Este trabalho foi motivado pelo interesse de pesquisar as relações interculturais entre trabalhadores brasileiros e estrangeiros numa empresa multinacional do setor automobilístico instalada na região metropolitana de Curitiba. A empresa selecionada para a realização da pesquisa de campo foi a Volkswagen/Audi instalada em São José dos Pinhais. A referida pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar as dificuldades enfrentadas pelos funcionários no relacionamento intercultural e as estratégias utilizadas para superá-las. Sendo uma pesquisa de natureza qualitativa, optou-se pela realização de entrevistas semi-estruturadas para a coleta de dados. Foram entrevistados quinze trabalhadores brasileiros e dez "expatriados" dos setores de produção e de administração. Utilizou-se como referencial teórico os conceitos de cultura, diversidade cultural, interculturalidade e cultura organizacional. Para melhor compreensão das representações dos dois principais grupos de entrevistados - brasileiros e alemães - fez-se também uma breve caracterização da cultura e da cultura organizacional brasileira e alemã. Na apresentação dos resultados da pesquisa, faz-se a exposição das representações dos brasileiros, depois dos expatriados, para em seguida analisá-las à luz do referencial teórico que fundamenta este trabalho, apontando semelhanças e diferenças nas representações dos dois grupos de entrevistados sobre suas relações interculturais na empresa. As representações foram agrupadas em blocos e organizadas em itens, nos quais foram reunidas as características mais reveladoras das opiniões mencionadas pelos entrevistados e que respondem ao objetivo deste trabalho. Portanto, inicia-se com algumas considerações de ordem geral, depois são apresentadas as dificuldades identificadas pelos funcionários no relacionamento intercultural, seguidas das estratégias utilizadas para superá-las. Finalmente apresenta-se as representações recíprocas do "nós" e "eles" manifestadas nas entrevistas pelos funcionários brasileiros e xpatriados. A discussão destas representações e tentativa de análise, por sua vez, é uma nova interpretação, feita pelo autor. Em síntese este trabalho é uma interpretação de interpretações. / This investigation started from an interest to study the intercultural relationships between Brazilian and foreign workers in an automobile multinational company located in the outskirt area of Curitiba. The company chosen to be the setting of the research was Volkswagen/Audi located in São José dos Pinhais. The objective of this investigation was to identify difficulties employees faced in the intercultural relationships and the strategies they used to overcome the problems. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data since this study was designed in a qualitative paradigm. Fifteen Brazilian workers and ten expatriates of the production sector and administrative department were interviewed. The concepts behind this study are the cultural, cultural diversity, intercultural relationships and organizational culture concepts. In order to better understand the representations of the two main groups interviewed - Brazilians and Germans - brief features of the culture and organizational culture of Brazil and Germany were raised. In the results of the research, Brasilian representations weere shown followed by the "expatriates". Afterwards, these representations were analyzed using the concepts which support this study showing similarities and differences of representations of the two groups interviewed concerning their intercultural relationsships in the company. The representations were grouped in blocks and organized in items, the most revealing characteristics of the opinions mentioned by the interviewees were reunited and which meets the objetive of this study. Therefore, in this investigation some general considerations were made, followed by the presentation of the difficulties identified by the employees in the intercultural relationships, and after that, the strategies used by the group to overcomme the problems. Finally, reciprocal representations of "we ant "they", which were found in the interviews of the two groups, were presented. The discussion of these representations and the attempt to analyze them is a new interpretation done by the researcher. In sum, this study is the interpretation of interpretations. / 5000-11-25

Este trabalho foi motivado pelo interesse de pesquisar as relações interculturais entre trabalhadores brasileiros e estrangeiros numa empresa multinacional do setor automobilístico instalada na região metropolitana de Curitiba. A empresa selecionada para a realização da pesquisa de campo foi a Volkswagen/Audi instalada em São José dos Pinhais. A referida pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar as dificuldades enfrentadas pelos funcionários no relacionamento intercultural e as estratégias utilizadas para superá-las. Sendo uma pesquisa de natureza qualitativa, optou-se pela realização de entrevistas semi-estruturadas para a coleta de dados. Foram entrevistados quinze trabalhadores brasileiros e dez "expatriados" dos setores de produção e de administração. Utilizou-se como referencial teórico os conceitos de cultura, diversidade cultural, interculturalidade e cultura organizacional. Para melhor compreensão das representações dos dois principais grupos de entrevistados - brasileiros e alemães - fez-se também uma breve caracterização da cultura e da cultura organizacional brasileira e alemã. Na apresentação dos resultados da pesquisa, faz-se a exposição das representações dos brasileiros, depois dos expatriados, para em seguida analisá-las à luz do referencial teórico que fundamenta este trabalho, apontando semelhanças e diferenças nas representações dos dois grupos de entrevistados sobre suas relações interculturais na empresa. As representações foram agrupadas em blocos e organizadas em itens, nos quais foram reunidas as características mais reveladoras das opiniões mencionadas pelos entrevistados e que respondem ao objetivo deste trabalho. Portanto, inicia-se com algumas considerações de ordem geral, depois são apresentadas as dificuldades identificadas pelos funcionários no relacionamento intercultural, seguidas das estratégias utilizadas para superá-las. Finalmente apresenta-se as representações recíprocas do "nós" e "eles" manifestadas nas entrevistas pelos funcionários brasileiros e xpatriados. A discussão destas representações e tentativa de análise, por sua vez, é uma nova interpretação, feita pelo autor. Em síntese este trabalho é uma interpretação de interpretações. / This investigation started from an interest to study the intercultural relationships between Brazilian and foreign workers in an automobile multinational company located in the outskirt area of Curitiba. The company chosen to be the setting of the research was Volkswagen/Audi located in São José dos Pinhais. The objective of this investigation was to identify difficulties employees faced in the intercultural relationships and the strategies they used to overcome the problems. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data since this study was designed in a qualitative paradigm. Fifteen Brazilian workers and ten expatriates of the production sector and administrative department were interviewed. The concepts behind this study are the cultural, cultural diversity, intercultural relationships and organizational culture concepts. In order to better understand the representations of the two main groups interviewed - Brazilians and Germans - brief features of the culture and organizational culture of Brazil and Germany were raised. In the results of the research, Brasilian representations weere shown followed by the "expatriates". Afterwards, these representations were analyzed using the concepts which support this study showing similarities and differences of representations of the two groups interviewed concerning their intercultural relationsships in the company. The representations were grouped in blocks and organized in items, the most revealing characteristics of the opinions mentioned by the interviewees were reunited and which meets the objetive of this study. Therefore, in this investigation some general considerations were made, followed by the presentation of the difficulties identified by the employees in the intercultural relationships, and after that, the strategies used by the group to overcomme the problems. Finally, reciprocal representations of "we ant "they", which were found in the interviews of the two groups, were presented. The discussion of these representations and the attempt to analyze them is a new interpretation done by the researcher. In sum, this study is the interpretation of interpretations. / 5000-11-25

A pesquisa estuda a paradiplomacia que envolve atividades de relação e cooperação internacionais protagonizadas por unidades públicas subnacionais. Identifica ações desenvolvidas por governos locais e regionais de várias partes do mundo e, em particular, as atividades paradiplomáticas realizadas pelas cidades de São Paulo, no Brasil, e Montevidéu, no Uruguai. A paradiplomacia em estado federado envolve as atividades protagonizadas pelos Municípios, Estados e Distrito Federal e, em estados unitários, compreendem as efetuadas pelos municípios. Com base no referencial teórico indicado inicialmente, bem como na quantificação dos governos locais latino-americanos, o trabalho desenvolve reflexões sobre a malha territorial do poder local na América Latina e as atividades paradiplomáticas na região. A pesquisa analisa, igualmente, as modalidades de cooperação (intergovernamental/ intragovernamental e horizontal/vertical) protagonizadas pelas interações ocorridas entre governos locais (municípios), governos regionais (Estados) e a União, identificadas no âmbito da gestão das políticas públicas na federação brasileira. Realiza, em seguida, com base nestas experiências, um esforço para identificar como são estão tais cooperações, quando realizadas no âmbito da paradiplomacia. Por fim, realiza um estudo da paradiplomacia em São Paulo e Montevidéu analisando as atividades desenvolvidas do final da década de 1980 até meados da década de 2000, por meio de entrevistas a 12 atores-chaves destas cidades vinculados às práticas paradiplomáticas realizadas. / The research holds as reference the study of the paradiplomacy involving international relations and cooperation activities staged by subnational government units. It identifies actions developed by local and regional governments from around the world, but specifically the paradiplomatic activities undertaken by the cities of São Paulo, Brazil, and Montevideo, Uruguay. The paradiplomacy in federal states involves activities leaded by municipalities, states and the Federal District, and in unitary states, includes those developed by local governments. Based on the theoretical framework initially referred to, as well as on the quantification of local governments in Latin America, this paper provides reflections on the territorial mesh of local authorities in Latin America and the paradiplomatic activities in the region. The research analyzes, to an equal degree, the types of cooperation (intergovernmental / intragovernmental and horizontal / vertical) led by interactions occurring between local governments (municipalities), regional governments (states) and the Union, identified in the management of public policies in the Brazilian federation. Then, based on these experiences, it undertakes an effort to identify how such cooperation is done, when carried out under the paradiplomacy. Finally, it performs a study on the paradiplomacy of Sao Paulo and Montevideo analyzing the activities developed from the late 1980s to the mid 2000s, through a standard questionnaire administered, to 12 key stakeholders from these cities that identify and hold the executed paradiplomatic practices.

A pesquisa estuda a paradiplomacia que envolve atividades de relação e cooperação internacionais protagonizadas por unidades públicas subnacionais. Identifica ações desenvolvidas por governos locais e regionais de várias partes do mundo e, em particular, as atividades paradiplomáticas realizadas pelas cidades de São Paulo, no Brasil, e Montevidéu, no Uruguai. A paradiplomacia em estado federado envolve as atividades protagonizadas pelos Municípios, Estados e Distrito Federal e, em estados unitários, compreendem as efetuadas pelos municípios. Com base no referencial teórico indicado inicialmente, bem como na quantificação dos governos locais latino-americanos, o trabalho desenvolve reflexões sobre a malha territorial do poder local na América Latina e as atividades paradiplomáticas na região. A pesquisa analisa, igualmente, as modalidades de cooperação (intergovernamental/ intragovernamental e horizontal/vertical) protagonizadas pelas interações ocorridas entre governos locais (municípios), governos regionais (Estados) e a União, identificadas no âmbito da gestão das políticas públicas na federação brasileira. Realiza, em seguida, com base nestas experiências, um esforço para identificar como são estão tais cooperações, quando realizadas no âmbito da paradiplomacia. Por fim, realiza um estudo da paradiplomacia em São Paulo e Montevidéu analisando as atividades desenvolvidas do final da década de 1980 até meados da década de 2000, por meio de entrevistas a 12 atores-chaves destas cidades vinculados às práticas paradiplomáticas realizadas. / The research holds as reference the study of the paradiplomacy involving international relations and cooperation activities staged by subnational government units. It identifies actions developed by local and regional governments from around the world, but specifically the paradiplomatic activities undertaken by the cities of São Paulo, Brazil, and Montevideo, Uruguay. The paradiplomacy in federal states involves activities leaded by municipalities, states and the Federal District, and in unitary states, includes those developed by local governments. Based on the theoretical framework initially referred to, as well as on the quantification of local governments in Latin America, this paper provides reflections on the territorial mesh of local authorities in Latin America and the paradiplomatic activities in the region. The research analyzes, to an equal degree, the types of cooperation (intergovernmental / intragovernmental and horizontal / vertical) led by interactions occurring between local governments (municipalities), regional governments (states) and the Union, identified in the management of public policies in the Brazilian federation. Then, based on these experiences, it undertakes an effort to identify how such cooperation is done, when carried out under the paradiplomacy. Finally, it performs a study on the paradiplomacy of Sao Paulo and Montevideo analyzing the activities developed from the late 1980s to the mid 2000s, through a standard questionnaire administered, to 12 key stakeholders from these cities that identify and hold the executed paradiplomatic practices.

L’outre-mer comprend des régions, des pays et des territoires aux statuts divers et au passé hérité en grande partie des grandes puissances européennes, ce qui les a placés dans une communauté d’intérêts avec les Etats auxquels ils sont rattachés mais aussi avec l’Union européenne (UE).Néanmoins, ces régions, pays et territoires n’ont eu cesse de reconstruire entre eux des liens historiques et culturels et de tisser des relations avec l’ensemble de l’outre-mer afin de présenter une cohérence d’ensemble dans leur négociation avec l’Union européenne.Les régions ultrapériphériques appliquent le droit communautaire tandis que les pays et territoires d’outre-mer, situés en dehors du territoire communautaire, connaissent un régime d’association avec l’Union européenne.Le Danemark, l’Espagne, la France, les Pays-Bas, le Portugal et le Royaume-Uni ont procédé aux réformes constitutionnelles autorisant de multiples évolutions statutaires dans le respect du droit à l’autodétermination des populations.Forts d’une évolution statutaire et d’un développement économique et social continu, les régions, pays et territoires d’outre-mer souhaitent maintenant faire valoir leurs droits et défendre leurs intérêts au niveau européen et sur la scène internationale.La globalisation des politiques les incite à se regrouper au sein d’institutions internationales. Le rattachement de ces territoires à des Etats de droit leur a ouvert la voie à des systèmes juridiques bien structurés mais aussi aux valeurs européennes. Leur ultrapériphérité les a placés dans une situation géopolitique qui les a fait accéder aux relations internationales.L’objet de cette thèse est de démontrer l’interdépendance entre ces différents ordres juridiques et l’influence du droit européen et du droit international sur l’évolution statutaire de l’outre-mer vers davantage d’autonomie, mais aussi de responsabilisation et de prise en charge de son développement au moyen d’une implication dans son environnement régional, d’une coopération inter-régionale ou transnationale et d’une participation aux travaux des organisations internationales. / The Overseas regions, countries and territories present various statuses inherited mainly from the major European Powers which placed them in a relationship of a common interest not only with their mother countries but also with the European Union (EU).However, these territories have continuously re-built between them historical and cultural links, and weaved relationship within the entire Overseas to appear as a constituted whole while negotiating with the EU.The outermost regions (OR) apply Community Law while the Overseas Countries and territories (OCT) situated outside the territory of the Community, have Association Arrangements with the EU.Denmark, France, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom have proceeded to necessary constitutional reforms to allow numerous articles amendments in respect of right to self-determination of peoples.At the light of statutory amendments and of a continuous economic and social development, the Outermost regions (OR) and the Overseas Countries and Territories (OCT), now wish to assert their rights and to defend their interests at European and International level.Globalisation of policies encourages OR and OCT to gather within International bodies. The rule of law of the related countries opens them to well-structured legal systems and to European values. The outermost geopolitical localisation makes them to have access to international relations.The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate the interdependence between these different legal systems and the impact of European and International Law on the statutory amendments of the Overseas towards more autonomy, but also liabilities and involvement on their own development by using their regional environment, inter-regional and transnational cooperation and taking part at the works of international organisations.

La coopération internationale est inscrite sur l’acte constitutif de l’Organisation des Nations Unies du 26 juin 1945. Moyen d’échange et de dialogue entre acteurs internationaux, son objectif a été de trouver des solutions aux difficultés économiques, sociales, culturelles et sécuritaires de l’après-guerre pour sauvegarder la paix du monde. Elle s’est considérablement développée, allant de la forme bilatérale à celle multilatérale, dans tous les domaines et sur tous les continents. Parmi ses nombreux cadres d’échanges, le dispositif français de coopération, avec son assistance technique spécialisée dans tous les domaines, demeure une référence certaine. Il s’est déployé à travers une stratégie de géopolitique internationale où domaines militaire en plus grand et sportif en plus petit en constituent un des traits caractéristiques. La coopération française et internationale ont été un accompagnement décisif pour le continent africain après les indépendances, mais aussi un important moyen stratégique d’influence pendant la Guerre Froide. Le sport et la coopération sportive y joueront leur partition. Pour les Américains, Français, Anglais, Soviétiques et leurs partenaires respectifs, la coopération a été très efficace et a permis de sauvegarder leurs intérêts sur le continent africain. Elle demeure encore aujourd’hui un important moyen de pression sur la scène africaine, influant souvent sur les résultats des échanges et l’efficacité des actions de coopération. Finalement, c’est une coopération internationale de 1960 à 2010, avec ses réussites et ses échecs, d’une taille parfois limitée mais qui reste un moyen de dialogue pour le monde et surtout pour le continent africain engagé sur le difficile chemin de la démocratie. C’est par une approche théorique libérale et une méthode qualitative que cette recherche a été réalisée, sur le principal terrain du Burkina Faso avec ses particularités sociales et son histoire, qui constituent une grille de lecture idéale. / International cooperation is listed on the Constitution of the United Nations of 26 June 1945. Itsobjective is to find solutions to difficult economic, social, cultural, security, post-war to savepeace. It has expanded from the multilateral to the bilateral form, covering all areas of activitieson all continents, including Africa in the 1960s with its plurality of actors. The Cold War, whichwill keep the world on guard until 1991, will make this cooperation an important strategy for itsactors, whom, on behalf of their interests and preferences, will use it at will by putting all theirinfluence. Thus the African scene, during the Cold War up to the present day, will be thepreferred place of influence on cooperation. French cooperation will promote its linguistic spacebefore deploying across the continent, in a geopolitical strategy with the Ministry of InternationalCooperation in 1961, and later the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as the institutional base. In thisspace of the French technical assistance, the largest military matters remained with the sport inperfect minnows. The actions also cover other areas, economic, political, social, includingBurkina Faso, the main research field and a good example in terms of Africa. This research dealswith the French cooperation in its original sport. On a liberal approach theoretical framework andmethodology to qualitative data, it analyzes the evolution of African international cooperationfrom 1960 to 2010. Its results provide a picture of African cooperation shifted from bilateral tomultilateral with some complementarity. Cooperation actions are limited by international andlocal interests with their influences constant, the successes and failures. Finally it is a continentwith its economic difficulties, social, political, democratic learning difficult, but a human willpresent well to its growth and progress.

[pt] Esta dissertação trata do processo de construção social da norma internacional, na área de segurança química. Partiu- se de uma realidade local --- a ocorrência de um acidente industrial ampliado --- e de seus impactos sobre o ambiente internacional. Nesse sentido, foi fundamental perceber aquela realidade local como um fato social, construído por meio de uma conscientização ambiental ou anuência coletiva mais ampla. Daquele processo de construção social, aliás, faz parte a constituição dessa consciência coletiva quanto às ameaças ambientais, fortalecida politicamente pelo aval da comunidade de Nações, quando das Conferências de Estocolmo (1972) e do Rio de Janeiro (1992). Por isso, seguindo parâmetros teóricos construtivistas, optou-se pela análise da forma como se deu o processo de construção ideacional e normativa mais abrangente, em matéria ambiental, nas relações internacionais contemporâneas; para, posteriormente, abordar a construção social do acidente e da norma gerada, parte daquele processo. Quanto à organização e à mobilização da sociedade civil, bem como quanto à influência dessa mobilização sobre os Estados, atribuiu-se destaque especial aos agentes de propagação de idéias, referidas à proteção ambiental e à segurança química, bem como a suas plataformas organizacionais. Para tanto, dada sua relevância social e empírica, escolheu- se, como objeto de estudo, o acidente industrial ampliado, ocorrido em 1984, na cidade de Bhopal, Índia; e a Convenção 174 da Organização Internacional do Trabalho para a prevenção de acidentes industriais ampliados. / [en] This paperwork deals with the social construction process of the international norm in the chemical safety realm. The point of departure was a local reality -- the occurrence of a major industrial accident --- and its impacts on the international environment. The perception of that reality as a social fact, constructed from a wider environmental awareness or collective acquiescence, was essential. The constitution of that collective awareness is part of the referred social construction process and was politically strengthened by the international community when it assembled in the Stockholm Convention (1972) and the Rio Convention (1992). Following certain constructivist theoretical parameters, the wider ideational and normative scenario, related to environmental questions in the contemporary international relations, was first analysed. Afterwards, the focus was directed towards the social construction of the accident and the norm negotiated. In relation to the civil society organisation and mobilisation, as well as to its influence on state behaviour, it was given emphasis on the role of agents of environmental protection and chemical safety ideas and its organisational platforms. As per its social and empirical importance, it was chosen as object of analysis the major industrial accident, occurred in 1984, in Bhopal, India, and the Convention 174 of the International Labour Organization concerning the Prevention of Major Industrial Accidents.