La schizophrénie s’accompagne de troubles de mémoire limitant les possibilités d’insertion socio-professionnelle des patients en souffrant. La métamémoire concerne un savoir sur son propre savoir. L’objectif de cette thèse était d’explorer les théories et méthodes de la métamémoire pour y rechercher des possibilités d’améliorer les performances de mémoire des patients souffrant de schizophrénie. Dans un protocole prenant en compte les aspects de contrôle personnel lors de la récupération mnésique, nous avons montré que les patients peuvent atteindre des performances de mémoire comparables à celles des témoins lorsqu’ils sont guidés par les processus de la métamémoire (évaluation et contrôle), alors que leurs performances spontanées étaient déficitaires. Notre étude pilote portant sur l’exploration du potentiel mnésique du jugement d’apprentissage métamnésique a produit des résultats prometteurs. Cette stratégie semble être plus efficace que la stratégie la plus habituellement utilisée malgré sa faible efficacité, celle consistant à réapprendre les items. Nos résultats permettent d’entrevoir l’utilité de mémoire dans la schizophrénie. / Schizophrenia is accompanied by a wide range of cognitive difficulties which highly limit social and professional integration of patients suffering from it. Metamemory can be referred as knowledge about its own knowledge. The aim of this thesis was to explore theories and methods of metamemory which could be relevant in improving patients’ memory performances. In a study devoted to study personal control over memory reporting, our results have shown that patients can achieve comparable memory performances as control subjects while guided through metamemory processes (monitoring and control), where as their performance were spontaneously deficient. Our pilot study exploring the mnemonic potential of metamemory judgment of learning generated promising results. This strategy seems to be more efficient than the most commonly implemented but not very efficient learning strategy, relearning of to be learned items. Our results allow us to presume the utility of metamemory to enhance memory performances in schizophrenia.

Les digues de protection contre les inondations sont d’une importance stratégique incontournable pour la sécurité des personnes et des biens. Une meilleure connaissance de leur fiabilité structurelle constitue un enjeu majeur pour les ingénieurs et pour les gestionnaires de ces ouvrages afin de répondre aux réglementations en vigueur et potentiellement les faire évoluer. La réglementation en France relative à la sûreté des ouvrages hydrauliques exige la réalisation d’études de dangers, au sein desquelles les démarches probabilistes d’évaluation de la sécurité prennent une place de plus en plus importante. De par la complexité de leurs mécanismes de rupture et l’absence de condition d’état-limite précis pour certains mécanismes de défaillance tels que l’érosion interne, la surverse ou l’affouillement, le calcul d’une probabilité de défaillance par des approches quantitatives demeure à ce jour impossible. Les digues induisent des problématiques particulières pour l’évaluation de leur fiabilité structurelle où l’intervention d’experts s’avère nécessaire et centrale. Ceux-ci doivent procéder à l’interprétation des données disponibles et la prise en compte de leurs incertitudes, pour pouvoir ensuite évaluer la fiabilité structurelle de digues en termes de probabilité de défaillance. L’objectif de la thèse est l’élaboration d’une démarche complète d’aide à l’évaluation probabiliste de la fiabilité structurelle des digues à partir du jugement expert. Une démarche scientifiquement justifiée pour le recueil et l’exploitation des évaluations expertes, incertaines mais quantitatives, de la fiabilité structurelle des ouvrages, sous la forme d’une probabilité de défaillance ou d’un coefficient de sécurité, assorti(e) d’une marge d’incertitude probabiliste. Afin de répondre à cet objectif, deux démarches ont été développée, « EiCAD » et « EiDA », toutes reposant (dans des ordres différents) sur les phases suivantes :- Une phase d’élicitation individuelle des avis experts (Ei) permettant le recueil des évaluations expertes probabilistes par la construction d’un formulaire de questionnement ;- Une phase de calibration (C) permettant de pondérer les évaluations expertes en fonction des degrés de précision et de justesse ;- Une phase d’agrégation (A) permettant une prise en compte simultanée de plusieurs évaluations expertes probabilistes ;- Une phase de débiaisage (D) permettant de traiter les biais susceptibles d’entacher les évaluations expertes probabilistes. Les démarches développées ont été mises en œuvre sur des cas de digues du Drac, dans l’agglomération grenobloise, pour évaluer la probabilité de défaillance, par jugement expert, vis-à-vis de mécanisme de rupture par glissement et par érosion interne / River levees as protective measures against flooding are a matter of utmost strategic importance for the security of people and property. A better knowledge of their structural reliability is a major challenge for engineers and managers of these structures in order to meet current regulations and potentially develop them. In France, the regulations relating to the safety of hydraulic structures require the realization of hazard studies, in which probabilistic safety evaluation procedures take on a more and more important role. Due to the complexity of their failure mechanisms and the lack of a specific condition of limit-state for some failure mechanisms such as internal erosion and overtopping or scour, calculating a probability of failure by quantitative approaches remains impossible to this day. Levees induce specific problems in evaluating their structural reliability where expert intervention is necessary and pivotal. They must interpret the available data and take into account the uncertainties in their analysis, in order to evaluate the structural reliability of levees in terms of probability of failure. The aim of the thesis is to develop and elaborate a complete approach for supporting probabilistic evaluation of structural reliability of levees based on expert judgments. It is designed as a scientifically justified approach to collect and use uncertain but quantitative expert evaluations of structural reliability, in the form of a failure probability or a safety factor, accompanied by a margin of probabilistic uncertainty. To meet this goal, two approaches have been developed, "EiCAD" and "EiDA" composed of the following phases (in different orders):- individual elicitation phase of expert judgment (Ei) allowing the collection of probabilistic expert evaluations by a constricted questionnaire ;- calibration phase (C) to weigh the probabilistic expert evaluations elicited depending on the degrees of precision and accuracy that can be provided;- aggregation phase (A) during which the probabilistic expert evaluations elicited by several experts are taken into account ;- debiasing phase (D) during which biases that may affect the probabilistic expert evaluations are removed. The developed approaches have been implemented for the cases of Drac levees, located in the Grenoble agglomeration, to assess the probability of failure, by expert judgment, with regard to sliding and internal erosion mechanism of failure

Genom åren har det skett en rad företagsskandaler som kopplats samman med brister i revisionen. För att undvika liknande skandaler i framtiden har ökade krav i lagstiftning och uppdatering av standarder för revisionsarbete införts. Med hjälp av regelbundna kontroller ska revisionen hålla hög kvalitet och brister ska upptäckas tidigare. Tidigare forskning har visat att det ofta är i revisionsdokumentationen som brister förekommer.Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka revisorers uppfattningar om vilka faktorer som orsakar att brister uppstår i revisionsdokumentationen. För att uppfylla syftet har intervjuer gjorts med tio revisorer som arbetar på olika revisionsbyråer i Skåne. Det teoretiska ramverket presenteras i en figur som visar min tolkning av hur olika faktorer påverkar revisionsdokumentationen.Slutsatsen av studien visar att revisorns uppfattningar om regleringen, revisorns yrkesroll och revisionsbyrån är faktorer som kan medföra att brister uppstår i revisionsdokumentationen, vilket många gånger kan relateras till tidsbrist hos revisorn. Det moment i revisionsprocessen som rör bedömningar om vad som är väsentlig information kan även medföra brister i revisionsdokumentationen. Detta eftersom revisorer kan tolka och bedöma olika, vilket avspeglar sig i vilken information varje revisor anser vara väsentlig information att ta med i revisionsdokumentationen. Detta kan sin tur leda till att alla revisorer inte får med vad som krävs enligt lag och standard.Som förslag på framtida forskning ska en undersökning göras på hur många uppdrag som är optimalt för en revisor att revidera per år. / Over the years there have been several corporate scandals, which have been linked to shortcomings in the auditing. In order to avoid similar scandals in the future, increased requirements for law and standards have been introduced. With the help of regular quality controls, the audit should maintain high quality and shortcomings should be discovered earlier. Previous research shows that it is often in the audit documentation that deficiencies occur.The purpose of this paper is to identify factors that cause shortcomings in the audit documentation. In order to fulfil the purpose of the paper, interviews have been conducted with ten auditors from various audit firms in Skåne. The theoretical framework is based on a model that shows my understanding of how different factors affect the audit documentation.The conclusion of the study shows that the auditor's perceptions of the regulation, the auditor’s professional role and the audit firm structure are factors that may cause shortcomings in the audit documentation, which can often be related to the lack of time in the process of auditing. The moment in the audit process regarding assessments of essential information may cause shortcomings in the audit documentation. This is because auditors can interpret and assess differently, which reflects what information each auditor considers to be essential information to include in the audit documentation. This in turn can lead to the fact that all auditors do not include what law and standard require.As a proposal for future research, a study should be made in order to determine how many assignments are optimal for an auditor to audit per year, with regards to the time aspect in relation to the documentation requirements.

Probably the fundamental issue about the relation between art and beauty in the Critique of the Power of Judgment, of 1790, is the difficulty to recognize an object as a work of art (across a concept of art) and the judgment of taste, which when considered as pure cannot possess concepts that determine the object. Nevertheless, there does not seem to be another experience such as the experience of beauty for the recognition of beautiful artwork. Thus, it becomes necessary to explore the points of convergence between a production oriented to ends and the production of a beautiful object, considering, despite what has just been said, that the "concept" of work of art is different from any concept that could be considered to be an end of an intentional act. Along this dissertation we propose to explore the relations between the practice of genius and taste, as regulators of the artistic production, recognition and valuation of the works of art. We will consider for it, the possible rules of the genius, trying to isolate the formal and content aspects of the object. With this intention, we will depart from the classification of the works of art as forms of expressiveness, similar to the language, trying to show the weaknesses of any classic aesthetic norm in the establishment of rules of connection between forms and contents. Nevertheless, also we will evaluate the emphasis of Kant himself in supporting identifiable connections between the objects considered as works of art, specially the formal aspects of the same ones. From the previous analysis we will be forced to evaluate the relationship between beautiful art and nature. The failure of the arbitrariness, as a way for establish the artistic beauty in the assimilation to a form of language , leads us to recovering the theory of natural beauty, trying to find the points of contact between beauty and aesthetic the experience of art. Therefore, we will evaluate the consequences of the Kantian theory of art in relation to the aesthetic experience of the "Analytic of the Beauty ", distinguishing the difficulties that Kant might have had in mind when he developed his philosophy of art. The fundamental aim of this tour across Kant's text is the possibility of evaluating the current importance of the Kantian aesthetics, linking the exegesis of the text with two fundamental elements of the contemporary debate in philosophy of art: definition (or recognition) and valuation. We try to show that the aspects considered by Kant as necessary to support this balance (originality, relation between artists and public across the work, place of the work em the society, pleasure of the aesthetic experience, artistic tradition), still are relevant for the current debate in aesthetics and reflective human action. / Provavelmente o principal problema da relação entre arte e beleza na Crítica da Faculdade de Julgar, de 1790, esteja na necessidade de reconhecer um objeto como obra de arte (através de um conceito de arte) e o juízo de gosto, que, considerado puro, não pode ter conceitos que determinem o objeto. Porém, não parece haver outra experiência além da experiência de beleza para o reconhecimento da obra de arte bela. Assim, faz-se necessário explorar os pontos de convergência entre uma produção orientada a fins e a produção de um objeto belo, considerando, contudo, que o conceito de obra de arte é diferente de qualquer conceito que possa ser colocado como fim de um ato intencional. No percurso do trabalho nos propomos a explorar as relações entre a prática do gênio e o gosto como regulador da produção artística e do reconhecimento e valoração das obras de arte. Consideraremos para isso as possíveis regras do gênio, tentando isolar os aspectos formais e os aspectos de conteúdo do objeto. Neste intento, partiremos da classificação das obras de arte como formas de expressividade, semelhantes à linguagem, visando mostrar as fraquezas de qualquer norma estética clássica no estabelecimento de regras de conexão entre formas e conteúdos. Porém, também avaliaremos a ênfase do próprio Kant em manter conexões identificáveis entre os objetos considerados obras de arte, sobretudo os aspectos formais dos mesmos. A partir da análise anterior estaremos obrigados a avaliar a relação entre arte bela e natureza. O fracasso da arbitrariedade, como forma de estabelecimento do belo artístico enquanto assimilação a uma forma de linguagem nos leva a recuperar a teoria da beleza natural, visando encontrar os pontos de contato entre beleza e experiência estética da arte. Destarte, avaliaremos as conseqüências que temos da teoria kantiana da arte em relação à experiência estética da Analítica do Belo , destacando as dificuldades de que o próprio Kant poderia ter sido consciente ao desenvolver sua filosofia da arte. O alvo fundamental deste percurso através do texto de Kant se encontra na possibilidade de avaliar a atualidade da estética kantiana, vinculando à exegese do texto dois elementos fundamentais do debate contemporâneo em filosofia da arte: definição (ou reconhecimento) e valoração. Pretendemos mostrar que os aspectos considerados por Kant como necessários para manter este equilíbrio (originalidade, relação entre artistas e público a través da obra, lugar da obra na sociedade, prazer da experiência estética, tradição artística), ainda são relevantes para o debate atual no que diz respeito à estética e ao agir humano reflexivo.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-06-09Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:51:44Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 franco_jcsm_me_fran.pdf: 491026 bytes, checksum: 63fc2583e2220de231571ea42bb8dcdb (MD5) / O presente trabalho realiza uma abordagem geral sobre o candente tema da compensação das ofensas havidas ao patrimônio imaterial de qualquer pessoa, identificando, em um momento inicial, o que realmente pode ser considerado como dano moral indenizável, pois muitos pretendem a extensão do conceito para toda e qualquer sensação de dissabor ou desconforto, as quais, muitas vezes, fazem parte das simples vicissitudes da vida e por isso mesmo devem ser suportadas sem maiores reflexos no campo da responsabilidade civil. Justifica-se, a seguir, a necessidade de reparação do dano moral e analisam-se as suas características informadoras (compensatória e ressarcitória), que devem ser levadas em conta para a quantificação correspondente. Na seqüência, o estudo se prende a uma verificação detalhada sobre os sujeitos do direito à reparação do dano moral, fazendo um percurso que se inicia na pessoa natural, passa pela pessoa jurídica e chega até à coletividade, debruçando-se, também, sobre a possibilidade de sua transmissão para terceiros e as circunstâncias em que isso poderia se verificar. Ato contínuo, a pesquisa avança sobre o ponto principal de toda a problemática que envolve o dano moral, qual seja, a mensuração do montante indenizatório e lança luzes sobre os sistemas norteadores existentes (aberto, fechado e híbrido), colocando-os em cena para uma dissecação detalhada e individualizada, para depois indicar uma quarta vertente que se mostra mais apropriada e justa, que seria a da mera regulação, única capaz de permitir a escorreita quantificação do prejuízo moral em cada caso concreto. Por fim, a pesquisa acaba se espraiando em questões processuais que têm se mostrado relevantes no campo das demandas que envolvem a compensação do dano moral, onde são apontadas as principais correntes doutrinárias e jurisprudenciais. A contribuição... / This work holds a general approach on the burning issue of compensation for harm held the intangible assets of any person, identifying, in an initial moment, what can be regarded as injury compensation, as many want to extend the concept to all and any sense of disorder or discomfort, which often are part of simple vicissitudes of life and therefore should be supported without major repercussions in the field of civil liability. It is, then the necessity to repair the damage to morale and analyze their characteristics of creation (compensatory and refund), which must be taken into account for the corresponding amount. Following, the study has to do a detailed check on the subject of the right to repair the moral, making a journey that begins in the natural person is through legal and reaches the community, and will focus also on the possibility of its transmission to others and the circumstances in which this could take place. Act continued, the search moves on the key point of the whole issue involving the moral, which is the measurement of the amount compensatory and casts light on the existing guiding systems (open, closed and hybrid) and putting them into play for a detailed dissection and individualized, and then indicate a fourth area that is most appropriate and fair, which would be the mere regulation, only able to allow the accurate quantification of damage morale in each case. Finally, the search has just been spread on procedural issues that have been shown in the relevant field of the complaints involving the compensation of moral damage, which are outlined the main current doctrinal and jurisprudential. The scientific contribution which seeks to bring forth from this work is the elucidation of the most controversial remaining on the moral, and the daring to want to allay the doubts and uncertainties that have just encouraging real industry of inappropriate or abusive litigation.

Orientador: Geraldo José Guimarães da Silva / Banca: Euclides Celso Berardo / Banca: Artur Marques da Silva Filho / Resumo: O presente trabalho realiza uma abordagem geral sobre o candente tema da compensação das ofensas havidas ao patrimônio imaterial de qualquer pessoa, identificando, em um momento inicial, o que realmente pode ser considerado como dano moral indenizável, pois muitos pretendem a extensão do conceito para toda e qualquer sensação de dissabor ou desconforto, as quais, muitas vezes, fazem parte das simples vicissitudes da vida e por isso mesmo devem ser suportadas sem maiores reflexos no campo da responsabilidade civil. Justifica-se, a seguir, a necessidade de reparação do dano moral e analisam-se as suas características informadoras (compensatória e ressarcitória), que devem ser levadas em conta para a quantificação correspondente. Na seqüência, o estudo se prende a uma verificação detalhada sobre os sujeitos do direito à reparação do dano moral, fazendo um percurso que se inicia na pessoa natural, passa pela pessoa jurídica e chega até à coletividade, debruçando-se, também, sobre a possibilidade de sua transmissão para terceiros e as circunstâncias em que isso poderia se verificar. Ato contínuo, a pesquisa avança sobre o ponto principal de toda a problemática que envolve o dano moral, qual seja, a mensuração do montante indenizatório e lança luzes sobre os sistemas norteadores existentes (aberto, fechado e híbrido), colocando-os em cena para uma dissecação detalhada e individualizada, para depois indicar uma quarta vertente que se mostra mais apropriada e justa, que seria a da mera regulação, única capaz de permitir a escorreita quantificação do prejuízo moral em cada caso concreto. Por fim, a pesquisa acaba se espraiando em questões processuais que têm se mostrado relevantes no campo das demandas que envolvem a compensação do dano moral, onde são apontadas as principais correntes doutrinárias e jurisprudenciais. A contribuição... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso abaixo) / Abstract: This work holds a general approach on the burning issue of compensation for harm held the intangible assets of any person, identifying, in an initial moment, what can be regarded as injury compensation, as many want to extend the concept to all and any sense of disorder or discomfort, which often are part of simple vicissitudes of life and therefore should be supported without major repercussions in the field of civil liability. It is, then the necessity to repair the damage to morale and analyze their characteristics of creation (compensatory and refund), which must be taken into account for the corresponding amount. Following, the study has to do a detailed check on the subject of the right to repair the moral, making a journey that begins in the natural person is through legal and reaches the community, and will focus also on the possibility of its transmission to others and the circumstances in which this could take place. Act continued, the search moves on the key point of the whole issue involving the moral, which is the measurement of the amount compensatory and casts light on the existing guiding systems (open, closed and hybrid) and putting them into play for a detailed dissection and individualized, and then indicate a fourth area that is most appropriate and fair, which would be the mere regulation, only able to allow the accurate quantification of damage morale in each case. Finally, the search has just been spread on procedural issues that have been shown in the relevant field of the complaints involving the compensation of moral damage, which are outlined the main current doctrinal and jurisprudential. The scientific contribution which seeks to bring forth from this work is the elucidation of the most controversial remaining on the moral, and the daring to want to allay the doubts and uncertainties that have just encouraging real industry of inappropriate or abusive litigation. / Mestre

A dissertação Sobre as verdades da ficção propõe um debate a respeito da relação entre os conceitos de ficção e real. Busca-se a defesa da hipótese de que a reavaliação desses termos contemporaneamente permite fortalecer a arte enquanto importante elemento formador da cultura. Para isso, constrói-se um caminho teórico que garante a base para uma análise crítica das dinâmicas da literatura brasileira contemporânea, fundada em regras que possibilitem a verificação de sua validade mas não em conceitos que limitem os horizontes de sua recepção. O caminho percorrido começa na análise do sujeito como conceito teórico fundamental para se pensar a linguagem e a construção de conhecimento. A literatura envolve diversas possibilidades de manifestação subjetiva, dentre as quais a construção da linguagem e do conhecimento que determinam a forma como lidamos com o mundo e como o construímos a partir das leituras que fazemos dele. Ao determinar-se o sujeito, se desenvolverá a importância e a evolução do conceito de ficção na construção literária e como a análise dos atos que a envolvem permite associá-la ao conceito de verdade e situá-la num quadro de valores que possibilita o livre movimento da criatividade mas mantém o objeto de arte inserido contextualmente. São analisadas três obras literárias brasileiras contemporâneas relevantes para o desenvolvimento teórico que se pretende: o romance Budapeste, de Chico Buarque; e o romance-teatro A tragédia brasileira e o conto O Monstro, ambos de Sérgio SantAnna. Cada uma das narrativas possibilita o desdobramento teórico das relações entre ficção e real através da análise das subjetividades presentes no texto, enquanto discurso, e no contexto de sua enunciação / The dissertation About fictions truths proposes a discussion about the relation between fiction and real theoretical concepts. The defense of the hypotheses that contemporary revaluation of those terms allows to strength the art as an important culture foundation element is aimed. For this, a theoretical path is built to guarantee the bases for a critical analyses of the contemporary Brazilian literature, based on rules that aloud its own validity verification system instead of on concepts that limits its reception horizon. The path begins on subject analyses as a fundamental theoretical concept for the study of the language and the knowledge construction. Literature aloud many possibilities of subjective manifestation, as the construction of languages and knowledge that imposes the way as we deal with the world and how we build it following the interpretation that we do about it. As the subject is constructed, the importance and the evolution of fictions concept in the literary construction is developed, and once that the analyses of its acts, aloud to associate it to the truth concept and insert it into a valuations frame system that allows the free creativitys movement but maintain the art object inside a context. Three relevant Brazilian contemporary literary works are analyzed in the dissertations ending: the romance Budapeste, by Chico Buarque; e o romance-theater A tragédia brasileira and the narrative O Monstro, both by Sérgio SantAnna. Each one of the stories allows to deep the complexity of relations between fiction and real beyond the text subjectivities analyses

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:16:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1383308 bytes, checksum: 500cb4671d2745cbb4da5d7e8c4c20ab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Since the late 1980s until the 2010s, Brazil experienced political, economical and educational transformations that modified the relationships between individual and society. In the political, the country emerged from dictatorship, and achieved the political stability lived today. In the economical, the country faced crisis that foster the creation of new currencies, until reached the economical stability with Real in the mid-1990s. In the educational, the country has gone through transformations in the structure of basic and higher education with the implementation of the law of Guidelines and Bases of National Education and the National Curriculum, and the policy of expanding the higher education. Given these chances in the socio environment of Brazil, and based in the Kohlberg s Theory of Moral Development (Kohlberg, 1984), who defines moral as justice thoughts, a study was designed with the propose of verify if there were changes in the quality of moral judgment of young adults from 1988/1989 and 2011, and of adolescents from 1996 and 2011. This research involves the participation of 210 young adults, age range 17 and 32 years, students from a public university, and 222 adolescents, age range 14 and 17 years, students of private schools, all of the city of João Pessoa. The Defining Issues Test DIT (Rest et al., 1974) was used as instrument. The results showed that in the years of 1988/1989, the young adults showed post-conventional moral judgment, with predominant use of the stage 5, whereas the young adults in the year of 2011 showed conventional moral judgment, with predominant use of stage 4. Both the adolescents of 1996 and the adolescents of 2011 showed conventional moral thought, with predominant use of stage 4. The results for adolescents confirm the theoretical assumptions about the level of development planned for this phase, and they corroborate various empirical studies, indicating also that the different sociopolitical and economic situations did not affect the predominant moral judgments for adolescents. The results for young adults indicate that the development of these young people, in 2011, is below of the predicted level, taking into consideration the theoretical approach and the data of young adults in 1988/1989. Therefore, we can infer that the young adults in 2011 were affected by current economic and socio-political conjunctures. Thus it is assumed that the instability of the economic and sociopolitical conjunctures in 1988/1989, that was marked by popular participation in social movements directed to the preservation of the common good, may have favored the development of post-conventional moral judgments. It is assumed also that the stability of the current economic and socio-political conjunctures, but marked by issues such as disclosure of corruption in the political sphere, violence in society, and the competition in the labor market, and precariousness of basic services to society, may have favored the development of conventional moral judgment, aimed at preserving the law as a way to maintain social order. / Desde o final da década de 1980 até a década de 2010, o Brasil passou por transformações políticas, econômicas e educacionais que modificaram as relações entre indivíduo e sociedade. No âmbito político, o país saiu do regime ditatorial, passou por um processo de redemocratização e atingiu a estabilidade política vivida na atualidade. No âmbito econômico o país enfrentou crises que provocaram a criação de novas moedas até que atingiu estabilidade com o Real em meados da década de 1990. No âmbito educacional, o país passou por transformações na estrutura do ensino básico e superior com a implementação da Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional e dos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais, e com a política de expansão do ensino superior. Diante dessas mudanças na conjuntura social do Brasil, e tendo como base a teoria do desenvolvimento moral de Kohlberg (1984), que define moral como pensamentos de justiça, elaborou-se um estudo com o objetivo de verificar se ocorreram mudanças na qualidade do julgamento moral de jovens adultos dos anos de 1988/1989 e 2011 e de adolescentes dos anos de 1996 e 2011. Essa investigação contou com a participação de 210 jovens adultos, de 17 a 32 anos, alunos de uma universidade pública, e de 222 adolescentes, de 14 a 17 anos, alunos de escolas da rede privada, todos da cidade de João Pessoa. Como instrumento utilizou-se o Defining Issues Test DIT (Rest et al., 1974). Os resultados mostram que em 1988/1989 os jovens adultos apresentaram julgamento moral pós-convencional, com predominância do uso do estágio 5, enquanto que os jovens adultos de 2011 apresentaram julgamento moral convencional, com predominância do uso do estágio 4. Tanto os adolescentes do ano de 1996, como os adolescentes do ano de 2011, apresentaram julgamento moral convencional, com predomínio do uso do estágio 4. Os resultados encontrados nos adolescentes confirmam as suposições teóricas sobre o nível de desenvolvimento previsto para essa fase e corroboram vários trabalhos empíricos, indicando, além disso, que as diferentes conjunturas sociopolíticas e econômicas não afetaram os julgamentos morais predominantes dos adolescentes. Já os resultados encontrados para os jovens adultos indicam que o desenvolvimento destes jovens, para o ano de 2011, está abaixo do nível previsto, tendo em consideração o aporte teórico utilizado e os dados dos jovens adultos dos anos de 1988/1989. Portanto, é possível inferir que os jovens adultos do ano de 2011 foram afetados pelas conjunturas sociopolíticas e econômicas atuais. Assim, presume-se que uma conjuntura social instável política e economicamente, e marcada pela participação popular em movimentos sociais voltados para a preservação do bem comum, pode ter favorecido ao desenvolvimento de julgamentos morais pós-convencionais. Assume-se também que uma conjuntura social estável política e economicamente, mas marcada por questões como a divulgação da corrupção nas esferas políticas, a violência na sociedade, a concorrência no mercado de trabalho e precariedade dos serviços básicos oferecidos à sociedade, pode ter favorecido ao desenvolvimento de julgamentos morais convencionais, voltados para a preservação das leis como forma de manter a ordem social.

Si le bon sens est fréquemment invoqué au cœur des préoccupations organisationnelles, il n’existe pas de théorie du bon sens en sciences de gestion. Nous avons, grâce aux travaux de Bourdieu (1980), exploré le bon sens comme un concept dyadique, comprenant deux dimensions, le sens commun et le sens pratique. Diverses perspectives dépendant de l’importance relative qui est accordée à chacune de ses deux dimensions, montrent que le bon sens est multiple. Il est une dynamique qui articule ensemble le sens commun, attaché au jugement, et le sens pratique, attaché à la réflexivité. Afin de comprendre les mécanismes fondamentaux du bon sens dans l’organisation, nous avons conduit une étude en trois phases, inductive, longitudinale, d’un cas paradigmatique.La dynamique du bon sens dans l’organisation résulte de la combinaison et de l’interaction entre la constitution du jugement et la culture de la réflexivité. Nos travaux montrent que le bon sens repose sur une l’alternance entre différents états, ouvert, fermé, en cours d’ouverture et en cours de fermeture, favorisant ainsi une « respiration » entre la constitution d’un jugement avec une culture de la réflexivité. Le bon sens peut être pleinement un outil de gestion, à condition d’être prévu et reconnu, pour une vie organisationnelle qui n’est jamais totalement accomplie. / While common sense is frequently cited as a core organizational concern, there is no common-sense theory in management science. Thanks to the work of Bourdieu (1980), we have explored common sense as a dyadic concept, comprising two dimensions, common sense and practical sense. Various perspectives depending on the relative importance given to each of its two dimensions show that common sense is multiple. It is a dynamic which articulates together common sense, attached to judgment, and practical sense, attached to reflexivity.To understand the fundamental mechanisms of common sense in organization, we conducted a three-phase, inductive, longitudinal study of a paradigmatic case.The dynamics of common sense in organization results from the combination and interaction between the constitution of judgment and the culture of reflexivity. Our work shows that common sense is based on an alternation between different states, open, closed, opening and closing, thus promoting a "breathing" between the constitution of a judgment and a culture of reflexivity. Common sense can be fully a management tool, provided it is planned and recognized, for an organizational life that is never fully accomplished.

Cette thèse a pour but d’aller « à la racine » de la théorie de la valeur sociale (Beauvois & Dubois, 2009) stipulant que les adjectifs de personnalité ont pour fonction d’évaluer les agents sociaux. Nous montrons que les personnes sont évaluées sur ces adjectifs en fonction de l’utilité économique de leurs professions ou des conséquences économiques de leurs comportements, bien indépendamment de leurs qualités psychologiques. Nos travaux ont d’abord permis (études 1 à 4) d’appuyer l’intérêt de dégager trois registres de traits de personnalité (effort, compétence et aisance) qui évaluent trois niveaux distincts d’utilité. Nos études 5 à 8 précisent que la présence ou non d’objectifs économiques détermine le registre le plus utile pour juger la valeur sociale des personnes. L’aisance est décisive si les situations sont imprégnées d’objectifs économiques comme c’est le cas en entreprise. C’est sur ce modèle que les gens jugent par défaut. Dans les contextes où ces objectifs sont nettement absents, l’aisance est moins décisive que les autres registres. Une autre série d’études (9 et 10) montre que la simple connaissance des retombées économiques d’une réussite ou d’un échec, mêmes si ces retombées ne concernent pas directement l’auteur de la performance, a des effets sur la description qu’il fait de lui-même. Enfin, les dernières études (11 à 13) ont montré que les enjeux économiques impactent de nombreux phénomènes psychologiques (estime de soi, perception du caractère figé des traits et motivation scolaire). Finalement, nos travaux mettent en évidence l’intérêt de la prise en compte des objectifs économiques dans l’étude du jugement social. / Our aim was to go "at the root" of the theory of social value (Beauvois & Dubois, 2009) stipulating that the adjectives of personality have the function of evaluating social agents. We show that people are evaluated on these adjectives according to the economic utility of their professions or the economic consequences of their behavior, regardless of their psychological qualities. Our work has first allowed (studies 1 to 4) to support the interest of identifying three registers of personality traits (effort, competence and agency) that evaluate three distinct levels of utility. Our studies 5 to 8 specify that the presence or absence of economic objectives determines the most useful register to judge the social value of people. Agency is decisive if the situations are imbued with economic objectives as is the case in company. It is on this model that people judge by default. In contexts where these objectives are clearly absent, agency is less decisive than the other registers. Another series of studies (9 and 10) shows that the mere knowledge of the economic benefits of a success or a failure, even if these effects do not directly concern the author of the performance, has effects on the description that he makes of himself. Finally, the latest studies (11 to 13) have shown that economic issues impact many psychological phenomena (self-esteem, perception of the fixed character of the traits and academic motivation). Finally, this PhD highlights the importance of taking into account economic objectives in the study of social judgment.