[ES] Esta tesis examina la representación de subjetividades lésbicas en el arte español durante la década de los noventa, un período marcado por la consolidación de la democracia y la influencia de la globalización. Este contexto histórico y social propició un auge en la experimentación artística y la expresión de identidades diversas, con un enfoque especial en las perspectivas feministas y queer. Este estudio busca llenar el vacío en la literatura existente respecto a la representación lésbica, explorando las representaciones artísticas que abordan temas en torno al cuerpo, la construcción de identidades y las relaciones múltiples entre sexualidad y género. La investigación contribuye a la reconstrucción de una genealogía de las subjetividades lésbicas en el contexto del Estado español que irrumpe con fuerza durante los años noventa, desde perspectivas teóricas, críticas, históricas y artísticas. Se realiza un análisis de la producción discursiva entre arte y sexualidad, y la influencia internacional de los discursos, teorías y prácticas artísticas que tuvieron repercusión en las artistas de esa década. A través del análisis de cuatro casos de estudio basados en los proyectos de Cecilia Barriga, LSD, Cabello/Carceller y Carmela García, se exploran conceptos como el desarrollo de las tecnologías de la imagen en movimiento, el activismo sexo político, la performatividad y la heterotopía. Estos casos reflejan temas recurrentes entre las artistas de la década de los noventa y proporcionan una visión integral del contexto en el que estas prácticas artísticas se desarrollaron, situándolas dentro del marco cultural más amplio del movimiento lésbico español del siglo XX y su legado en estas décadas del siglo XXI. / [CA] Aquesta tesi examina la representació de subjectivitats lèsbiques en l'art espanyol durant la dècada dels noranta, un període marcat per la consolidació de la democràcia i la influència de la globalització. Aquest context històric i social va propiciar un auge en l'experimentació artística i l'expressió d'identitats diverses, amb un enfocament especial en les perspectives feministes i queer. Aquest estudi busca omplir el buit en la literatura existent respecte a la representació lèsbica, explorant les representacions artístiques que aborden temes entorn del cos, la construcció d'identitats i les relacions múltiples entre sexualitat i gènere. La investigació contribueix a la reconstrucció d'una genealogia de les subjectivitats lèsbiques en el context de l'Estat espanyol que irromp amb força durant els anys noranta, des de perspectives teòriques, crítiques, històriques i artístiques. Es realitza una anàlisi de la producció discursiva entre art i sexualitat, i la influència internacional dels discursos, teories i pràctiques artístiques que van tindre repercussió en les artistes d'eixa dècada. A través de l'anàlisi de quatre casos d'estudi basats en els projectes de Cecilia Barriga, LSD, Cabell/Carceller i Carmela García, s'exploren conceptes com el desenvolupament de les tecnologies de la imatge en moviment, l'activisme sexe polític, la performativitat i la heterotopia. Aquests casos reflecteixen temes recurrents entre les artistes de la dècada dels noranta i proporcionen una visió integral del context en el qual aquestes pràctiques artístiques es van desenvolupar, situant-les dins del marc cultural més ampli del moviment lèsbic espanyol del segle XX i el seu llegat en aquestes dècades del segle XXI. / [EN] This thesis examines the representation of lesbian subjectivities in Spanish art during the nineties, a period marked by the consolidation of democracy and the influence of globalization. This historical and social context fostered a surge in artistic experimentation and the expression of diverse identities, with a special focus on feminist and queer perspectives. This study seeks to fill the gap in the existing literature regarding lesbian representation, exploring artistic representations that address themes around the body, the construction of identities, and the multiple relationships between sexuality and gender. The research contributes to reconstructing a genealogy of lesbian subjectivities in the context of the Spanish State that burst forth strongly during the nineties from theoretical, critical, historical, and artistic perspectives. An analysis is conducted of the discursive production between art and sexuality and the international influence of discourses, theories, and artistic practices that impacted the artists of that decade. Through the analysis of four case studies based on the projects of Cecilia Barriga, LSD, Cabello/Carceller, and Carmela García, concepts such as the development of moving image technologies, sex-political activism, performativity, and heterotopia are explored. These cases reflect recurring themes among artists of the nineties and provide a comprehensive view of the context in which these artistic practices developed, placing them within the broader cultural framework of the Spanish lesbian movement of the 20th century and its legacy in these decades of the 21st century. / Franco Peña, MY. (2024). Genealogías bolleras. Representación lésbica en las artes visuales en la década de los noventa en el Estado español [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/204864

This short dissertation is an appraisal of same-sex marriages. The traditional arguments against same-sex unions are examined and rejected as being circular, unconvincing and baseless. Some of the international developments on the subject of same-sex unions are examined and it is noted that a slow but distinct change in attitude towards same-sex marriages is beginning to emerge from international judiciaries. The legal position of people with same-sex orientation in the South African legal system is examined with special reference to our Constitution. It is submitted that our Constitution is the foremost vehicle for legal change in this regard and that the equality clause of our Constitution is authority for the recognition by the law of same-sex marriages. This dissertation concludes that same-sex marriages ought to be fully accepted and recognised by the law for reasons, inter alia, of fairness and equality for people of same-sex orientation. / Constitutional, International & Indigenous Law / LL. M.

傅敖斯的《法國中尉的女人》是否為一女性主義文本一直是批評家爭議的焦點;絕大多數的女性主義批評家都認為傅氏挑戰父權偏見不成而自陷 於其迷宮中。本論文旨在探討傅氏小說中女性主義議題,剖析小說人物的三 角關係與性別政治。 本論文共分四章:首章討論拉岡和李維史托從亂倫禁忌的情慾三角論 述;藉由女性主義家依希葛萊對拉岡和李維史托的批判和挪用,闡釋父權文化如何使女性在心裡和社會層面皆化為第二性。 第二章結合李維史托和依 希葛萊的理論,從查爾斯和提娜的婚盟以及查爾斯的紳士俱樂部集體嫖妓行 為,討論傅氏小說女性淪為男性的交換物,形成依希葛萊所謂父權社會的底 層結構--男(同)性(戀)經濟。 第三章融和拉岡和依希葛萊的精神分析理論 ,討論在查爾斯與提娜, 莎拉的三角戀情呈現的性別政治。第四章討論激 進女性主義和莎拉,蜜莉,克莉絲迪納三人的同性戀:在簡述女同志愛與女性 主義之契合後,由依希葛萊,維蒂格等人的分離主義指出莎柆如何在女人之間的情慾三角糾葛,逾越父權社會定義下的男女性別界限,並且建立獨立男性之外的女性主體。 / Fowles's The French Lieutenant's Woman~U1;'s feminism has been a point of contentions among feminist critics; most feminist critics argue that Fowles is not a feminist but a phallocratic wolf clothed in feminist clothes. This thesis intends to readdress the feminist issues in Fowles's novel by probing onto the multiple layers of triangular relationships and sexual politics among the characters. This thesis consists of four chapters. A theorectical base of this thesis, Chapter one is a discussion on the "the discourse of erotic triangle" posited repectively by Lacan and Levi-Strauss through the idea of incest taboo. Through French feminist Luce Irigaray's critigue and appropriation of Lacan and Levi-Strauss, this chapter lays bare the subordination of women in patriarchal society, psychological or social. Chapter Two is concentrated on what Irigaray calls the foundational structure of patriarchal society--"hom(m)osexual economy". The matrimonial alliance between Ernestina and Charles and the sexual escapade of Charles' gentlemen club are singled out to illustrate how women are exchanged as objects between men. Chapter Three focuses on the sexual politics in Charles' s love triangle with Ernestaina and Sarah. Chapter Four deals with radical feminism and Sarah's lesbianism with Millie and Christina. Irigaray's and Wittig' separatist politics are deployed to show how Sarah transgresses the patriarchally-defined boundary between the sexes, destroys the Victorians' mythologization of women as asexual--yet produtive--Madonna, and then forges an subjectivity independent of the male sex.

This short dissertation is an appraisal of same-sex marriages. The traditional arguments against same-sex unions are examined and rejected as being circular, unconvincing and baseless. Some of the international developments on the subject of same-sex unions are examined and it is noted that a slow but distinct change in attitude towards same-sex marriages is beginning to emerge from international judiciaries. The legal position of people with same-sex orientation in the South African legal system is examined with special reference to our Constitution. It is submitted that our Constitution is the foremost vehicle for legal change in this regard and that the equality clause of our Constitution is authority for the recognition by the law of same-sex marriages. This dissertation concludes that same-sex marriages ought to be fully accepted and recognised by the law for reasons, inter alia, of fairness and equality for people of same-sex orientation. / Constitutional, International and Indigenous Law / LL. M.

The means that the Swedish State has to legitimize and standardize different perspectives of women and their sexuality is significant. Persecution of gender and sexuality is today something that can grant refugee status according to the Swedish Aliens Act. By studying the documents that forestall the amendment of the laws is it possible to unveil the concept and ideas about women sexuality that the state manifests and reproduces through these laws and official documents. The aim of this essay is to look upon the sexual policy as it occurs in official the documents that deal with lesbian refugees. The study cover and maps present research on this group of women and gives an answer to how norms about women sexuality are expressed in these documents. Throughout the survey of the research field not much previous research was found, therefore even research that only partly covers the field is included and reviewed. As method a detailed reading of the official documents and a discourse analysis with it’s emphasize on theoretical themes like gender and sexuality, lesbianism and state feminism, was made. Lesbians are missing in the official state documents and the one time the Migration Board’s documents refer to lesbians they are ascribed to as gender and not as sexuality. The essay concludes that the confusion about the category gender and the category sexuality has the result that the lesbians become invisible. Lesbians tend throughout the material to be ascribed to the category gender and gay men to the category sexuality. The standardized perspective and normative discourse that has been found in the official documents has the effect that women is looked a pound as gender and therefore, by the same logic loose their sexuality. In this way the Swedish State discriminates lesbian. Another conclusion is that the Swedish State has a somewhat ambivalence perspective on their own work on promoting gender equality.

The history of Japanese women who love women is often either ignored by or inaccessible to English speakers. To address this lacuna, I will lay out two case studies of women whose Queerness is potentially useful as models of Queer Japanese womanhood. I examine the narratives surrounding two women, Murasaki Shikibu (c. 973 or 978 – c. 1014 or 1031), the author the Tale of Genji, and Otake Kōkichi (1893-1966), an author, artist, and first wave feminist activist, in order to see how narratives surrounding their Queerness, known or posited, affect or are affected by cultural and religious narratives of identity and sexual values. The only major reading of Murasaki Shikibu as a woman who loved women is that of literary scholar and lesbian feminist Komashaku Kimi in Murasaki Shikibu’s Message (Murasaki Shikibu no Messeji), written in 1991. Her argument is that the interest in women’s bodies Murasaki shows in her diary and Poetic Memoirs was a kind of same-sex desire and that that desire was integral to her message in the Tale of Genji. This argument has never been given significant scholarly attention. As such, I examine this argument and present it in English. Otake Kōkichi, born Otake Kazue, is one of a handful of Queer women from the early 20th century who are regularly discussed in academic literature on Japanese feminist history, but most narratives surrounding her tend to center on a same-sex relationship she had in her youth and ignore the radical nature of her life after marriage. I will present aspects of her life that worked with and resisted various religions and systems of value creation that were competing for influence in twentieth-century Japan. The narratives surrounding Otake and Murasaki as Queer people center the radical nature of their work and lives. Both are discussed as having a kind of embodied politics that resists dominant images of womanhood and sexuality in favour of more liberatory constructions of value and identity. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

This thesis is situated at the intersection of trans, lesbian, and women’s history. It is an exploratory study that has sought to combine the disparate strands of the social movements organised around the identity categories trans, lesbian, and woman. Using a semibiographical and intersectional approach, the study follows in the footsteps of the transsexual lesbian woman Eva-Lisa Bengtson as she navigated the trans, lesbian, and women’s movements between 1964–1999. The analytical focus is on mapping Eva-Lisa’s presence in the movements, dissecting the production, reproduction, and negotiation of identities within and between the movements, and identifying identity-based conflict. The study finds that similar mechanisms of differentiation and the creation of new normativities occurred across all three movements in a recognisable pattern.

<p>The thesis examines how sex/gender and sexuality are represented through text and images within the Internet community Sylvia whose primary target group is girls. Through an examination of the aesthetics, the member rules and the choices that constitute the framework for the site, the study observes Sylvia as a cultural context. In relation to this setting, the ten most visited member profiles at the time for the study are more closely examined. These profiles are studied from a constructivist view of sex/gender and are analysed from the perspective of feminist and quee r theory as well as in the light of feministic debates concerning sexuality and erotica. The thesis shows how Internet as a forum and the non-heterosexual context Sylvia open up for a constructivist understanding of sex/gender and also leads to a questioning of "masculinity" and "femininity". But the biological sex remains important since the community implies an explicit discussion about biological sex when targeting girls who should feel secure when practicing their sexuality. The result is that the sex/gender structures within the community often keep to a binary and essential segregation of the sexes. Sylvia becomes a free zone of solidarity in between women. This opens up for sexual experimentation beyond the heterosexual erotification of the female body. The user profiles also contain subversive gender expressions which are questioning the hetero norm. Even though there is a possibility of choosing from a variety of alternative sex/genders, the majority of the users keeps defining themselves as "girls" and "boys" . The study shows that Sylvia remains to relate to the world "outside" and this leads to an increase of Internet's possibility of deconstruction of identities online.</p> / <p>Uppsatsen undersöker hur kön/genus och sexualitet representeras i text och bild på Internet-communityt Sylvia, vars primära målgrupp är tjejer. Studien ger en överblick över den kulturella kontext som Sylvia utgör genom att undersöka den estetik, de regler och de valmöjligheter som sätter ramen för användarna. Med detta som bakgrund studeras de tio användarprofiler som vid tiden för studien var mest besökta. Profilerna undersöks utifrån en konstruktivistisk syn på kön/genus och analyseras utifrån såväl feministiska som queerteoretiska perspektiv samt i ljuset av feministiska debatter om sexualitet och erotik. Utifrån studien går det bland annat att se hur Internet som forum och den icke-heterosexuella kontexten Sylvia öppnar upp för en konstruktivistisk syn på kön och ett ifrågasättande av "manlighet" och "kvinnlighet". Men det biologiska könet bibehåller sin status eftersom sidan explicit för en diskussion om biologiskt kön i samband med att den riktar sig till tjejer som ska kunna känna sig trygga i utövandet av sin sexualitet. Därför faller kön/genusstrukturerna på communityt ofta tillbaka i en binär och essentialistisk könsuppdelning. Sylvia blir något av en frizon av kvinnlig gemenskap som öppnar upp för ett experimenterande med sexualitet som sträcker sig bortom den heterosexuella erotiseringen av kvinnokroppen. I användarprofilerna återfinns även subversiva genusuttryck som ifrågasätter heteronormen. Trots att det är möjligt att välja mellan ett flertal alternativa kön/genus fortsätter majoriteten av användarna att definiera sig själva som "tjejer" och "killar". Studien visar på att Sylvia hela tiden förhåller sig till världen "utanför" och härmed minskar Internets möjliga dekonstruerande effekt på identiteter online.</p>

The thesis examines how sex/gender and sexuality are represented through text and images within the Internet community Sylvia whose primary target group is girls. Through an examination of the aesthetics, the member rules and the choices that constitute the framework for the site, the study observes Sylvia as a cultural context. In relation to this setting, the ten most visited member profiles at the time for the study are more closely examined. These profiles are studied from a constructivist view of sex/gender and are analysed from the perspective of feminist and quee r theory as well as in the light of feministic debates concerning sexuality and erotica. The thesis shows how Internet as a forum and the non-heterosexual context Sylvia open up for a constructivist understanding of sex/gender and also leads to a questioning of "masculinity" and "femininity". But the biological sex remains important since the community implies an explicit discussion about biological sex when targeting girls who should feel secure when practicing their sexuality. The result is that the sex/gender structures within the community often keep to a binary and essential segregation of the sexes. Sylvia becomes a free zone of solidarity in between women. This opens up for sexual experimentation beyond the heterosexual erotification of the female body. The user profiles also contain subversive gender expressions which are questioning the hetero norm. Even though there is a possibility of choosing from a variety of alternative sex/genders, the majority of the users keeps defining themselves as "girls" and "boys" . The study shows that Sylvia remains to relate to the world "outside" and this leads to an increase of Internet's possibility of deconstruction of identities online. / Uppsatsen undersöker hur kön/genus och sexualitet representeras i text och bild på Internet-communityt Sylvia, vars primära målgrupp är tjejer. Studien ger en överblick över den kulturella kontext som Sylvia utgör genom att undersöka den estetik, de regler och de valmöjligheter som sätter ramen för användarna. Med detta som bakgrund studeras de tio användarprofiler som vid tiden för studien var mest besökta. Profilerna undersöks utifrån en konstruktivistisk syn på kön/genus och analyseras utifrån såväl feministiska som queerteoretiska perspektiv samt i ljuset av feministiska debatter om sexualitet och erotik. Utifrån studien går det bland annat att se hur Internet som forum och den icke-heterosexuella kontexten Sylvia öppnar upp för en konstruktivistisk syn på kön och ett ifrågasättande av "manlighet" och "kvinnlighet". Men det biologiska könet bibehåller sin status eftersom sidan explicit för en diskussion om biologiskt kön i samband med att den riktar sig till tjejer som ska kunna känna sig trygga i utövandet av sin sexualitet. Därför faller kön/genusstrukturerna på communityt ofta tillbaka i en binär och essentialistisk könsuppdelning. Sylvia blir något av en frizon av kvinnlig gemenskap som öppnar upp för ett experimenterande med sexualitet som sträcker sig bortom den heterosexuella erotiseringen av kvinnokroppen. I användarprofilerna återfinns även subversiva genusuttryck som ifrågasätter heteronormen. Trots att det är möjligt att välja mellan ett flertal alternativa kön/genus fortsätter majoriteten av användarna att definiera sig själva som "tjejer" och "killar". Studien visar på att Sylvia hela tiden förhåller sig till världen "utanför" och härmed minskar Internets möjliga dekonstruerande effekt på identiteter online.

O presente estudo objetiva problematizar situações de violência em relacionamentos conjugais entre lésbicas numa perspectiva de gênero. O mito da mulher dócil e submissa em muito contribui para o aumento da vulnerabilidade e invisibilidade destes casais. Assim, resolvemos escutar os discursos de mulheres lésbicas envolvidas em relações de violência conjugal com suas companheiras, a partir dos seguintes passos orientadores: analisamos possíveis inter-relações entre as concepções das participantes acerca dos gêneros e suas performances em situações de violência e problematizando possíveis relações entre regulações da categoria gênero e suas vivências. Foi utilizada a entrevista em profundidade tendo como estímulo um álbum contendo imagens, livres e resgatadas da internet, que representam cenas de um relacionamento íntimo entre duas mulheres. A produção de dados foi realizada na Colônia Penal Feminina do Recife. Nossas quatro participantes afirmaram ser lésbicas, possuírem antes da detenção uma relação estável com outra mulher e terem se envolvido em situações de violência conjugal com suas companheiras, que geraram denúncias (violência física). Em suas falas o argumento binário das diferenças entre comportamentos atribuídos a homens e mulheres serve como base para uma série de explicações causais; no entre espaço estão seus desejos, vivências e fantasias. A posição lésbica é para elas uma composição de diferentes elementos daquilo que se associa a homens e mulheres, um híbrido, que demanda uma cartografia específica para sua compreensão. As expressões de dominação incorporadas por estas mulheres em suas relações, sejam estas manifestações públicas ou intimas, aparecem como uma reinterpretação de antigos personagens de uma mesma história. Compreender os jogos de poder e posicionamentos experienciados nos parece fundamental para ampliar o debate sobre como estas estratégias e mecanismos podem operar em qualquer relação. Nesta perspectiva a leitura das identidades forjadas pelas posições de gênero, enquanto dispositivo de poder, se apresenta com grande potencial analítico de um sem número de situações de violência e nos afasta de uma perspectiva essencialista sobre a subjetividade e o sexo e efeitos de dominação em diferentes níveis relacionais, sejam micro ou macrossociais. / This study aims to discuss situations of violence in conjugal relationships among lesbians from a gender perspective. The myth of docile and submissive woman contribute very much to the increasing of vulnerability and invisibility of these couples. Thus, we decided to listen to lesbian woman involved in situations of conjugal violence with their partners oriented by the following steps: we analyzed possible interrelations between the participants conceptions on gender and their performances in situations of violence and questioning possible interrelations between regulations of the category of gender and their experiences. This was used the depth interview, using was stimulus an album of images freely picked from internet, witch represent scenes of intimate relationship between two women. The production of data was conducts at the female prison Recife. The four participants affirmed themselves as lesbian, having stable relationship with women prior to the detention and being involved in situations of conjugal violence with their partners that led to denunciation (physical violence). In their speeches the binary argument of the differences attributed to men and woman serves as the base for plenty of causal explanations. In the inter space, there are their desires, experiences and fantasies. The lesbian position is, for them, a composition off different elements of what is associated to men and women, a hybrid, that demands a specific cartography for its understanding. The expressions of domination incorporated by these women in their relations, whet her in public or intimate manifestations seem to be a reinterpretations of old characters of the same story. His crucial to understanding the games of power and positions experienced in order to winder the debate on how these strategies and mechanisms can operate in any relation. In this sense, the identities created by gender positions as power devices, seems to have a great analytical potential regarding many situations of violence and keep us for from an essentialist perspective on subjectivity. The sex and the effects of domination in different relational levels, are micro or macro-socials.