Dans le secteur de l’assurance, les dernières évolutions règlementaires et des normes comptables vont dans le sens de la standardisation de la gestion des risques au sein des organismes. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif principal de ma thèse est de proposer différentes méthodologies d’évaluation et d’analyse des risques dans ce secteur. La première partie de ce manuscrit traite de la problématique de provisionnement individuel en non-vie. Je propose des adaptions d’algorithmes d’apprentissage automatique ensemblistes et de certaines métriques de performance pour l’estimation des durées des sinistres ainsi que des charges sinistres ultimes en présence de don-nées censurées à droite. L’application de ces méthodes à des données réelles de contrats de prêts ou de contrats de prévoyance collective conduit à des estimations plus performantes et plus robustes des paramètres considérés. La deuxième partie présente une approche d’estimation de choc à un an sur des paramètres spécifiques à l’entité (Undertaking Specific Parameters) du module santé assimilable la vie du pilier 1 de la formule standard de la norme Solvabilité II. L’utilisation de la crédibilité américaine (ou crédibilité à variation limitée) permet la prise en compte partielle des contraintes de disponibilité des données d’expérience (volumétrie et profondeur d’historique) lors du calibrage des chocs. A titre d’illustration, j’ai appliqué cette approche aux risques d’incidence et de maintien (ou de rétablissement) des garanties d’incapacité et d’invalidité en arrêt de travail d’un portefeuille de contrats de prêts. Les résultats obtenus montrent des baisses significatives des be-soins de capitaux de solvabilité requis (SCR) du risque de souscription par rapport à la formule standard. La troisième partie est une étude descriptive des calculs de la formule standard pour l’évaluation du besoin de fonds propres économiques du risque de dépendance. Elle permet de mettre en évidence les insuffisances de la norme et de proposer des pistes d’améliorations en vue d’une meilleure prise en compte des spécificités de ce risque. Enfin, dans la dernière partie du manuscrit, je propose une étude comparative des préférences d’attitudes face au risque dans le secteur financier, notamment la banque et l’assurance. Il s’agit d’une analyse empirique menée dans trois zones géographiques (Amérique, Europe et Afrique) afin de mesurer les liens et les différences entre les profils d’attitude face au risque et certaines variables sociodémographiques / In the insurance sector, the latest regulatory developments and accounting standards are in line with the standardization of risk management within organizations. In this context, the main objec-tive of my thesis is to propose different methodologies for risk evaluation and analysis in this sec-tor. The first part of this manuscript deals with the problem of individual non-life reserving. I pro-posed adaptations of machine learning algorithms and some performance metrics for the estima-tion of the durations of the claims as well as the ultimate claims in the presence of right censored data. The application of these methods to property and consumer loans insurance contracts or group protection contracts leads to better and more robust estimates of the parameters consid-ered. The second part presents a one-year shock estimation approach on entity-specific parame-ters (Undertaking Specific Parameters) of the life-sustaining health module of Pillar 1 of the Solven-cy II standard formula. The use of American credibility (or limited variation credibility) allows partial consideration of the availability constraints of data (volume and historical depth of data) when calibrating shocks. By way of illustration, I applied this approach to incidence and recovery (or non-recovery) of incapacity and disability risks. The results obtained show significant decreases in sol-vency capital requirements (SCR) of underwriting risk need compared to the standard formula cal-culation. The third part is a descriptive study of the calculations of the standard formula for eco-nomic solvency capital need of long term care risk. The main purpose is to highlight the inadequa-cies of the standard formula and to suggest ways of improving them in order to better take into account the specificities of this risk. Finally, in the last part of the manuscript, I proposed a compar-ative study of risk attitude preferences in the financial sector, including banking and insurance. This is an empirical analysis conducted in three geographical areas (America, Europe and Africa) to measure the links and differences between risk attitude profiles and sociodemographic variables

This thesis covers, in detail, theoretical background of micro-level stochastic model, which includes definition and properties of non-homogeneous Poisson process. This the- ory is then applied to real data generated by MTPL portfolio. Estimates of provisions under micro-level stochastic model are calculated using ordinary Monte Carlo simula- tion method. Results obtained from micro-level stochastic model are compared to Mack Chain-ladder estimates. 1

多樣化壽險商品時代來來臨、壽險業目標市場鎖定的需求，致使「選擇適當的目標市場」和「設計適合目標市場的行銷組合策略」成為保險業者在擬定行銷策略所應注重兩大方向。惟如何選擇最具有吸引力，而又適合本身資源條件及競爭環境的目標市場，則就是行銷理論研究及實務上最重要的一項問題。 綜觀目前國內各研究所的論文中，關於消費者對於保險商品之購買行為的研究，多集中在消費者購買保險的原因或動機之分析上。惟其多是描述性、相關性分析為主，而此類研究方式雖然有其實用性，但其在缺乏「因果關係」的分析下，實無法了解消費者本身之不同，所引起購買意願之不同。再者，其並未進一步針對不同商品，研究影響消費者之所以購買不同商品之因素，係因任何忽略「商品多樣性」的研究，顯然過於簡化影響是否消費者購買保險商品之因素。本文對於消費者購買行為之基本認識為：消費者決定『是否購買』。保險，以及決定『選擇何種』保險的過程是同一的、不可分的。」因此，本文將以「多樣化的保險商品」為前提，來研究消費者決定「是否」購買保險、以及「選擇」購買何種保險之原因或動機。 究竟「消費者本身的差異性」與「是否購買及購買何種保險」之間存在什麼樣的關係，同時也是保險公司在保單設計、搭配、以及保險行銷上不可忽略之重要裁題。本文從于證資料上分析此一問題，以EKB消費者行為模式為理論基礎，依消費者本身的不同的背景、不同投保的動機、不同對保險的認知等等不同追求產品的相對利益為基礎因素，來探討消費者對不同的保險商品的需求。 本文乃以『問卷調查』為研究工具，針對台灣地區 20 歲- 70 歲之消費者為研究對象，實際訪查消費者所偏好之保險商品。共計取得有效問卷 965 份，輔以以效用函數為理論基礎之『羅吉特迴歸模式』計量方式，找出「消費者本身的差異性」與「是否購買及購買何種保險產品」之間的因素，並而建立消費者效用函數，進而預估消費者購買保險機率，促使業者更能設計符合消費者需求之保單組合。 研究結果顯示，在「是否會購買保險」的議題上，發現消費者教育程度不同會影響其購買意願；「保險演講會的舉行」、「親友在保險公司做事」或「自身或家屬曾發生事故」時，亦會明顯提高消費者之購買意願；業務員的上門推銷將是促使消費者引起購買保險的主要動機之一；再者，消資者在購買保險時，最重要之評估準則，則在於壽險期間是否太長、領回的錢值不值得及保費是否會太高等問題。 就「偏好購買不同商品」的議題上，本研究亦就目前市面上較為普遍之十種商品作研究，研究發現影響消費者偏好購買各個商品之因素各有不同，本文亦對其作綜合整理。最後亦針對研究結果，就各個不同保險商品，依其具有顯著水準之人口統計變項作--市場區隔，以期能提供保險公司或業務員在銷售時，可依商品的不同對消費大眾做市場區隔，使業務員或保險公司較易針對消費者不同的需求，做出較適合消費者且較易使消費者接受的保單設計。相信如此一來，非但有助於保險公司之保單設計與行銷，對於保險消費者如何選擇最適合自己的保單，也有相當的助益。 / The main goal of this research is to study the motives of the consumers purchasing the insurance policies and the selecting procedures. The previous researches on this area have been focused on the purchasing motives of each individual consumer. This kind of approach is widely used in practice. However, the consumers are not facing one insurance product but a variety of different insurance portfolios. In this study, we focus on analyzing the consumer-purchasing behavior of insurance portfolios. The logistic regression model is used to estimate the preference of the consumers among different insurance policies. The procedures of this study are summarized in the following: ( 1 )Review the developments of the previous researches and the findings. ( 2 )Design an appropriate questionnaire to collect the valid information and formulate the logistic regression model in this study. ( 3 )Collect the samples from the questionnaire and code this survey into a database system. ( 4 )Estimate the coefficients in the regression model in Step (2) and analyze the results. Finally comment on the findings. Using the logistic regression model is helpful for the marketing department in insurance company to target the appropriate populations and differentiate the various insurance portfolios. In this study, the information from the questionnaire is investigated based on our choice model. Monitoring these effects is beneficial for the managers having concise information in our target markets. Finally, a quantitative model is proposed for Taiwan insurance markets and the recommended marketing strategy.

本研究的目的是要探討筆記型電腦對壽險業者所產生的影響，以及，筆記 型電腦在使用上所可能發生的效益與問題，俾對業者宜否引進筆記型電腦 和引進時應注意之事項提出建議。整個研究所欲探討的四個核心問題為 ：1.目前筆記型電腦在壽險業內的應用範疇為何? 2.壽險業者採用筆記型 電腦與否，是否受到其本身之特徵、所採策略以及外在環境的影響? 3.筆 記型電腦如何影響公司的營運? 4.筆記型電腦對壽險業者營運績效的影響 如何?本論文屬於探索性研究，旨在發展一些假設供後續研究者從事驗證 性研究，及對後續研究提供一些建議。本研究在研究方法上是採用單一個 案研究的方式進行。而分析層級包括公司整體、公司內之部門以及個人等 三層。採行的資料蒐集方法則有：1.次級資料蒐集。2.人員深入訪談。3. 記錄表施測。4.問卷施測。其中關於筆記型電腦影響壽險銷售績效之探討 ，係用準實驗設計─不相等實驗組設計組前測後測設計─並輔以共變數分 析 (ANCOVA)、卡方檢定、平均數和標準差等統計方法來處理。由於整個 研究涵括了非數量分析與數量分析，因此，實際上已對部分假設進行了初 步的驗證。研究結論如下：1.壽險業者因筆記型電腦成本降低與產業競爭 加劇，故考慮引進使用筆記型電腦。2.採用筆記型電腦的壽險業者的共同 點為：中小規模，銷售多類壽險產品、尋求業績快速成長，且面臨較強烈 之市場競爭及較低之顧客需求可預測性。3.筆記型電腦在壽險業內的應用 範疇，仍侷限於壽險銷售活動上。只能算是輔助壽險銷售的工具，適合於 較機械化的銷售步驟。4.筆記型電腦的使用方式會受到教育訓練的影響， 且長期使用筆記型電腦可能讓業務人員產生依賴，因而降低業務人員計算 保費的能力。5.筆記型電腦在提昇個人業績上之心理效果較實質效果更明 顯。此外，「專業導向」的業務人員比「關係導向」者，更傾向於攜帶筆 記型電腦去從事壽險銷售活動。6.筆記型電腦對個人的工作滿意度的作用 並不明顯，而且業務人員資訊（使用）滿意度的高低，主要是取決於管理 實務上之配合程度。綜合而言，筆記型電腦的影響層級主要是在「個人」 ，它對業務人員個人的心理建設和績效確有幫助。至於公司整體的表現方 面，則因仍會受到其它因素的影響，故其作用較不明顯。

我國自91年4月1日推動「產險市場費率自由化時程計畫」且分三階段實施， 在第一階段允許產險公司「附加費用」自由化，產險公司若簡化行政流程、降低人事成本，就能調降附加費用率。第二階段費率自由化，產險公司除了「附加費用」自由化外，更允許「危險保費」有限度的偏離；也就是說「危險保費」是有條件自由化。自98年4月1日起正式實施第三階段，也就是意味著各產險公司均應在第一階段及第二階段之緩衝時期做好萬全之調適與配套措施，產險業進入全面競爭之時代。 費率自由化第三階段正式的實施，其相關的監理配套措施及內容，遷動著未來汽車保險市場之發展，而汽車保險業務一直都是產險市場的最大宗業務。但在核保、理賠及行銷等方面處處受到車商保代通路的限制、影響，若能進一步在車險通路行銷制度問題上加以改善，對我國未來汽車保險市場將有很大的發展空間。 本篇論文主要目的係探討我國費率自由化相關議題。透過98年4月1日費率自由化第三階段的正式實施，我國產險市場邁入全面自由化階段，除了對費率自由化第三階段的相關監理配套措施內容作深入瞭解外，並針對費率自由化第一、二階段實施過程中所產生的諸多相關議題作深入研究，且借鏡鄰國日本產險費率自由化之經驗作為參考，並搭配我國汽車保險市場的實際現況，提出費率自由化第三階段實施對未來汽車保險市場的預期影響，並藉由個案公司的研究分析，提出個案公司未來車險通路最適行銷策略，以期盼產險業在面臨全面費率自由化之際，提出個人的幾點因應淺見，能提供給產險業者作為參考，並亟盼未來我國汽車保險市場運作能更佳健全蓬勃發展。 / Taiwan’s Non-life Rate Deregulation Plan has put into practice since April 1, 2002 with three phases. The first phase is to liberalize the restrictions of the loading expense. The non-life insurers can flexibly reduce the loading expenses by way of a more simplified administration process and lower personnel costs. The second phase further allows for a limited deviation rate applicable for the risk premium, namely, a conditioned deregulation for the risk premium. The third and last phase begun from Apr. 1, 2009 is to entirely liberalize all relevant expenses and premium rates. It also means that all non-life insurers should have worked out a set of comprehensive measures in preparation for a completely competitive market. The future development of motor insurance, which ranks largest among all lines of business, is subject to the corresponding supervisory measures to be taken at the third stage. However, the agents of motor companies regularly dominate the non-life insurers’ operations in the aspects of underwriting, claim and market strategy. Hence, if the existing problems related to the marketing channels encountered by the non-life insurers can be resolved, a more prosper development for motor insurance market is anticipated. The thesis mainly studies the relevant topics in relation to the rate deregulation in Taiwan. In line with the rate deregulation implemented in the third stage, the thesis not only has an in-depth study of the corresponding supervisory measures, but also discusses many related subject matters arising from the implementation process between the first and second phases. Meanwhile, the expected effects resulting from the third phase has been submitted based on Japanese same experiences in the past and domestic motor insurance market. Furthermore, by means of a specific case study, the thesis also proposes some optimal marketing strategies, which might be helpful to insurers as well as to develop a sound and stable motor insurance market in the future.

本文以2007 年至2008 年金融海嘯期間，台灣公開發行之銀行與壽險業為對 象，研究公司治理與經營績效是否有顯著相關性，並進一步探討其與經營績效下跌程度是否有顯著相關，同時納入2004 年及2005 年檢測此現象是否僅於金融海嘯期間存在。本研究發現金融海嘯前與期間的公司治理變數顯著項目與經營績效不同，金融海嘯期間公司治理對其當年度經營績效有顯著影響，也與期間的受損程度有顯著影響，董監事報酬與經營機效呈現負相關；董事長兼任總經理呈現正相關，表示不論是在一般時期或是系統性風險下的事件發生時，金融業的公司治理機制會對企業經營表現具有攸關性。 / Using data from publicly-traded Taiwan banks and life insurance companies before and during the financial crisis, this study analyze the relation between corporate governance and the performance of Taiwan banking and life insurance company. In addition, to research the relation between corporate governance and the performance change ratio of Taiwan banking and life insurance company. Obviously,performance decreases during the crisis. Furthermore, We find negative relation between performance and ownership structure and compensation of board of directors, but positive relation between performance and dual. Finally, we find there are different relations before and during the financial crisis.

隨著資訊科技的日新月異與網際網路的普及應用，各企業在面臨全球化的競爭環境下，皆積極尋求應用先進的資訊技術，力求創新與躍進，以期用最有限的資源創造企業最大的效益。對以客戶服務為主的壽險業而言，隨著新契約快速成長、產品多樣化、行銷管道多元化，壽險業所面臨的挑戰與競爭亦隨之加劇，因此，保險公司除了業務推廣外，更須加快求新求變的腳步，提供更創新、更超乎預期的客戶服務，還要兼顧營運成本管控，才能在瞬息萬變的金融保險市楊，持續保有競爭優勢。 本研究主要探討個案公司的新契約作業，在面臨業務量急速成長又要兼顧成本/利潤而無法同步大幅增加人力下，如何突破作業瓶頸，以及面臨每一階段的困難與挑戰時，如何事先評估風險與因應措施，並運用科技技術及專業團隊來大幅提升服務品質與作業效率。並且探討個案公司在完成每個階段的變革後，如何分析專案的執行成效，又如何持續提出還可再提昇改善的事項、問題以及未來可能的發展方向。個案公司的新契約作業演進過程摘要如下： 1.由於早期的人工作業已難以負荷大幅成長的業務量，故個案公司於1992年建置了「自動化核保系統」(Underwriting Automation)。然在專案推動過程中，面臨了〝如何建置完善的自動化系統〞、〝如何在兼顧成本與流程順暢下，決定最佳的系統建置方式〞及〝如何讓人員接受作業改造〞的問題， 透過專案小組以使用者的角度規劃系統流程，並且不斷地與相關人員進行充份溝通與宣導後，終於獲得所有人員的認同與支持。透過自動核保系統，不僅解決因業務量急速成長所面臨的作業瓶頸，也大幅提昇核保效率、降低人為核保錯誤率並且節省人力成本。 2.Underwriting Automation系統雖已提昇核保/發單效率，但仍面臨因產品的多元化以致業務員反應記不了這麼多的投保規則、以及無法在與客戶洽談保險當時即提供保戶確定的核保結果，因此，個案公司於2001年建置了「線上快速投保系統」(e-Application)。然在專案推動過程中，須克服的問題是〝如何提昇業務員使用系統的意願〞，透過專案小組不斷地與業務員進行溝通、並不斷地修正系統與持續地教育訓練及推廣，終於將e-Application系統使用率提昇到98%。透過e-Application系統，業務員不再有投保規則複雜的困擾，且不論上班/下班時間或例假日，都可隨時經由網際網路(internet)在客戶所在之處完成e受理、e核保，提供保戶即時的保障承諾，大幅提昇業務員的保險專業形象及行銷便利性。 3.e-Application系統雖可立即獲得核保結果，惟業務員仍須將要保文件寄達分公司才能處理後續作業。再加上投資型商品熱賣且作業較傳統型商品複雜，致核保人員的作業負荷增加。為了大幅提昇作業效率且運用有限的人力資源發揮最大的效益，個案公司於2006年建置了「影像線上作業系統」（Image ＆ Workflow）。然在專案推動過程中，面臨了〝如何改變核保人員的作業習慣 〞、〝如何將分公司人力順利移轉至簡易作業中心〞等問題，專案小組透過不斷地溝通及訓練，協助核保人員適應全程線上作業的變革；並提早一年與分公司溝通及規劃人力移轉事宜，讓人力及作業能夠順利移轉。透過Image ＆ Workflow系統，其快速便捷的e化流程，5秒鐘即可傳遞要保文件影像，不僅有效改善新契約受理高峰量之人力及作業負荷問題，且簡易案件的分流已大幅提昇核保效率且降低行政作業成本，並使核保員可更專注於複雜案件的處理與溝通，提供保戶及業務員更優質的核保服務。 保險是永續經營的服務事業，因此，流程變革是保險公司必須與時俱進且持續研討的重要課題。本研究藉由個案公司流程變革的過程、經驗及成效的分享，建議小型壽險公司推動核保自動化/影像化、中大型壽險公司全面e化/影像化/無紙化，並建議個案公司在邁入e化、影像化、無紙化的流程後，針對仍須仰賴人工處理的輸入作業，以及體檢核保人員養成不易的問題，可再進一步研議如何運用更精進的文字辨識技術與醫務專家系統，同時結合相關產業資源，採分階段方式逐步建置更科技化的系统平台，讓新契約作業邁向更快速、更專業的服務新里程。 / Along with the time evolution, the application of high technology and the spread of Internet are popular. The companies, currently are facing the competition environment in the era of globalization, all are looking for the modern technology aggressively to improve their service / operation in creative innovation way and to achieve the maximum benefit with limited resources. For the insurance companies, whose main focus is to provide customer service, they are facing more and more dramatic challenges and strict competition as the rapid growth of new business, variety of products, and diversity of promotion methods. Therefore, to maintain competitive advantage in the fast-changing financial-insurance market, the insurance companies need to strive for accelerated changes newly (as called re-engineering) not only to provide the innovative service which is beyond customer’s expectation, but also to manage the operation cost, besides promoting new business. This thesis is a case study of the new business process of the insurance company. It showed us how to break the process bottleneck, while the company faced the difficult situation that the business volume grown rapidly but no enough manpower can be added considered the cost/benefit justification. In addition, while the insurance company faced the difficulties and challenges of processing new business in each phase, how to evaluate the risks in advance and the corresponding countermeasures, adopting technology and professional team work to enhance the service quality and the operation efficiency. In these topics, we also discussed about how to evaluate the outcomes of re-engineering in each phase, included the way of reviewing the achievements / benefits of projects, continuously identifying the issues that can be improved, and the future development direction. The summary of the new business process evolution of the insurance company as below, 1.Considered the previous manual process barely handled the loading along with the huge growth of business volume, the insurance company implemented the Underwriting Automation system in 1992 to release the work load. However, the company faced several problems as “how to implement a comprehensive automation system”, “how to decide the best implementation way to achieve the objectives of that the cost is justified and the flow is smooth”, and “how to let the user to accept the process re-engineering”. Through planed the system workflow from user’s point of view and keep fully communicating with the stakeholders by the project team, this project gained all the stakeholders’ recognition and support eventually. By using the Underwriting Automation system, not only the process bottleneck caused by the huge growth of business volume can be solved, but also can large improved the underwriting efficiency, decreased the manual underwriting error rate, and saved the manpower cost. 2.Even though the Underwriting Automation system had improved the efficiency of underwriting and policy issuing, the agent still complained that they cannot remember so many underwriting rules and unable to provide the confirmed underwriting result timely when they sell the insurance product in front of the customer. Therefore, the company implemented e-Application system in 2001. However, the project team had to overcome the problem as “how to promote agent’s usage on this system” during the project implementation period. Through keep fully communicating with the agent, continuously enhanced the system features, training and promotion by the project team, the e-Application system usage rate finally raised up to 98%. By using the e-Application system, not only the agent’s persecution caused by the complex underwriting rule can be solved, but also can promise the protection to the customer in time as soon as the agent completed the e-submit, e-underwriting on customer site through the internet anytime. The professionalism and convenience of sales were big improved. 3.Even though e-Application can reply with the underwriting result immediately, the agent still need to mail out the signed copy of the application documents back to branch office for further process. Furthermore, the hot sale of Investment Link Product (ILP) and more complicated process of ILP product than the traditional product that caused the underwriter work load increased. In order to improve the operation efficiency and elaborate the best effectiveness under the limited human resource, the insurance company implemented the Image & Workflow system in 2006. However, the company faced several problems as “how to change the usual practice of underwriter”, “how to smoothly transfer the manpower from branch to the simple processing center” during the project implementation period. The project team was not only keep training and fully communicating with the underwriter, helped them accommodate to the change to entire on-line process, but also well planed the transformation and communicated with the branches one year ahead to smooth out the transfer of process and manpower. By using the Image & Workflow system, the fast convenient auto-flow that enable the document image be delivered in five second, not only can effectively solve the work load problem caused by the new business peak volume., but also can separate the simple case process to improve the underwriting efficiency and lower the operation cost. So the underwriter can more focus on the complicated case handling and communication to provide the best underwriting service quality to the agent and customer. Since insurance is the business of providing sustainable service, the process re-engineering is important task to the insurance company and has to be examined and modified concurrently with the times. In this thesis, with sharing with the experience and the achievement of the insurance company’s re-engineering process, it is suggested to implement the underwriting automation and imagelization within the small scale of insurance company, and fully implemented the electronic, imagelizing and paperless process within the medium or large scale of insurance company. After the insurance company had done the process re-engineering in electronic, imagelizing and paperless ways, it is also suggested that for those key-in works still rely on the manual process and the difficulties of developing and training medical underwriting personnel, the company can further study how to apply more advanced handwriting identification (OCR) technology and medical specialist system to solve the problems. Through utilizing the resource from the related industries to implement the highly technological system platform by phases, so as to the new business process toward more rapid and professional service milestone.

雖自1978年開始，但是從1992年鄧小平的南方談話後，中國大陸才正式進入改革開放時期，並持續20年至今。如今，中國已成為一個小康社會。"私有"的概念取代"國有"的概念是社會的一個巨大驅動力。 隨著市場經濟的腳步，保險業加入市場，並成為社會上一個穩定的力量。在這二十年中，壽險業是中國發展最快的行業之一。因為了解這股社會穩定力量的重要性，中國政府制定並頒布了許多法規，並推動保險業積極參與整個金融體系。 　　在全球化環境以及WTO的架構下，中國政府透過完善法制，加速開放腳步以吸引外國投資。如今，中國的保險市場已達到一定的規模。銀行險保為中國壽險市場帶來持續性的增長，並且對於保險公司的保費收入發揮重要作用。 　　我們建議，中國政府應注意仍然存在的壟斷局面，風險管理，以及利率的變化，以避免在未來的利差損問題。現在外資保險公司只佔較小的市場份額，如果情況持續存在，這並不利於金融體系的發展。跨業之間風險互相影響傳遞的可能性，將一天一天增加，因此，政府應創造良好的金融環境，也應對於風險控管持續關注。 / Started in 1978, but after Deng’s Southern Speech in 1992, Mainland China officially entered an evolution and opening year, which last 20 years till now. Nowadays China is a moderately prosperous society. The change of the concept "private" replaces "state-owned" is a huge driven power for the society. Following the market economy step, insurance industry joins and become a stable power to the society. In the two decades, life insurance industry is one of the fastest developing industries in China. Understanding how important the stable power for the society, the Chinese government enacts many regulations and pushes insurance industry to actively join the whole financial system. Under globalization environment and WTO structure, Chinese government accelerates the open steps by perfect legal system and attracts foreign investment. Nowadays China’s insurance market reaches a certain scale. Bancassurance brings continuous growth of China’s life insurance market and keep playing important role for insurer’s premium income. This study suggests that the Chinese government should pay more attention on monopoly situation, risk management, and the changes of interest rate to avoid negative spread problem in the future. Foreign insurers nowadays only accounted for minor market share which is not good for the development for the financial system if the situation exists continuously. The probabilities of risk transmission across industries will increase day by day; therefore, the government should create a sound financial environment and also keep their eyes on risk control.

The dissertation explores the imbricated nature of race, gender, and class in the field of insurance within the political economy of the New South. It considers how enterprising black women navigated tensions between New South rhetoric and Jim Crow reality as well as sexism and racism within the industry and among their industry peers. It complicates the narrative of black southern labor history that focuses more on women as agricultural laborers, domestics, and factory workers than as enterprising risk takers who sought to counterbalance personal ambition and self-interest with communal empowerment. Insurance organizations within black-run secret fraternal societies and formal black-owned insurance companies emerged as not only powerful symbols of black business achievement by the early decades of the twentieth century but also the most lucrative business sector of the separate black economy. Negro Captains of Industry, a coterie of successful, influential, self-made men, stood at the forefront; they represented the keystone of black economic, social, and political progress. The term invoked a decidedly masculinist image of “legitimate” leadership of black business. Considering fraternal and formal insurance, gender-inscribed rhetoric, shaped by racism and New South ideology, imagined black men as the ideal protectors and providers; women became the objects of protection rather than agents of economic development, job creation, and financial security. The dissertation explores how women operated creatively within and outside of normative expectations of their role in the insurance business. The dissertation considers the role of state regulation and zealous regulators who often targeted insurance organizations and companies, the primary symbols of black business success; in other ways, regulation dramatically improved profitability and stability. The dissertation identifies three key periods: the Pre-Regulatory Era, 1890s to 1906; the Era of Regulation, 1907-World War I; and the Professionalization of Black Insurance, Post-WWI to the Great Depression. It also considers the barriers to black women’s involvement in professional organizations. By the late 1930s, enterprising women in insurance lost ground as fraternal insurance waned in influence and as the strongest proponents of the black separate economy promoted a vision that embraced women as consumers rather than business owners. / text

本研究以2000至2012年台灣地區26間人壽保險公司的不平衡縱橫資料，運用網絡隨機邊界分析法將壽險業的生產過程分為行銷與投資兩階段進行效率評估，並利用估計結果計算規模彈性與成本彈性探討台灣壽險業的生產特性，附帶分析跨期技術變動率，最後比較不同分組的壽險公司間經營效率是否存在差異。 實證結果發現壽險公司在行銷活動過程投入較少的內勤員工與較多的固定資產，在投資階段則相反，投入較多的內勤員工與較少的固定資產，與壽險公司實際運作情況相符；此外，投資階段的效率優於第一階段的行銷效率。整體台灣壽險業受到2008年金融風暴影響導致經營效率下降，國內壽險公司在經營效率上優於外商壽險分公司，金控壽險公司生產技術效率優於非金控壽險公司，1993年後成立的新壽險公司生產技術效率平均優於傳統舊壽險公司。 / This paper uses the copula-based network SFA model developed by Huang et al. (2013) to estimate the technical efficiency of Taiwan’s life insurance companies over the period 2000-2012. Under this framework, life insurance companies produce premium income as intermediate product which is one of input factors to produce investment income. The empirical analysis concluded: (a) life insurers use little internal staff in first stage, (b) domestic life insurers have both high technical efficiency and cost efficiency in comparison with foreign life insurers, (c) financial holding life insurers have greater technical efficiency than those of not from financial holding insurers, and (d) new life insurers have higher technical efficiency than old life insurers.