稀土作為國防工業和科技產品之主要原料，因其材質具有特殊性及不可替代性，故原料供給來源之穩定有其重要性。目前全球稀土90％以上皆產於中國，然中國近年來積極地對於稀土之開採及出口，透過配額及許可證、出口關稅、價格控制、開採量限制等，對稀土採取管制措施，造成各國製造能源科技設備原料短缺，而引發美國、日本、歐盟等科技產品製造大國的不滿。 本文以GATT 1994及中國入會議定書對貨品貿易所作之承諾，作為分析中國稀土出口限制政策之法律依據，並主要參考「中國－原物料案（China-Raw Materials）」之小組裁決，輔以「中國－視聽服務案（China- Audiovisual Services）」之裁決，探究違反中國入會議定書承諾之稀土出口管制措施，是否有援用GATT 1994第20條一般例外條款之正當性，並對於中國稀土出口管制政策於WTO規範下之適法性進行分析，最後作出結論。 / The rare earths are essential for many hundreds of applications. The versatility and specificity of the rare earths has given them a level of technological, environmental, and economic importance considerably greater than might be expected from their relative obscurity. China supplies over 90 percent of rare earths globally, but has applied a series of restraints to limit the exportation and production of rare earths, including export duties and export quotas, and price and production control , leadind to raise serious concerns among industry in the U.S., Japan and European Unions. This thesis takes GATT 1994 and the Protocol of the People’s Republic of China (hereinafter China’s Accession Protocal) as the legal basis to analyze China’s rare earths export restriction measures. And in order to examine whether these dispute measures are pursuant to the WTO’s agreements, and whether Article XX of the GATT 1994 is available as a defense under China’s Accession Protocal, this thesis takes China-Raw Materials and China- Audiovisual Services’s ruling as the main references, and providing the conclusion of the study.

自從美國最高法院在廣達與LGE案中作出解釋後，便將權利耗盡理論亦稱為第一次銷售理論帶往另一個層次。此案已被普遍認為對於美國過去的判例影響甚鉅，對於產業界的商業活動發展更是具有深遠的影響。智慧財產權旨在保護發明及創造公眾利益間取得一平衡點，權利耗盡理論長久以來已被視為專利法中重要的一環，並藉以杜絕專利權人的過當控制。而最高法院對於第一次銷售理論的解釋，則進而撼動專利權人長此以往對限制性銷售策略的仰賴。 即便銷售後限制(Post-sale restriction)確實提供了專利權人避免耗盡其權利的好方法，但專利權範圍則限縮了專利權人所享有的權利控制範圍，換言之，專利權人僅能擁有專利法所賦予的權利，且其加諸於被授權人的購買條件限制僅限於該專利之功能及使用目的。而超越該專利功能及使用目的的過分限制，則可能導致專利權濫用。而在開放WTO框架下，國際貿易的頻繁也使得權利耗盡衍生出了在散佈等方面的相關討論，平行輸入/輸出的議題亦隨著跨國交易的興盛而隨之重要。 故此篇論文的研究目的不僅僅探討權利耗盡理論及其相關議題，更旨在藉由廣達案的啟發，提供台灣的IT產業一有效的專利授權策略，並提供不論專利權人或被授權人於制定授權契約時，能有一更具有策略性的思考方向。 / The Supreme Court’s current decision in Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Electronics, Inc. brings the exhaustion doctrine also known as first sale doctrine up to a new phase. This case is believed significantly overcome quite a lot of past precedents and will effectively influent industry business operations in the future. The core goal of intellectual property right aims to find a balance between protecting the incentives to create and innovate, and providing the benefits to public interests. Exhaustion doctrine has been long standing as part of patent law to prevent patentees’ over control. The interpretation made by Supreme Court regarding the first sale doctrine does vibrate the conditional sale strategies long believed by patentees. Now the Supreme Court brings the issue from the phase of patent law down to the contract law level. Subsequently, the litigations of antitrust and fair trade are therefore involved while patentees are tempting to make an “end-run” control over the downstream purchasers. Though applying post-sale restriction provides a way out for intellectual property owner from triggering the exhaustion, however, the scope of the patent claims determine how far the privilege is given to the inventors. A patent owner or licenser can only enforce its patent right while the right is truly granted by the patent law. Subsequently, the restriction set forth to limit the licensees or purchasers must be accordance with the function or feature of the patent claims for. On the contrary, the patentee intends to restrict its purchasers by holding the exclusive right which beyond the scope of the patent granted may result to patent misuse, for instance, the resale price maintenance, prohibition of manufacturing the competing products, the conditional license which incorporates another license, and overwhelming royalties on the price of the whole product instead of the actual usage of the patented article. Under WTO, the concern of intellectual property protection has become more critical in the perspective of international trade, different issues and disputes regarding exhaustion have also been generated. Not alike the traditional domestic exhaustion, the discussion regarding distribution has therefore been derived. Moreover, the issues related to parallel import/export are generated in accordance with the frequent cross-border transaction. The purpose of this research does not merely lead us look into the doctrine and restriction patentees used to impose for avoiding exhaustion. But I intend to further illustrate a guideline based on the inspiration from Quanta and the explanation of the Courts. This guideline should provide both patentees and licensees an orientation while considering making a licensing agreement.

Emerging markets such as India have witnessed waves of domestic and cross-border mergers and acquisitions. This historical analysis, which consists of two parts, tests central tenets of resource dependence theory. The first part entails an analysis of the transition in public policy governing corporations between 1991 and 2005. The second part tests hypotheses derived from resource dependence theory relating to a firm’s decision to acquire. The analysis explores the factors that explain why firms engage in mergers and acquisitions by examining three specific policy periods (i.e., 1991-1996, 1997-2001 and 2002-2005). The findings from the historical analysis suggest that firms did not merely react to the conditions (i.e., constraints on capital) in their environment by undertaking merger and acquisition activity, but attempted to alter them as resource dependence theory suggests. Findings from the event history logit model also support resource dependence theory. Overall, the study shows that merger and acquisition activity increased during a period of intense deregulation (i.e., 1991-2005) brought about by the adoption of neo-liberal reforms, change to the multilayer subsidiary form, deregulation of the banking and financial sectors’ and reforms in foreign direct investment and equity markets. During this period of uncertainty, firms controlling more resources in terms of earnings, efficiency and number of subsidiaries were more likely to undertake acquisition activity as they have leverage in organization-environment relationships. The effect of number of subsidiaries on acquisition activity was the most consistent across policy periods’. This dissertation is organized in the following manner: Following the introductory chapter, Chapter II is a historical examination of the three policy periods and includes an analysis of the effect of the political-legal environment on mergers and acquisitions between 1991 and 2005. Chapter III reviews the propositions of resource dependence theory that pertain to organizational change and presents research hypotheses related to mergers and acquisitions. Chapter IV describes the data, measurement and methodology employed in the quantitative analysis. Chapter V presents the findings from the quantitative analysis and discusses the results. The concluding chapter (Chapter VI) includes a presentation of the theoretical findings and discussion of the limitations and scope of the study.

本論文主要是在探討現行公平交易法第四十五條「依照著作權法、商標法或專利法行使權利之正當行為，不適用本法之規定」，其中有關專利權之部分。蓋專利權屬於智慧財產權之一種，係國家以法律授予私人的一種獨占、排他權利，亦即，專利權人就其所獲之專利請求範圍，係處於一種法定專有排除他人未經其同意而製造、販賣、使用或進口該專利之獨占權能地位。專利法藉由此一賦予專利權人特定期間之專屬排他權 (Exclusive Right)/獨占壟斷權，以提供一定之經濟上利益為誘因，藉此鼓勵發明人『公開』符合可專利要件；而競爭法制係為維護公平、自由競爭秩序與環境而必須規範獨占、聯合、結合等限制競爭行為及不公平競爭行為，兩者之糾結關係應如何釐清？素有經濟憲法高地位之稱之競爭法制，應如何在法律特設專利獨占權之制度目的考量下，揮舞它這把大刀？又法律特設專利獨占權之制度目的，又會如何影響競爭法制規制專利權利之界線，是本文想要探究、嘗試解決之議題亦為本文研究目的所在。 鑑於目前我國對於公平交易法第四十五條之法律定位爭議甚大，復以目前我國對於專利權之正當權利行使行為之實務摸索尚處於萌芽之未臻成熟階段，本文擬以專利制度之制度目的及專利財產之本質出發，再借鏡國美國法制百餘年之行政執法、司法實務之實證觀察方式，試圖對目前我國越來越多之專利權權利行使與公平交易法之交錯相關議題及爭議，提出一些可能的思考方向與解決之道，並以法律體系解釋、法律目的解釋、市場經濟以及專利制度之制度目的等思維角度，嘗試定義公平交易法第四十五條之專利權正當權利行使行為，並將本文所建議之審查基準與審查步驟作成審查流程圖，作為本文之總結。

西元2005、2006年間，臺灣數家知名手機代工業者，或是從手機代工兼跨經營自有品牌的手機業者，透過與國內、外企業所進行之整併活動，上演多幕併方與被併方商業資源之切割、位移與重新整合的戲碼，而除決意退出賽局的企業不論，其他繼續競逐的業者，似正利用整併活動，快速囊闊並整合企業繼續成長壯大所需的商業資源。 其中，在明基整併西門子手機事業案例中，併方明基集團明確指出，透過整併，希望能取得被併方手機相關之智慧財產資源，包括核心專利、有限期的商標使用權及人員、技術等。且併方亦表示，取得被併方手機相關核心專利與品牌使用，是該整併案中重要標的，更是決意整併與否的關鍵因素，故在本件整併，併方對於取得被併方手機相關核心專利與品牌使用，顯然有高度之期許與重視。 讀到上開資訊，腦海中所伴隨著的問題意識，包括：究竟台灣手機業者透過整併活動，取得知名手機大廠所擁有之核心專利，其商業目的為何？倘若取得此等核心專利，有其商業價值，依據併方擬達到之商業目的，併方應於整併前，進行何等相應評估與規劃作業？此外，在取得國外知名手機廠商授權商標使用權能部分，此等商標使用權能之取得，究竟併方商業目的何在？倘併方看中的是，被併方商標具有品牌價值，那麼奠基手機品牌價值之價值活動為何？且併方應透過何等途徑，才能順利位移被併方之品牌價值到併方身上，並讓併方據此更佳蓬勃？ 本論文以上開問題意識出發，於論文各章節中，進行相應之探討。而明基整併西門子手機事業之案例，恰好提供豐富的商業基礎事實，故本論文援引此一案例，作為研究與論述基礎，並藉由實際案例所提供資訊，讓學術討論更具意義。 經本論文研究結果認為：倘若併方將被併方核心專利與商標使用權能之取得，列為整併重要標的，在進行此等整併作業時，併方應依據所設定之商業目的，事先應有一套完整的評估作業（本論文嘗試提出評估作業架構圖），亦需規劃後續相應配套執行作業，如此，始能提高商業目的既遂的機率，並且避免讓『大機會』變成『大風險』，而且，在併方取得被併方商標使用權能部分，併方應先明辨商標與品牌之不同，併方於使用被併方之商標，也應事先確定其具品牌價值且無嚴重的負面印象存在。 基於以上研究結論，筆者進一步提出幾項建議如下，作為本論文研究成果： 一、併方整併被併方智財資源之具體標的，倘在於核心專利取得。建議併方應於整併前，對所取得之專利是否為核心專利先予驗明正身，而且必須設定取得核心專利之明確商業目的，後續也應依據商業目的，具體規劃相關評估與執行作業。 二、若欲讓整併目的既遂並降低相關商業風險，整併前之評估作業，至為關鍵，建議未來進行類似整併案件之併方，務需於雙方拍板定案簽約前，即投入相當人力物力資源進行評估與資訊情報蒐集作業，而不是於拍板定案後，才臨機應變並見招拆招。 三、併方取得被併方之核心專利，本質上存有有哪些風險，建議併方亦需清楚臚列評估，並應於雙方併購合約中透過合約約款之設計，讓併方之商業風險有效控制與降低。 四、在取得被併方商標使用權能部分，建議併方事先應評估被併方商標是否具有品牌價值，並找出奠基被併方品牌價值之因素，且併方應明確區分品牌價值與品牌知名度之不同，進而仔細評估被併方品牌究竟是有真實價值，還是徒具知名度而已。 五、確認被併方商標具品牌價值後，若欲將被併方品牌價值真實位移到併方體內，建議併方應將被併方企業價值活動盤點，並進行去蕪存菁作業，進一步將有價值之企業活動加值，亦需將雙方企業活動整合與融合，如此被併方之品牌價值始能真實位移，而不是曇花一現。 六、又，不論併方品牌策略之操作，是採單一品牌或雙品牌操作模式，如果被併方授權商標使用是有期限的，併方應考慮到使用期限屆至後，儲蓄在被併方商標上的品牌價值應如何順利位移承接到併方商標上，以及在採行雙品牌策略後，當併方之品牌脫離了被併方之品牌，要如何自立不受影響。 / In 2005 and 2006, several renowned mobile phone OEM or branding companies in Taiwan were merging, sinning off and/or restructuring through their local or foreign affiliates. Except some were intended to exit the market, most were utilizing the merger and acquisition to combine various resources to grow in their sizes. In one of the cases, the merger of mobile phone business units of BenQ – Siemens, BenQ clearly indicated that through the merger, BenQ intended to acquire the intellectual property resources from Siemens including the essential patents, license of trademarks, technical supports and know-how, etc. BenQ also indicated that the acquisition of licenses of Siemens’ essential patents and brand name usage regarding mobile phone business would be the major target in the merger deal, as well as the turning point as to whether the merger should proceed along. In that case, therefore, BenQ highly expected to obtain licenses of Siemens’ essential patents and brand name regarding mobile phone business. The foregoing paragraph raises certain issues: what is the business purpose of a Taiwan mobile phone company to obtain the essential patents from other renowned and sized mobile phone branding companies? Assuming such business purpose is found, what kinds of evaluations and feasibility studies the merging company should conduct before the merger closing, in order to warrant the business purpose? Besides, what is the business purpose for the merging company to acquire from the renowned company a license to use the trademarks? If the merging company views such trademarks not as merely trademarks, but largely focuses the branding value added by the merged company with such trademarks, one would ask a question: where are the activities that have created and supported the mobile phone branding value? Through what ways, the merging company is able to successfully transfer the branding value from the merged company to the merging company and develop its business prosperously with the transferred branding value? This thesis starts with the above issues and discusses the relevant topics in various theories, using the ample business materials and facts in BenQ – Siemens merger as a base for case study so as to make the theory discussions in this thesis in a more practical sense. The research conclusion in this thesis indicates: If the major target in the whole merger deal is to acquire essential patents and trademarks from the merged business, the merging business must establish a complete feasibility assessment program in accordance with the intended business purpose (the thesis intends to provide a illustration charts for such assessment program) before the closing, and a well coordinated implementing procedures for post-closing operation, in order to higher the probability of meeting the intended business purpose while lower the possibility of spoiling a “great opportunity” into a “huge risk”. In addition and beforehand, the merging business should be able to tell the specific differences in nature between the brand names and trade marks. The merging business should also clearly identify the merged branding value, and further, ensure there is no negative impact in applying the merged branding in its business. Based on the conclusion stated in the preceding paragraph, the author thereby submits the following recommendations as a result of the research in the thesis: 1.If the specific target for a merging business seeking to combine intellectual property resources of the merged business is to obtain the essential patents from the merged business, it is advisable for the merging business to, before the merger, identify whether the patents proposed to be acquired are indeed essential patents in relevant industries, establish a clear business purpose feasibly achievable by acquisition of such patents, and establish an assessment program and a well coordinated implementing procedures operation in accordance with the established business purpose. 2.It is extremely imperative to conduct a solid and full-scaled pre-closing feasibility studies so as to reduce the business risks in merger deal. It is advisable for a merging business to devote considerable resources to conduct evaluation and information gathering before merger closing, and not to remedy and mitigate the case in post closing days. 3.It is advisable for the merging business to identify and list in detail the risks in acquiring the core patents from the merged business, and further structure through merger related contracts to effectively control and minimize such risks. 4.It is advisable for the merging business to clarify whether the proposed trademarks are having true branding value, find the factors within the merged business creating and supporting such branding value, clearly tell differences between branding value and brand popularity, and then carefully assess if the proposed brand name is powered with the true branding value or merely covered with a wide popularity. 5.After identifying the branding value of the proposed trademark, if the branding value is intended to be transferred into the merging business, it is advisable for the merging business to conduct a full examination on the previous branding value activities of the merged business, and adjust/develop the value-added items of new activities by continuing joint efforts of corporate businesses, not a flash show in the market. 6.No matter the marketing strategy is by single brand name or combined dual brand name, if the proposed trademark usage is limited by time expiration, the merging business must consider after the expiration, how to successfully transfer the branding value of the proposed trademark to existing trademark originally held by the merging business, and how to maximize or maintain the independent branding value of the existing trademark after the expiration.

Submitted by Paulo Junior (paulo.jr@fgv.br) on 2010-05-13T21:02:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cláudia Hoirisch.pdf: 1193444 bytes, checksum: 18921b0201a6008cb606c1dcc39797a0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Paulo Junior(paulo.jr@fgv.br) on 2010-05-13T21:03:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Cláudia Hoirisch.pdf: 1193444 bytes, checksum: 18921b0201a6008cb606c1dcc39797a0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2010-05-14T12:29:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cláudia Hoirisch.pdf: 1193444 bytes, checksum: 18921b0201a6008cb606c1dcc39797a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-24 / The scope of this study is to evaluate the implementation process of the Compulsory License in the case of the antiretroviral efavirenz. This research is descriptive in nature and the medium of investigation was the case study. It was conducted during the months of October through December 2009 with semi-structured interviews containing open-ended questions with a group of Public Health policy makers and managers residing in the states of Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo and the Federal District who participated in the compulsory license process. These individuals were allowed to express themselves without any constraints in such a way that they could produce discourses. The Collective Subject Discourse (CSD) technique was then used for analysis of the discourses. The results revealed that Brazil has the technological capability to develop and produce antiretrovirals within a reasonably short period of time. The results further showed that the Compulsory License helped to curb spending on antiretrovirals and that the measure can be used to ensure access by the public to high-cost and strategic antiretroviral drugs for the Brazilian public health service (Unified Health System – SUS) in an environment with limited funds, whenever an impasse is reached in negotiations for price reductions with transnational pharmaceutical laboratories. / O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o processo de implementação da Licença Compulsória no caso do anti-retroviral efavirenz. Esta pesquisa é de caráter descritivo, o meio de investigação foi o estudo de caso e foi conduzido com entrevistas semi-estruturadas contendo questões abertas para um conjunto de atores representativos da área da Saúde Pública que participaram do processo da licença compulsória residentes nos estados do Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo e no Distrito Federal durante os meses de outubro a dezembro de 2009. Permitiu-se que esses indivíduos se expressassem mais ou menos livremente de forma que eles produzissem discursos. Para a análise dos discursos, utilizou-se a técnica do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (DSC). Os resultados demonstraram que o Brasil possui capacitação tecnológica para desenvolver e produzir anti-retrovirais em um prazo relativamente curto. Os resultados mostram ainda que a Licença Compulsória ajudou a refrear os gastos com anti-retrovirais e que o instrumento pode ser utilizado para garantir o acesso da população a medicamentos anti-retrovirais de alto custo e estratégicos para o Sistema Único de Saúde em um ambiente de recursos limitados sempre que se chegar a um impasse na negociação para redução de preços com os laboratórios farmacêuticos transnacionais.

Kenyan labour laws inadequately protect HIV positive worker. The Constitution of Kenya, 1963, does not prohibit stereotypical attitudes adverse to HIV positive workers and discrimination on the basis of health status. It does not provide for the right to employment, health and health care services, and fails to delimit privacy and dignity rights. Under the Industrial Property Act, 2001, the basis for Government exploitation of patent through compulsory licensing is whimsical and parallel importing is not envisaged. Employers unilaterally draft employment contracts notwithstanding their unequal power relations to employees. The HIV and AIDS Tribunal institutionalises discrimination against HIV positive workers on the basis of the ambiguous ‘inherent job requirements.’ Plausible international labour laws and practices have no place in Kenya unless they are domesticated. SUMMARY This thesis interrogates the Kenyan labour laws and policies to identify their inefficiencies and suggest recommendations for reform. It commences with an analysis of the topical issues associated with the HIV positive worker. It then examines the extent of prevalence and ramifications of HIV/AIDS in Kenya. Subsequently, it studies the efforts made at the international and domestic arena in protecting the HIV positive worker. A comparative analysis is made of the laws protecting the HIV positive worker in a number of countries, namely, South Africa, United States of America and Australia. The thesis draws conclusions and recommends measures on how best to protect the Kenyan HIV positive worker. The labour laws should be amended to prohibit discrimination on the basis of health status, provide for right to affordable medication and work, allow negotiation of employment contracts, list international laws that Kenya ratifies without reservation as a source of law and delimit the concept of ‘inherent requirements of a job.’ The public should be sensitised to embrace HIV positive workers. Once the new Constitution is enacted, it should list socio-economic rights as fundamental rights and reform the office of the ombudsman to deal with complaints against private employers. / (LL.D.)

Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-04T12:42:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010 / Este trabalho foi concebido a partir da reflexão e discussão sobre as principais oportunidades para a abordagem integrada de Saúde Pública e Meio Ambiente, considerando o atual cenário energético mundial, a introdução de novas tecnologias de produção e a necessidade de construção de uma referência conceitual e prática que considere a interação entre Saúde, Meio Ambiente, Responsabilidade Social das Empresas e Desenvolvimento Sustentável. Considerando os inúmeros desafios para o controle dos impactos ambientais e de saúde, através da gestão efetiva de responsabilidade social de empresas potencialmente poluidores, particularmente da indústria de petróleo e energia, essa tese tem como principal objetivo discutir como os aspectos de saúde podem ser incorporados ao licenciamento ambiental do setor petróleo. Para isso foi utilizada uma abordagem metodológica exploratória, por meio de exaustivo levantamento bibliográfico na literatura científica e institucional deáreas empresariais e governamentais responsáveis pela obtenção e concessão de licenças ambientais. A partir da seleção e análise de documentação oficial, particularmente dos estudos e relatórios de impacto ambiental (EIA/RIMA) de empreendimentos nacionais de exploração, produção e refino do petróleo, avaliousea existência de evidências e oportunidades para a inserção de questões de saúde nos respectivos projetos de investimento desse setor. Como ferramenta de avaliação dessas questões nos EIA/RIMA dos empreendimentos selecionados, foi utilizada uma adaptação de uma matriz de análise validada para o setor hidrelétrico, cujas categorias analíticas foram baseadas nos parâmetros estabelecidos para os estudos de avaliação de impacto ambiental pela Resolução CONAMA 1/86 e nos principais aspectos da metodologia de Avaliação de Impactos à Saúde (AIS). Como resultado, a matriz empregada mostrou-se um instrumento metodológico com grande potencial para orientar a incorporação dos aspectos desaúde no processo de licenciamento ambiental, instrumentalizando a Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental (AIA) e subsidiando a tomada de decisão, contribuindo, portanto, para uma gestão socioambiental mais proativa do setor petróleo. / This work was conceived from the discussion about the main opportunities for the integrated approach of Public Health and Environment, considering the current world energy scenario, the introduction of new production technologies and the need for a more comprehensive conceptual reference among Health, Environment, Social Responsibility and Sustainable Development. Considering the several challenges for effective management of the environmental and health impacts, particularly caused by oil industry, strategic for the development and economical growth of our country, the main objective of this thesis is discuss how the health aspects could be incorporated to the environmental licensing of this sector. An exploratory methodological approach was used, starting from an exhausting bibliographical research in scientific and institutional literature, produced by companies and government areas related with the environmental licenses. The health evidences and opportunities in the main official documents, particularly studies and reports of the environmental impacts (EIA/RIMA, in portuguese) of national enterprises of oil exploration, production and refining, was evaluated. An adapted matrix, validated for the hydroelectric sector, was used like a tool for assessment of health subjects in the selected RIMA. The analytical categories of this matrix were based on the established parameters for the studies of environmental impact assessment of CONAMA Resolution 1/86, and on the main aspects of Health Impact Assessment (HIA) methodology. As result, this matrix was considered like an important instrument with great potential to guide the incorporation of the health aspects in the environmental licensing, supporting the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and decision makers, contributing to a proactive social and environmental management of the petroleum industry.

Este trabalho tem como escopo analisar e delimitar o conceito, espécies, requisitos e consequências da revisibilidade das licenças ambientais. Não raras vezes, empreendedores, administradores públicos, juízes e todos os demais operadores do direito se veem em situações que contrapõem a estabilidade das relações jurídicas e a confiança legítima do comportamento estatal à necessidade de proteger o meio ambiente equilibrado para as presentes e futuras gerações. A revisão de licenças ambientais ainda vigentes é exatamente um dos campos onde essa análise tem espaço. Seja em circunstâncias provisórias ou definitivas, seja advinda de uma nulidade anterior ou de um fato ulterior, em determinadas hipóteses a iminência de dano ambiental faz com que o poder público não possa esperar o término da vigência do ato autorizativo para agir. Ao longo do texto, fixam-se as premissas para examinar cinco espécies de revisão: suspensão, modificação, cassação, invalidação e revogação das licenças ambientais, todas orientadas por algumas ideias comuns, mas cada uma delas com suas especificidades. Apresentam-se, outrossim, alguns contrapontos ao cabimento dessas medidas, notadamente a garantia constitucional de proteção do direito adquirido, não como objeção indiscriminada à atuação estatal, mas como forma de limitação dessa nos estreitos contornos traçados pelos princípios envolvidos. Ao final, trata-se também das consequências que podem advir desse ato revisor, em especial no que tange ao eventual cabimento de indenização ao empreendedor por ele afetado. / This work has the objective to analyze and define the concept, species, requirements and consequences of revisibility environmental licenses. Too often, entrepreneurs, public administrators, judges and all other law enforcement officers find themselves in situations that contradict the stability of legal relations and the legitimate expectations of state behavior to the need to protect the balanced environment for present and future generations. A further review of existing environmental permits is one of the fields where this analysis has room. Whether in temporary or definitive circumstances, whether arising from an earlier invalidity or an ulterior fact, under certain circumstances the imminence of environmental damage means that the government can not expect the expiration date of the primitive act to take action. Throughout the text, the assumptions set up to examine five species for revision: suspension, modification, revocation, invalidation and revocation of environmental licenses, all guided by some common ideas, but each with its specificities. They appear, moreover, some counterpoints to the appropriateness of these reviews, notably the constitutional guarantee of protection granted, not as indiscriminate objection to state action, but by way of limitation in this narrow contours outlined by the principles involved. Finally, it is also about the consequences that this act reviewer, in particular with regard to the appropriateness of any compensation to the entrepreneur affected by it.

Este trabalho tem como escopo analisar e delimitar o conceito, espécies, requisitos e consequências da revisibilidade das licenças ambientais. Não raras vezes, empreendedores, administradores públicos, juízes e todos os demais operadores do direito se veem em situações que contrapõem a estabilidade das relações jurídicas e a confiança legítima do comportamento estatal à necessidade de proteger o meio ambiente equilibrado para as presentes e futuras gerações. A revisão de licenças ambientais ainda vigentes é exatamente um dos campos onde essa análise tem espaço. Seja em circunstâncias provisórias ou definitivas, seja advinda de uma nulidade anterior ou de um fato ulterior, em determinadas hipóteses a iminência de dano ambiental faz com que o poder público não possa esperar o término da vigência do ato autorizativo para agir. Ao longo do texto, fixam-se as premissas para examinar cinco espécies de revisão: suspensão, modificação, cassação, invalidação e revogação das licenças ambientais, todas orientadas por algumas ideias comuns, mas cada uma delas com suas especificidades. Apresentam-se, outrossim, alguns contrapontos ao cabimento dessas medidas, notadamente a garantia constitucional de proteção do direito adquirido, não como objeção indiscriminada à atuação estatal, mas como forma de limitação dessa nos estreitos contornos traçados pelos princípios envolvidos. Ao final, trata-se também das consequências que podem advir desse ato revisor, em especial no que tange ao eventual cabimento de indenização ao empreendedor por ele afetado. / This work has the objective to analyze and define the concept, species, requirements and consequences of revisibility environmental licenses. Too often, entrepreneurs, public administrators, judges and all other law enforcement officers find themselves in situations that contradict the stability of legal relations and the legitimate expectations of state behavior to the need to protect the balanced environment for present and future generations. A further review of existing environmental permits is one of the fields where this analysis has room. Whether in temporary or definitive circumstances, whether arising from an earlier invalidity or an ulterior fact, under certain circumstances the imminence of environmental damage means that the government can not expect the expiration date of the primitive act to take action. Throughout the text, the assumptions set up to examine five species for revision: suspension, modification, revocation, invalidation and revocation of environmental licenses, all guided by some common ideas, but each with its specificities. They appear, moreover, some counterpoints to the appropriateness of these reviews, notably the constitutional guarantee of protection granted, not as indiscriminate objection to state action, but by way of limitation in this narrow contours outlined by the principles involved. Finally, it is also about the consequences that this act reviewer, in particular with regard to the appropriateness of any compensation to the entrepreneur affected by it.