicale nouveauté de la vérité que l’on veut faire entendre, tout en s’assurant que le lecteur peut s’y rallier. La virulence de Lucilius, le ton de confidence horatien, la stupeur lucanienne et l’obscurité de Perse constituent les voies distinctes mais convergentes par lesquelles est menée l’entreprise subtile consistant à choquer pour mieux convertir. / The presence of Stoic paradoxes in the works of poets whose links with the Stoa are complex reveals the particular status of these incongruous formulas in Roman thought. After studying the origins of paradox and its transformations during the development of the Greek philosophical schools, the thesis considers the particularity of Stoic paradox and its adaptation to the Roman world. Unexpectedly, the Stoics do not sign away these disconcerting assertions. By their rhetorical effectiveness, and despite the hostility they also arouse, paradoxes appear in texts which do not belong to the Stoa. Their adaptation in poetic works – satires of Lucilius, Horace and Persius, epodes, odes and epistles of Horace, and Lucanian epic - could make us consider that they are perverted and diverted from their first aim. Indeed, the purpose of these poets is not at all to have the reader adhere to the uncompromising perfection outlined by the Stoic paradoxes. But the link between the paradoxes we find in this poetic corpus and their Stoic origin is actually much more intimate. By different ways, each poet takes up the main of the Stoic paradoxical approach : it consists in waking up the minds, and showing the radical novelty of the truth which one wants to reveal, making sure, at the same time, that the reader can join it. Lucilius’ virulence, Horace’s intimacy, Lucan’s daze and Persius’ abstruse language constitute the different but converging ways by which one subtly undertakes to shock in order to convert.

La reconnaissance internationale de la littérature latino-américaine au XXe siècle a souvent été interprétée par la critique comme le résultat de l’influence du Modernisme, notamment du fait de la lecture, par les auteurs latino-américains, de James Joyce et William Faulkner. Certains auteurs du continent, pourtant, suivent des stratégies différentes : Borges, Bioy Casares et Cortázar utilisent les fondements de la littérature de genre (fantastique, policier, horreur, roman d’aventures) pour opérer une reconfiguration des équilibres entre le champ littéraire et les injonctions politiques, nationales et culturelles. Dans cette optique, le travail de Robert Louis Stevenson sur les publics populaires et le croisement des genres peut être vu comme une référence idéale, du fait de sa complexité et de son souci constant d’expérimentation. Cette étude a donc pour objectif de proposer une comparaison de ces stratégies, en utilisant les outils conceptuels et théoriques de la littérature mondiale. Stevenson, de cette manière, pourra apparaître comme un modèle herméneutique pour penser et résoudre certains dilemmes géographiques et littéraires. / The international recognition of Latin American literature during the twentieth century has been interpreted by critics as a result of a Modernist influence, mainly through the reading of James Joyce and William Faulkner. Some Latin American writers, though, pursued other strategies : Bioy Casares, Borges and Cortázar used the foundations of popular literature (fantastic, detective or horror literature, adventure novel) to reconfigure the relations between the literary field and the political, national and cultural injonctions. For that purpose, Robert Louis Stevenson’s work on popular audience and generic hybridity at the end of the Victorian era can be seen as an ideal point of reference, thanks to its complexity and constant experimentation. The aim of the present study is to analyse this process using world literature’s conceptual and theorical tools. Stevenson can thus be seen as a model to think and resolve some geographical and literary dilemmas.

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

If we consider the representation of the body in the epic-romances of Torquato Tasso, Philip Sidney, and Edmund Spenser, certain instances of wounding and laceration emerge as crucial turning points in the development of their respective narratives: Clorinda’s redemptive mutilation, Parthenia’s blood-drenched pallor, Amavia’s disquieting suicide, Venus’s insatiable orifice, Amoret’s “perfect hole.” This thesis affords a detailed comparative study of such passages, contending that the wound assumed a critical metaphoric dimension in sixteenth-century epic-romance literature, particularly in relation to the perceived association between body condition and erotic desire. Along with its function as a marker of martial valor and somatic sacredness, the wound, I argue, increasingly is designated in these epic-romances as an interiorizing apparatus, one liable to accrue at any instance into a surplus of unanticipated meaning. As such, the wound becomes an emblem in these texts of what I call the phenomenology of desire—the equation of consummation and loss—as well as the aesthetic and metaphoric mechanism by which these writers seek to overcome it. The four chapters of this thesis constitute individual but cumulative points of response to the problem of thinking about desire as a type of wound. For Tasso, a wound poses a challenge to physical, psychological, and spiritual integrity, but its remarkable capacity for aestheticization also allows Tasso to envision it as a synthesizer of sacred and erotic affects. For Sidney, the prospect that a wound could define a body as courageous or pathetic, as sacred or corrupt, became both politically and socially troubling, and the New Arcadia, I argue, proleptically attempts to defend Sidney against interpretations of wounds that register them as manifestations of corrupt desire. For Spenser, body fracture and erotic wounding are analogic (indeed, almost indistinguishable), and The Faerie Queene investigates the prospect that confusing these analogies can become an empowering, even revelatory experience. In each of these epic-romances, a wound serves both a literal and a figurative function and, in this way, is established as the foremost image by which these writers imagine strength and mutilation, affect and heroism, epic and romance as being inextricably bound.

Le Kutiyattam du Kerala est un théâtre épique qui entremêle drame et récit et dont le jeu d’acteur, central, se caractérise par une constante distanciation. Cette hypothèse d’ordre esthétique – l’« épique » renvoie à Brecht – est démontrée dans une approche pluridisciplinaire, ethnoscénologique. Tout commence par une « première scène » et un enfant jouant un rôle d’Acteur, puis devenant acteur-conteur. Fil conducteur de la thèse, cette cérémonie contient « tout », tous les fondements et les ingrédients de l’esthétique épique, ensuite explicités par l’exemple du Ramayana, l’épopée que le Kutiyattam porte en scène, entre autres œuvres anciennes en sanskrit. Le Livre I traite des « compétences », et tout d’abord du je des concepteurs et maîtres du Kutiyattam, les Cakyar (première partie). Après cette ethnographie, il s’attache aux apprentissages sous-tendant la formation du corps-acteur, véritable enjeu en soi par son extrême codification (deuxième partie). Le Livre II, dédié aux « performances », étudie les textes en jeu (troisième partie) dans les cinq cycles performatifs ramaïques représentés dans les temples : cinq actes dramatiques en sanskrit et les longs récits en malayalam qui s’y enchâssent, consignés dans les manuels scéniques des praticiens. Ces textes forment un répertoire unifié présentant des structures d’emboîtements multiples où se combinent des principes d’arrêt du temps, de changement de perspective et de retour en arrière générateurs de distanciation. Le jeu scénique (quatrième partie) exalte cette dramaturgie : performeur aux multiples fonctions – personnage, conteur, danseur et surtout régisseur –, l’acteur jongle en maître avec ces principes lorsqu’il entre dans la « substitution », jeu de rôles aux saisissants effets de simultanéité. Les annexes (vol. 3) contiennent des analyses complémentaires (annexes I) et les textes (annexes II) et supports audiovisuels (3 DVD-DL avec livrets) nécessaires à l’étude des performances. La forme de la thèse et le montage des films reflètent la dramaturgie étudiée en procédant à des arrêts et à des extensions du temps. Note : Les titres, résumés et mots clés figurant sur version originale de la thèse portent une accentuation qui, pour des raisons techniques, n’a pas pu être reproduite ici. / Kutiyattam of Kerala is an epic theatre that interweaves drama and narrative, characterized by an acting technique wherein the performance of the central actor makes constant recourse to a distancing effect. This hypothesis – esthetic in nature while "epic" refers to Brecht – is demonstrated through a multidisciplinary, ethnoscenogical approach. Everything begins with a so-called "first performance" in which a child plays at being an Actor-character, and then becomes a storyteller. This ceremonial, which serves as a common thread throughout our study, contains "everything", i.e. all of the foundations and ingredients of the epic esthetic, which we go on to explain using the example of the Ramayana – one of the numerous ancient Sanskrit texts that Kutiyattam brings to the stage. Book I first proposes an ethnography of the Cakyar-masters of Kutiyattam (first part), emphasizing their unique skills. It then analyses the training that underpin the codification of the actor’s body, demonstrating the challenge of being an actor in itself, before even assuming a character/persona (second part). Book II is dedicated to the performances. It begins by examining the texts (third part) of the five Ramayana cycles that are performed in the temples: five acts in Sanskrit into which are interwoven narratives in Malayalam, written in performers’ acting manuals. Taken together, these texts form a unified repertoire characterised by iterative embedded structures that interlock the principles of stop-in-time, change in point of view and flash-back. The acting (fourth part) enhances this dramaturgy. The performer who has multiple functions – character, storyteller, dancer, and director – juggles these principles, especially when he enters into the "substitution" process, a role-play that engenders striking effects of simultaneity. The annexes (Book III) contain the additional analyses (annex I) and the texts (annex II) and audiovisual materials (3 DVD-DLs with booklets) related to the performances. The thesis itself, including the montage of the films, is structured in such a way that it reflects the dramaturgy of Kutiyattam, and notably its use of stop-in-time. Note : Titles, summaries and keywords appearing in the dissertation contain accents, which, because of technical reasons, could not be reproduced here.

Im neunten Buch von Lucans Bellum civile übernimmt Cato der Jüngere den durch Pompeius´ Ermordung in Ägypten vakant gewordenen Oberbefehl über die bei Pharsalos von Caesar geschlagenen pompejanischen Truppen. Cato versucht die republikanische Verfassung vor dem Tyrannen Caesar zu retten. Aus dem verbrecherischen Bürgerkrieg zweier Despoten, Pompeius und Caesar, ist somit ein bellum iustum geworden (9, 292-293). Nachdem Cato Pompeius durch eine laudatio funebris die letzte Ehre erwiesen hat (9, 190-214), besteht er eine Reihe von Bewährungsproben und erweist sich als idealer Feldherr. Zur Charakterisierung Catos greift Lucan verschiedene literarische Traditionen auf. Cato übertrifft den homerischen Odysseus (9, 294-299. 388-389) und Alexander den Großen (9, 268-269. 493-510. 564-586); er entspricht in vollkommener Weise dem Feldherrenideal, wie es sich bei den römischen Historikern der Republik (Sallust; Livius) findet (9,294-296. 379-406. 587-593). Zentrum und Höhepunkt des neunten Buchs stellt Lucans Bewertung Catos in 9, 587-604 dar. Die Triumphzüge des Pompeius und des Marius sind geringer einzuschätzen als die Leistung Catos, obwohl er schließlich Caesar unterliegt. Entsprechend der stoischen Ethik bemißt sich der Wer einer Leistung nicht nach dem äußeren Erfolg -dieser hängt allein von der Fortuna ab- , sondern nach der vorbehaltlosen Erfüllung des moralisch Gebotenen. Für den Erhalt der Republik ist Cato in den Tod gegangen; er ist mulitärischer Held und pater patriae; er verdient göttliche Verehrung.Die stoische Moralphilosphie ist Kern der Poetik Lucans; daneben greift er jedoch auch auf andere stoische Theoreme zurück. Vor allem die Naturschilderungen (9, 303-318. 420-420-444. 444-492) lehnen sich an stoische Lehre an. Zuweilen finden sich auch Rückgriffe auf Lucrez (9, 76-77. 315-318. 471-472). Lucan ist poeta doctus; er gibt eine wissenschaftlich-rationale Weltdeutung.Der Stil Lucans ist geprägt durch das Paradox und die Sentenz. Dem Leser wird auf diese Weise die Ungerechtigkeit des Schicksals vor Augen geführt, das es zugelassen hat, daß Rom unter die Herrschaft von Tyrannen geraten ist. Lucan beabsichtigt die Empörung seiner Leser hervorzurufen und ermuntert sie, gegen die Kaiser Widerstand zu leisten.

The aim of this thesis is to argue that using the novel The Way of Kings by Brandon Sanderson to explore the concepts of gender roles, with masculinity and its hegemonic aspect at the forefront, through the fields of gender studies and gender pedagogy, will provide grounds for meaningful classroom discussions and activities in the Swedish upper secondary school by drawing parallels between the fictional society presented in the novel and our own.  Three main traits of hegemonic masculinity are analyzed and applied to the characters Kaladin, Dalinar and Jasnah, namely physical assertiveness, egocentric individualism, and domination. The novel’s potential for use within the Swedish upper secondary school, specifically in the course English 7, is analyzed. The domination trait of hegemonic masculinity was found noticeably absent in the three protagonists, while this trait could be found amongst the novel’s antagonists. Potential was found in using the novel to lessen the effects of the boy crisis in the Swedish school system.

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