• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 8
  • 8
  • Tagged with
  • 8
  • 8
  • 8
  • 8
  • 8
  • 6
  • 6
  • 6
  • 5
  • 5
  • 5
  • 4
  • 3
  • 3
  • 3
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

贈品的經濟分析

鄭家麟, Cheng, chia Lin Unknown Date (has links)
廠商為了求取利潤,永續經營,必須規劃策略發展自己的競爭優勢。藉由發送贈品促銷,建立或找出能讓目標消費群產生購買自己商品或服務的意願,從而引發實際的交易行為,便是常見的銷售策略。雖然時時可見到廠商贈品促銷的行為,但是相對於其他的銷售策略而言,例如廣告及折價券的研究,廠商發送贈品的行為,不論在實務面或理論面,皆缺乏系統化的整理,亦沒有嚴謹的經濟理論加以分析。 另一方面,參酌各國管制廠商競爭行為的反托拉斯法規,多已將廠商贈品促銷活動納入規範。進一步觀察,各國以法規面認為應該「適當」限制贈品,甚至是嚴格「禁止」贈品活動舉辦的理由,除缺乏系統化的經濟理論檢驗其是否正確外,對於應該如何來規範贈品的促銷,方可真正落實維護交易秩序與消費者利益,確保公平競爭以提高社會福利,目前亦無相關的探討。 綜上,本論文關於「贈品的經濟分析」之研究目的,主要即欲探討贈品促銷對於社會福利的影響,以及規範贈品促銷能否提昇社會福利。為達成研究目的,本論文以彙整蒐集相關促銷工具的文獻為出發點,首先分析贈品促銷在何種條件下,方能有實際的促銷效果。其次藉由架構獨占廠商贈品促銷的簡單模型,分析廠商贈品促銷的各項最適條件,並與社會福利的最適條件加以比較,進而討論政府管制贈品促銷的福利效果。最後援引「猜測變量」的分析方法,建構雙占市場結構的模型,分別在價格設定與產量設定的模式下,探討雙占廠商「贈品的猜測變量」及其大小關係,對於廠商的各項均衡條件,以及社會福利的影響,進而評析管制雙占廠商的贈品促銷能否提昇社會福利。 關鍵詞:反托拉斯法、贈品、猜測變量、管制、福利效果。
2

反托拉斯法對保險業適用之探討

曾增成, ZEN, ZEN-CHENG Unknown Date (has links)
競爭之主要經濟價值在於經由市場機能的運作,使資源作最有效的配置,並確保市場 競爭的公平性和和平等性,但如自由競爭的經濟價值已非任由私人 企業所叮能達成時,即有賴國家以法理手段來維持市場競爭秩序,因此各國反托拉斯 法莫不以維護競爭及防止限制競爭行為為目的。 就保險業而言,保險事業係依賴多數被保險人所線納之保費而為經營,其營運之良莠 與否和公眾經濟生活有密切關係,為確保業者的清償能力,各國無不對保險業加以管 理,藉以維護公共利益,以保險監理之核心一費率來說,費率是否不足夠、合理及公 平和保險人、被保險人休戚相關,因此有賴主管機關加以管理,然而何種管理方式方 符合最大公共利益,則有許多不同的觀念,例如美國自十九世紀以來,對保險費率究 應採行自由競爭或管制方式即爭論不已,且因保費率釐定過程之特殊需要,反托拉斯 法應否適用於保險業亦引起一番爭議。本文即擬就美國產物保險費率監理製定作一介 紹,並以美國立法及聯邦最高法判例,探討美國聯邦反托拉斯法對保險業除外適用的 原因及範圍。 雖然我國尚未有反托拉斯法,但研擬中之公平交易將保險業之行為排除公平六易法的 適用,其並未經過審慎的評估,因此吾人欲以美國之經驗作為我國保險業應否適用公 平交易法的參考。
3

兩岸營業競爭法制之研究 / The research of competition laws of China and Taiwan

滕萬峻, Teng, Wan-Chun Unknown Date (has links)
本論文主要在探討兩岸營業競爭法制之內容及異同。主要內容如下:(一)兩岸先後制定了營業競爭法,如台灣於1991年制定的公平交易法,大陸於1993年制定的公平交易法,兩岸營業競爭法各有其特色,但大陸的反不正當競爭法規之內容基本上並未對反壟斷部份加以規範,僅有對公用企業及行政部門之限定購買行為和行政機關的地區封鎖行為加以限制,結合部份則完全未加以規定,聯合行為部分則規範了串通投票行為;台灣公平交易法則分別對不公平競爭行為、壟斷、結合、聯合、皆加以規範,內容上較大陸完整。(二)大陸的壟斷行政性壟斷為主,為其特色,主要包括部門壟斷及地區封鎖,此乃計劃經濟體制過渡至市場經濟所產生之弊端。(三)大陸反壟斷法未來制定之必要性及時機的探討。(四)大陸市場體制若干問題之探討。(五)結論。
4

技術標準制定與相關專利實施之競爭法問題探討 / The Antitrust Issues in Standard Setting and Patent Pools

陳貞妤, Chen,Chen-Yu Unknown Date (has links)
在知識經濟時代,智慧財產權在企業發展與競爭力提升上具有相當影響力,其重要性已不言可喻。近年來越來越多的關注焦點落在技術標準的發展上,蓋技術標準是技術成果的規範化、規則化,對企業而言,唯有引領標準,掌握制定規則的權力,才能形成真正的競爭優勢,否則就可能永遠受制於人。而對產業整體而言,技術標準對經濟及科技之發展有相當貢獻,蓋一旦標準形成,產品與零組件間相容性問題就可被解決,製造商之生產成本也可降低。一般認為技術標準的形成是大勢所趨且有利多於弊的效果,然在技術標準的制定與後續相關專利的實施過程,卻可能衍生出許多與反托拉斯法相關之爭議。美國司法部與聯邦交易委員會曾在1995年共同發表「智慧財產授權之反托拉斯準則」,表達對智慧財產權授權行為可能引發競爭法問題之看法,在相隔十二年後,於2007年4月間,又共同發表了「反托拉斯法執行與智慧財產權報告」,當中對技術標準與專利聯盟所牽涉的競爭法議題做了深入探討。 技術標準制定過程中引貣競爭法上疑義的行為態樣有專利劫持及抵制技術標準制定之情形。美國聯邦交易委員會已於2006年8月Rambus一案中,確立專利劫持行為違反聯邦交易委員會法第五條與休曼法第二條規定,聯邦上訴巡迴法院也於2007年6月Qualcomm v. Broadcom一案中,表示專利權人違反FRAND授權原則將形同從事專利劫持之效果,構成休曼法第二條規定之違反。至於抵制技術標準制定情形,法院已於2006年2月在Golden Bridge Technology v. Nokia一案中表示確有違反休曼法第一條規定之見解。 目前各技術標準組織紛紛藉由:1.制定揭露政策,亦即要求成員揭露與欲採定為標準之技術相關之專利權,或2.訂定FRAND政策,要求成員同意未來將在符合公平、合理且無歧視原則下進行授權等方式,以避免專利劫持情形發生。惟由 於技術標準組織除在了解相關技術是否存在專利權之外,需進一步知悉未來專利授權條件,以做為是否將特定專利技術採為技術標準之參考,再加上FRAND字義上不易做成精確解釋,易生文義操弄之空間,仍無法解決專利劫持之問題,因此近期部分技術標準組織漸發展出事先授權條件揭露之政策,例如VITA及IEEE組織,要求欲參與技術標準制定之成員,必須事先揭露將來擬授權金額之上限或授權條件的最嚴苛限度。此外也有論者提出事先多方進行授權條件協商之可行性。 關於事先單方揭露授權條件政策之適法性,美國反托拉斯主管機關已表明不予質疑之立場,並肯定事先單方揭露授權條件有促進技術標準制定效率之優點。至於在事先多方協商授權條件政策方面,反托拉斯主管機關雖強調其對於技術標準組織是否應進行事先協商授權條件並未設立立場,但基本上仍肯定事先授權條件協商具減少專利劫持並達到促進競爭效果之優點,故傾向適用合理原則作為判斷是否違反反托拉斯法規定的依據。惟若專利權人以事先協商授權條件作為掩護,實際上共同約定以標準技術製造生產之下游產品的銷售價格(naked price fixing),此時仍難逃被認定構成當然違法行為。 在藉由專利聯盟實施技術標準之過程,亦可能有構成競爭法上聯合行為與獨占行為之情形發生。相關引發違法疑慮之行為態樣包括:專利聯盟中包含替代性專利、競爭性敏感資訊之流通、排除他人加入專利聯盟、專屬授權、回饋授權、權利金約定、拒絕部分授權等。惟應注意的是,美國法院及反托拉斯主管機關認為,有鑑於專利聯盟具促進授權活動進行效率之特性,有助於技術提升及產業發展,因此傾向以合理原則判斷專利聯盟限制條款約定之合法性,而不當然認為此等行為態樣違反反托拉斯法相關規定。 在台灣喧騰一時的飛利浦光碟案主要亦是涉及技術標準實施過程產生是否違反公平交易法之疑義,九十六年四月間最高行政法院作出最終判決,纏訟已久的紛爭於是落幕。對於本案衍生問題思考,首先,本文認為公平會或許應審慎思考是否進一步制定有關技術標準與專利聯盟之特別處理準則。公平會似可參酌美國等先進國家之例,詳細規範技術標準的制定與發展,及專利聯盟的形成、對參與者的限制、關鍵性專利的決定、授權管理、授權條件的審查等各項問題。其次,在技術市場的界定與聯合行為的認定上,應回歸專利技術內容與專利技術間的關係加以分析;存在互補關係之技術,彼此間沒有制衡或牽制力量,不應被劃定在同一技術市場,也就不會成立聯合行為。而在獨占地位的認定上,應認為只要擁有製造某一產品之部分關鍵性專利技術,足以專利法所賦予之權利牽制他人對該產品之製造、銷售等行為,而該產品在相關產品市場可被認為具獨占地位,即應可認定專利技術擁有者之獨占地位成立。最後,在獨占地位濫用之救濟措施方面,公平會應依公平法第41條規定,妥善運用法律所賦予之裁量權限,縝密思索對於該當具體事案最為合理、適當的救濟措施,給予當事人最直接有效的救濟,而非僅消極地命令其不得繼續從事違法行為或處以罰鍰,對於事態之解決,並無法有效發揮回復市場競爭應有狀態之公平法規範目的。美國聯邦交易委員會於Rambus案及其他相關案例中極富創意地提出消極、積極的更正措施交錯運用模式,當可作為我國公平會未來對類似案件處理之參考。 為了成功地制定技術標準以引領產業發展,本文認為,有志於參與技術標準活動業者,在這個主要由歐美大廠主導技術標準制定的產業環境中,應注意歐美等國法規範內容與法院、相關主管機關之實務見解,才能知悉特定行為之法律風險以避免誤觸法網,並適當主張自己的權利。其次,可善用技術標準組織政策訂定方式解決專利劫持問題。再者,在技術標準制定之高度角力競爭下,必須培育跨領域人才參與技術授權談判才能增加脫穎而出之機會。而若欲藉由成立專利聯盟方式進行專利交互授權或對外授權,專利聯盟的組成與授權進行至少應符合本 文第七章所歸納的幾個基本要件,始不易產生違反競爭法之疑慮。至於在被控專利侵權業者方面,在面對專利侵權訴訟而進行訴訟攻防時,可朝專利權人參與技術標準或專利聯盟活動的行為是否違反反托拉斯法規定之方向加以思考,以冀增加勝訴之機會。 / In this era of knowledge-economy, intellectual property plays an important role in business developments. The significance of standard setting is thus much emphasized in recent years. It is generally recognized that standard setting brings many benefits to industries, such as costdown of manufacturing process and improvement of product compatibility, and patent pools can help to decrease transaction costs of licensing negotiations and to mitigate royalty stacking problems. However, disputes regarding the violation of antitrust law can be caused in the process of setting standards and the formation and the operation of patent pools. The U.S. DOJ and the U.S. FTC has discussed about antitrust issues related to standard setting and patent pools in “Antitrust Guidelines for the Licensing of Intellectual Property” in April 1995 and “Antitrust Enforcement And Intellectual Property Right:Promoting Innovation and Competition” in April 2007. Patent holdup and group boycott are controversial in standard setting. In August 2006, the U.S. FTC ruled in In re Rambus that patent holdup would violate section 2 of the Sherman Act and section 5 of the FTC Act. In June 2007, the Federal Circuit also ruled in Qualcomm v. Broadcom that patent owner who has broken one’s previous commitment on FRAND licensing would violate section 2 of the Sherman Act. As to group boycott, the court opinioned in Golden Bridge Technology v. Nokia that group boycott in the process of setting standard could be per se illegal under section 1 of the Sherman Act. Many standard setting organizations (SSOs) have tried to avoid patent holdup by making patent disclosure and FRAND licensing policies. Recently some SSOs have implemented policies of ex ante unilateral announcement of licensing terms by patent holders or ex ante multilateral licensing negotiation between patent holders and SSO members to deal with patent holdup problems. These ex ante approaches facilitate competition between patent holders on licensing terms and allow SSOs to gain more information on patents. In light of the competitive effects these ex ante approaches generate, FTC and DOJ declared that they will review related policies and conduct under the rule of reason. But any efforts to reduce competition by using ex ante disclosure or negotiation process as a cover to fix downstream prices of products would be reviewed a per se violation of section 1 of the Sherman Act. The standard patent licensing by patent pools could also give rise to cautions of violating antitrust law. Certain behavior in patent pools can be deemed controversial, such as including substitute patents, exchanges of competitively sensitive information, exclusive membership, exclusive license, grantback license, package license, and so on. The DOJ and the FTC expressed that they will examine similar behavior in patent pools under the rule of reason, since patent pools provide a more efficient way for patent licensing, which help to improve technology qualities and industry developments. The case, Philips v. Fair Trade Commission, R.O.C., also involved some disputes of violating Fair Trade Act. From the case, the thesis claims that first, there is a need for FTC to enact a guideline regarding standard setting and patent pools for the industries to follow. Second, while defining technology markets and concerted actions, one should analyze the relationship between patents. Complementary patents belong to different technology markets, so it would be impossible for complementary patent owners to collude with each other. Third, to identify monopolization, the thesis asserts that the patent owner of technology essential for certain product will acquire monopoly positions in certain product market, and thus will be deemed as monopolists in the related technology market. Last but not the least, the thesis proposes that the FTC should not only passively prohibit the abuse of monopoly position and issue punishments, but also come up with some proper solutions, such as compulsory license, to actively maintain fair competition in the market. Some measures delineated by the U.S. FTC in In re Rambus can be referred for future cases in Taiwan. To successfully participate in standard setting and patent pool activities, the thesis proposes certain suggestions. First, because most SSOs are led by U.S. and European enterprises and most SSOs are subject to U.S. and European legal jurisdiction, it is important to follow up to U.S. and European law and legal developments to avoid legal risks. Second, properly structuring SSO patent policies might enable SSOs to mitigate patent holdup problems. Third, the cultivation of inter-disciplinary professionals of technology, law, finance, and business management can be significant for industries in the standard setting competition. The thesis as well indicates several principles that might help to avoid the risks of violation of antitrust law during the formation and operation of patent pools. On the other hand, those who are accused of patent infringement might gain a better chance to win the lawsuit, if the violations of antitrust of patent owners in standard setting and patent pools are taken into consideration.
5

競爭法對於搭售行為之規範 / Tying Arrangements under the Competition Law

楊宏暉, Yang, Hung-Hui Unknown Date (has links)
搭售意指賣方將兩個產品搭配在一起銷售,乃屬商場上常見之行銷手法。但從競爭法的規範面向來看,搭售被認為是種限制競爭的行為,目的在於延伸市場力量,排除被搭售產品市場上的競爭,並且構築市場進入障礙。經濟理論則提出了一些反駁,說明搭售也有某些促進競爭的效果,如增進效率、品質控制等,因而要求對於搭售行為可能產生之正負效益作精確地評估,不宜一律視作當然違法,進而影響到規範搭售行為的執法。我國的公平交易法也將搭售行為納入規範,實務案例並不少見,故此問題值得重視。 我國公平交易法的立法與執法融合了美國法和德國法的特色,故本論文乃從比較法的觀點,分析美國和德國規範搭售行為之理論與實務及變遷,在美國法上,搭售與反托拉斯法的互動雖已有百年之久,但其規範迄今仍有相當大的爭議,相關的討論屢見不鮮,而隨著微軟案的推波助瀾,搭售問題再度受到矚目及討論,因此,本論文也對此案的相關問題和討論作一整理。此外,也整理了若干對於搭售行為的經濟分析文獻,並且對於競爭政策和競爭法的一些看法作了著墨。 在內容上,本論文除了從限制競爭法的角度來探討搭售行為外,也從不正競爭法的立場來觀察搭售行為所可能產生的影響,這部分的討論以德國不正競爭防止法為主,敘述搭售行為所可能涉及的行為樣態,並且對於近年來德國聯邦最高法院針對低價手機和門號的搭配促銷所表示之見解加以整理,同時也析論贈品令廢止之最新動態及其後續影響。 最後,則整理及分析我國公平交易法規範搭售行為的相關規定和實務案例,並提出執法建議。
6

美國反托拉斯法與我國公平交易法中市場結構控制之研究 / The Control of Market Structure in U.S. Antitrust Law and R.O.C. Fair Trade Act

吳英同, Wu,Window Unknown Date (has links)
反托拉斯法所規範的層面,大致可將之歸納為結構面(marketstructure)與行為面(Conduct)。前者主要規範獨占、寡占及主要廠商(Dominant Firms)與廠商結合(合併)所形成的市場結構;後者則規範諸多廠商水平的合作行為與垂直限制交易行為。本文之目的,即在探討美國法上,如何致力於「競爭性結構」的規範制度與執行方法,以做為我國公平交易法執法及修法上的參考。研究發現以下各點:1.規模經濟的考量與廠商合併的運作,可謂美國產業結構形成的重要因素。台灣經濟發展的過程中,政府介入程度頗深,寡占與獨占事業多為法令造成。就我國實證而言,發現結構、行為、績效三者間具有高度相關,而競爭性之結構亦較能帶來整體績效最大。我國公平法目前對獨佔及寡占事業僅規範行為面,對建立公平競爭秩序成效恐屬有限;蓋就市場結構之控制而言,在我國多為中小企業之情勢下,獨佔、寡占之問題較諸結合,更為嚴重,在此特殊產業結構背景下,欲建立一真正具競爭性之環境,應自市場結構面(market structure)著手,可考慮賦予我國公平會或法院類似聯邦法院所具之衡平權,使公平會得將濫用市場力量的寡占、獨占事業解體(dissolution)或分割獨占公司之資產以建立另一與之競爭的實體等權限,以重建競爭結構,以建立競爭秩序。2.經濟理論與工具應妥善運用,以符立法本旨,美國聯邦交易委員會及司法部反托拉斯局均設有經濟分析專責單位,我國公平會亦宜指定專責單位,加強產業發展之研究並負責經濟分析事宜,俾針對業務單位進行個案所需,提供相關經濟分析協助。3.美國在規範結合行為方面,係以訂定指導準則方式為之,此法無論對執法機關或事業而言,皆有遵循之標準,避免雙方在執法及適法上產生不確定性之困擾。我國可參考之。4.近來我國貿易自由化進展迅速,企業經營環境已隨著大幅改變,競爭法的實施(如「市場」之定義等)應考量此一因素,才不會失之偏頗,造成國內產業不利損失。附錄:限制營業競爭行為與國際經濟的關係
7

從專利獨占之制度目的設計角度定義公平交易法第四十五條之專利權正當行使行為—以美國法制為借鏡

邱詩茜, Chiu, Shih-Chien Unknown Date (has links)
本論文主要是在探討現行公平交易法第四十五條「依照著作權法、商標法或專利法行使權利之正當行為,不適用本法之規定」,其中有關專利權之部分。蓋專利權屬於智慧財產權之一種,係國家以法律授予私人的一種獨占、排他權利,亦即,專利權人就其所獲之專利請求範圍,係處於一種法定專有排除他人未經其同意而製造、販賣、使用或進口該專利之獨占權能地位。專利法藉由此一賦予專利權人特定期間之專屬排他權 (Exclusive Right)/獨占壟斷權,以提供一定之經濟上利益為誘因,藉此鼓勵發明人『公開』符合可專利要件;而競爭法制係為維護公平、自由競爭秩序與環境而必須規範獨占、聯合、結合等限制競爭行為及不公平競爭行為,兩者之糾結關係應如何釐清?素有經濟憲法高地位之稱之競爭法制,應如何在法律特設專利獨占權之制度目的考量下,揮舞它這把大刀?又法律特設專利獨占權之制度目的,又會如何影響競爭法制規制專利權利之界線,是本文想要探究、嘗試解決之議題亦為本文研究目的所在。 鑑於目前我國對於公平交易法第四十五條之法律定位爭議甚大,復以目前我國對於專利權之正當權利行使行為之實務摸索尚處於萌芽之未臻成熟階段,本文擬以專利制度之制度目的及專利財產之本質出發,再借鏡國美國法制百餘年之行政執法、司法實務之實證觀察方式,試圖對目前我國越來越多之專利權權利行使與公平交易法之交錯相關議題及爭議,提出一些可能的思考方向與解決之道,並以法律體系解釋、法律目的解釋、市場經濟以及專利制度之制度目的等思維角度,嘗試定義公平交易法第四十五條之專利權正當權利行使行為,並將本文所建議之審查基準與審查步驟作成審查流程圖,作為本文之總結。
8

國際競爭法的調和 / The Harmonization of International Competition Law

謝孟珊, Meng-Shan Hsieh Unknown Date (has links)
不論是反全球化或是支持全球化,我們都無法否認,全球化已經是一個現在進行式。另外一個與全球化一樣逐步成長的乃是市場經濟體制,市場經濟體制植基於開放競爭有助於資源合理分配的觀念,而全球化則擴大了資源分配的範圍。然而,全球化和市場經濟體制的發達,貿易壁壘的消除,也帶動跨國界限制競爭活動的發展,反托拉斯不再是單純的國內問題,而是國際問題。 國際反托拉斯所帶來的問題大致可分為下述兩種,一是阻礙國際貿易的發展,二是因為各國不同的反托拉斯標準造成國際緊張以及企業成本。第一類問題可以細分為下述幾種情況:1. 國際卡特爾破壞市場競爭機制以及消費者福祉; 2. 跨國公司在全球濫用獨占力,影響國際競爭秩序和消費者福祉;3. 競爭法的缺乏以及競爭法的不力執行構成市場進入障礙。第二類問題亦可以細分為下屬幾種情況:1. 國際合併的多國標準造成企業的額外成本,不利國際合併之進行,並造成國際緊張;2. 國與國間產業政策以及競爭政策的衝突。 面對上述這些跨國性的反托拉斯問題,各界紛紛提出競爭法調和的呼籲,此議題近來在各國際組織也漸獲重視。事實上為了處理國外限制競爭行為對國內所產生的影響,以保護本國利益,國內法方面已有所謂的「域外適用(extraterritorial application)」對策產生。但是競爭法的域外適用並無法全然解決現時國際限制競爭行為所帶來的問題,反而還帶來了新的問題,並造成國際緊張。為了在國際案件有效執行反托拉斯法,不論是在卡特爾案件或是獨占力濫用案件,各國競爭法主管機關互相合作與協調都是不可或缺的。至於將競爭法提升至國際法層次,避免國家以非關稅措施破壞自由貿易制度,似乎也有需要。 本文目的在於藉著對競爭法調和現況的瞭解和其成就之分析來尋求目前全球化時代,貿易自由化時代下跨國限制競爭問題的解決之道。 全文一共分為六章,第一章為緒論,為本論文做出開端,闡明全球化時代國際競爭秩序的問題,並提出研究範圍與目的。 第二章研究關於國際競爭秩序的雙邊條約,著眼於美國和歐盟,澳洲和紐西蘭,以及我國和世界各國所訂立的條約。討論範圍為該些雙邊關係所建立之合作內容,其具體成效,成功失敗之因素,以及可供世界各國借鏡之處。台灣部分則著眼於我國目前現狀之檢討,和未來走向之研究。 第三章為從事競爭法調和的區域性國際組織,研究範圍包括歐盟、APEC以及NAFTA。其中APEC所從事的活動較近於政策性的調和,屬於競爭政策的宣導;NAFTA則進一步具有競爭法的實體規範;歐盟不但具有實體規範,並具有一套全球獨步的競爭法執行架構。 第四章為國際組織,將討論UN, WTO和OECD在國際競爭法的發展。UN基本上雖為政治組織,但是對於競爭議題也相當重視;WTO部分則將討論目前競爭議題在WTO體系的進展,並進一步討論WTO進行國際競爭法調和工作的可行性和不可行性;OECD對於競爭議題也一直相當重視,本文將探討OECD在競爭議題方面的研究成果。 第五章為全球性的競爭法規範,討論的範圍有UNCTAD所提出的「管制限制性商業行為的一套多邊協議的公平原則和規則(Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices)」以及DIAC。這兩套全球性的競爭法不但都具有實體規範也都提出一套制度性規範,雖然兩者都未能成為具有拘束力的國際競爭法,但是其所提出的實體規範內容和架構設計仍值得我們做進一步的研究。「管制限制性商業行為的一套多邊協議的公平原則和規則」本身是以聯大決議的形式呈現,因此在某一角度而言,「管制限制性商業行為的一套多邊協議的公平原則和規則」並未失敗,然而DIAC原本乃是預定成為WTO的附件之一,唯最後這樣的理想並未實現,因此我們有必要去問,DIAC的失敗因素為何?是基於其實體內容的設計問題,或是制度面的設計問題?或者是因為其他的外在因素? 最後,在第六章的結論,本文將試圖分析各種競爭法調和方式的利弊得失,並且提出建議。 / Some people oppose globalization, while others support globalization. However, it is undeniable that globalization is an on-going trend. Another on-going trend is market-oriented economy structure. The structure of market-oriented economy bases on the theory that competition contributes to reasonable allocation of resource. On the other hand, globalization expands the scope of the allocation of resources. However, the proliferation of globalization and the structure of market-oriented economy and the elimination of trade barriers also promote the development of transnational anticompetitive activities. Antitrust is no more a pure domestic issue, it is also an international issue nowadays. International antitrust problems could be divided into two parts. First, the international antitrust activities hinder the development of international trade. Second, different antitrust standards of each country cause international tense situation and increase enterprises’ cost. First situation contains following aspects: 1. International cartels ruin market competition system and welfare of consumers. 2. Transnational companies abuse their dominant power all globally and affect international competition order and consumers’ welfare. 3. Absence of competition law and unenforcement of it constitute market entrance obstacles. Second situation also contains following aspects: 1.Different standards of international mergers bring many results, such as increasing enterprises’ extra cost, hindering the proceedings of international mergers, and causing international tensions. 2. The conflict between industry policy and competition policy of countries. Facing those transnational antitrust problems, the issue of the harmonization of competition law has been raised. This issue is drawing more and more attention in several international organizations day by day. In fact, to deal with the domestic effect of abroad anticompetitive activities to protect national interest, the theory “extraterritorial application” of domestic law has been raised. However, the extraterritorial application of domestic law is unable to solve all the problems that the international anticompetitive activities have brought. Furthermore, it has also made new problems and caused international tensions. To enforce antitrust law effectively in international cases, cooperation and coordination between national competition agencies are unavoidable. In addition, bringing antitrust law up to international law level and avoiding nations ruin free trade system by non-tariff strategy seem also be needed. The main purpose of this essay is to understand and analysis the current situation of the harmonization of competition law and to find out the solution of transnational competition problems in the era of globalization and the era of free-trade. This essay has been divided into 6 chapters. The first chapter is the introduction, which illustrates the international competition problems in the era of globalization and brings out the studying scope and purpose of this essay. The second chapter talks about international competition bilateral treaties between U.S. and E.U., Australia and New Zealand, Taiwan and other countries. The discussing scope contains the cooperation content which was set up by the bilateral treaty, its concrete result, and the reasons of its failure or success. As for Taiwan, this essay focuses on the review of its current situation and where its future is. The third chapter talks about regional international organizations which involve in the harmonization of competition law, such as E.U., APEC and NAFTA. APEC’s activities are more closer to the harmonization of policies, which promote competition activities. NAFTA has substantial competition regulations. E.U. not only has substantial regulations but also has the first set of enforcement system of international competition law in the world. The forth chapter is international organization, which talks about the development of international competition law in U.N., WTO and OECD. Although basically U.N. is a political organization, it also highly emphasizes competition issues. In addition, this chapter talks about the development of competition issues in the WTO system and the possibilities of promoting the harmonization of international competition law in WTO. Additionally, OECD also emphasizes competition issues very much. This chapter also talks about the study result of OECD in the competition issues. The fifth chapter is the global competition regulations, which contains “Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices” of UNCTAD and “ Draft International Antitrust Code”. Both of the global competition laws contain substantial regulations and the design of enforcement systems. Although both of them ended up in unrestrictive regulations, they also deserve further research. “Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices” was brought out with the form of UN General Assembly Resolution, but it is successful in some aspect. DIAC was meant to be an Annex of WTO originally. However this idea was not realized at the end. Why DIAC failed? Was it because of the design of its substantial content or the design of the enforcement structure or other outside factors? At last, this essay will analysis the shortages and advantages of all kinds of the harmonization of competition law and bring out recommendations in the conclusion of chapter 6.

Page generated in 0.0242 seconds