本論文主要任務為探討哈伯瑪斯（J?rgen Habermas, 1929-） 於《溝通行動理論》（Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns, 1981） 中生活世界概念與其普遍語用學之關聯

Languages are a central aspect of communication, and also strongly related to ideas about belonging and identity. Language is a necessary knowledge to speak, act and make connections with other people, and also seen as an essential aspect of integration. However, as languages are connected to resilient norms in society, there are ideas of “good” and “bad” language use. This study examines migrated academic individuals and their use of acquired Swedish, to see how their language use is experienced as a communication tool and as a marker of inclusion. To live with a second language is different from learning it. A phenomenological perspective is applied to explore the lifeworlds of the individuals, to see how language use and its consequences are embodied and resulting in emotions and strategies. This is done by interviews and observations combined with language portraits and language diaries. The study shows that language is done by languaging (språkande), understood as an action of making language. The making of language includes a range of communicative elements and also the experiences, strategies and emotions that the language experiences result in. With the concept of languaging, the focal point is how language is made meaningful, as a tool that you communicate with, as well as live with.

Syftet med föreliggande studie är att genom självobservation utforska på vilka sätt min sång kan förändras av regelbunden fysisk aktivitet. Processen har bestått av fysisk aktivitet fyra gånger i veckan på Lifestyle Fitness Arvika samt övningspass i sång två gånger i veckan på Musikhögskolan Ingesund. Studien utgår från det fenomenologiska perspektivet med inriktning mot livsvärldsperspektivet och kroppens fenomenologi som skapar möjligheten att fritt reflektera kring hur jag upplever, erfar och handlar i ett sammanhang. Datamaterialet består av loggboksanteckningar och videodokumentation. Resultatet presenteras i fem olika teman som beskriver vilka mönster som framkommer i självobservationen. Dessa teman är Kroppens stabilitet, röstens utveckling, sångprestationens disposition kontra fysisk aktivitet, rutinskapande och när inspiration och motivation träder fram. Resultatet visar på för- och nackdelar samt förutsättningar som fysisk aktivitet kan ha för sjungandet. / The purpose of this study is to explore through self-observation how my singing can be changed by regular physical activity. The process consisted of physical activity four times a week at Lifestyle Fitness Arvika as well as a practice session in singing twice a week at Ingesund Music School. The study is based on the phenomenological perspective focusing on the lifeworld and the phenomenology of the body, which creates the opportunity to freely reflect on how I experience, learn and act in a context. The data consists of logbook entries and video documentation. The result is presented in five different themes describing the patterns that emerge in self-observation. These themes are the body's stability, the voice's development, the song performance disposition versus physical activity, routines and when inspiration and motivation occur. The result shows the pros and cons as well as the effect that physical activity may have for singing.

Bakgrund: Äldre människor är en återkommande patientgrupp på akutmottagningen. Vid sjukdom har den äldre ofta nedsatt förmåga och är sårbar. Det finns då en risk att autonomin inte tillgodoses och att värdigheten kränks. Forskning i ämnet visar att det finns en stor kunskapsbrist där ny forskning skulle kunna bidra till att förebygga orättvis behandling av äldre som drabbas av akut sjukdom. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att beskriva förhållningssätt till den äldre patientens autonomi när denne vårdas på akutmottagningen utifrån sjuksköterskors levda erfarenheter. Metod: Studien genomfördes med en reflekterande livsvärldsansats grundat i den fenomenologiska kunskapsteorin. Fenomenet i studien är “hantera autonomi”. Data samlades via intervjuer från två akutmottagningar. Resultat: Essensen av fenomenet att hantera den äldre patientens autonomi på akutmottagning är att brista i kunskap om autonomi, brista i förmåga till kritiska reflektioner avseende etiska problem och brista i förståelse av hur patientdelaktighet kan främjas i en otillåtande vårdmiljö. Förhållningssätt som främjar den äldre patientens autonomi och delaktighet är sköra och hindras av den försvårande vårdmiljön vilket skapar känslor av otillräcklighet. Resultatet beskrivs med innebördstema: Att prioritera i en stressig vårdmiljö, Att sträva att bevara autonomin, Att bedriva övertalning för patientens bästa, Att i akuta situationer tvingas bortse från patientens autonomi, Att ta beslut utifrån egna värderingar, Att ta beslut utan tillgång till patientens samtycke, Att utesluta och kränka patienten. Slutsats:  Utifrån studiens resultat dras slutsatsen att sjuksköterskor på akutmottagningen behöver kunskapsutveckling i ett etiskt förhållningssätt samt förutsättningar i vårdmiljön för att kunna utföra god och rättvis vård. / Background: Older people is a recurrent group of patients at the emergency department. The older patient often has impaired abilities during illness and is vulnerable. There is a risk that their autonomy isn’t satisfied and their dignity breached. Research shows that there is a gap in knowledge and new studies could contribute to prevent non equitable treatment of older people with acute illness. Aim: The aim of the study is to describe the approach to the autonomy of the older patient when cared for in the emergency department from the perspective of  lived experience of nurses. Methods: The study was conducted with a reflective lifeworld approach based on a phenomenological knowledge theory. The phenomenon in this study is “handling of  autonomy”. Data was collected through interviews from two emergency departments Findings: The essence of the phenomenon to deal with the older patients autonomy in the emergency department is lack of knowledge of autonomy, lack of ability of critical reflection regarding ethical problems and lack of understanding how patient participation can be encouraged in an non permissive care environment. Approaches that encourages the older patient’s autonomy and participation are fragile and are prevented by the aggrevating environment which creates feelings of inadequacy. The results are described by content themes: To prioritise in an stressful care environment, To strive to retain autonomy, To conduct persuasion for the patient’s best, To disregard patient autonomy due to emergent situations, To make decisions based on personal values, To make decisions without access to patient consent, To exclude and violate the patient. Conclusions: Based on the result of the study the conclusion is that nurses in the emergency department need knowledge development with an ethical approach as well as proper preconditions in the care environment to be able to perform good and equitable care.

<p>The experience of pregnancy and childbirth is a central life event with special implications for women at high risk. This thesis describes the meaning of pregnancy, childbirth and midwifery care in four qualitative interview studies based on the lifeworld theory. Women were interviewed during pregnancy and within one week after childbirth. Midwives were interviewed concerning midwifery care for women at high risk. In an intervention study, childbirth experience as reported through a post partum questionnaire was compared between women receiving standard care and women who had formulated a birth plan preceded by a questionnaire on their expectations and feelings about childbirth. </p><p>The findings emphasise that childbearing women at high risk live in an extremely vulnerable situation. The vulnerability is obvious in the use of an individual birth plan, where negative feelings become more frequent in women at high risk than in those with normal pregnancy and childbirth. During pregnancy the women feel a moral commitment towards the child, including feelings of objectification and of exaggerated responsibility. During an obstetrically complicated childbirth the essential meaning is the women’s desire to be recognised and affirmed as individual persons. Like women with normal pregnancy and childbirth, they need an emotionally present midwife who sees, give trust and supports. </p><p>Good midwifery care of childbearing women at high risk is synthesised as "genuine caring in caring for the genuine". The ethos of caring constitutes the basis of caring. Women’s transition during pregnancy and childbirth is described as a genuinely natural process. Midwives have a special responsibility to encourage and preserve this process within women at high risk. The caring relationship is the core and the most essential tool in the care. Distinctive features in the midwifery care are embodied knowledge, physical as well as emotional presence, sensitivity, a mutual dialogue including shared control between midwife and woman, and confirmation and support of the genuine in each woman. The midwifery care is a struggle and a balance between natural and medical perspectives.</p>

Aim:  To describe and develop understanding of  the patient’s first encounter with the involved persons at the scene of an accident and at the emergency department; with a special focus on describing the meaning of emergency care of patients in these caring contexts.  Method: The thesis uses a reflective lifeworld research (RLR) approach founded on phenomenological philosophy. The purpose with this approach is to describe the essential meaning and the variations of a phenomenon. Interviews with a lifeworld perspective were used for data collection and analyzed according to the RLR approach for searching for the essence of the phenomenon.  The four essences in the studies (I-IV) establish a general structure for the phenomenon. Findings:  Emergency care is characterized by an organisation, whose goal and resources are focused on life-saving, and that encounters a human being with needs of emergency care as well as existential support. The responsibility in emergency care means an intertwining of doing and being.  The one who is in charge takes responsibility for performing or “doing” medical actions, and by “being” close and present in the situation the patient can at the same time feel an existential support. The responsibility for the injured or ill body is handed over to a chain of persons with more and more specialized competence and resources. This hand-over entails a relief for all involved but fails in one link in the chain, namely to explicitly hand back  the responsibility to the patient.  When the patient’s condition allows the distance to be larger the responsibility pales and the existential support decreases. A gap between doing and being arises where the patient is left to regain control and independence. The intertwining of doing and being, which appears as soon as the one in charge is close and present to the patient, facilitates the hand-over to the patient who in a natural way is able to receive the responsibility with possibilities to be able to conclude the encounter. Conclusions: A new understanding of emergency care appears which entails more than just life support measures.  Emergency care includes different ways of communication in order to hand over the responsibility and complete the care chain back to the patient in a safe way. The results highlight the importance of empowering patients with a confirming, communicative contact throughout the whole caring process in order for them to retain their identity. There are also implications for educating students and personnel in inter-professional communication and work. In order to assist the intertwining between doing and being there are needs for the development of supportive structures for inter-professional reflection, which in turn would improve the interaction between patients and professionals in their encounter.

This dissertation examines the ‘individual perspective’ of the Swedish school system’s policy documents by studying compulsory schooling’s stated aim of developing students’ ability and opportunities to assume responsibility for, be actively involved in and influence their own learning. Its main objective is to investigate the opportunities of compulsory school students to assume responsibility for their learning with regard to mathematics. In order to understand these opportunities, I have initially investigated how the school system in general and instruction in mathematics, in particular, are organised and carried out. I have also examined what forms student responsibility for, influence on and participation in their learning take in the context of instruction in mathematics. This study also intends to highlight questions related to understanding the social circumstances that affect students’ opportunities for assuming responsibility for their learning. The empirical material used for this study was collected via interviews and observations. The study was conducted as a case study using students from early schoolyear classes to the ninth school year at a Swedish compulsory school, with the purpose of analysing education in mathematics throughout the course of the compulsory schoolyear one to nine education. In considering the question of how responsibility, influence and participation is presented in the Swedish school system, it was also important to study the way students, teachers and school heads express and implement the idea of students assuming responsibility for their education both in general and more specifically with regard to their learning in mathematics. An important theoretical starting point for the study has been the phenomenological lifeworld concept. The concept has contributed to the study’s design and has provided the tools with which to examine student circumstances in an individual perspective. The adoption of a design theory perspective has also been important, especially in carrying out and analysing classroom-based observations. The most common methods and forms of work used in the classroom involved individual work using a mathematics textbook. The textbook itself proved to greatly determine the course and nature of instruction in mathematics, with the teacher’s role being one of assisting and supporting the students to progress through the book. The study also reveals obvious changes taking place in schools at present – from having previously focused on group-based, collective activities, the trend is moving increasingly toward more individual forms of work, e.g. that which is labelled ‘individual study’. The challenges faced by mathematics education in compulsory schools relate to the school’s position vis-à-vis the individual in relation to the group; how the exchange of experience between teachers can be made possible both within and across year levels in compulsory schools; and how mathematics education can reduce its dependence on textbooks and perhaps thereby strengthen the didactic roles and duties of teachers.

The overall aim of the present thesis is to contribute to the knowledge in young people´s experiences, thoughts and norms regarding sexually transmitted infections (STI) and sexual risk-taking. The specific aims are two-fold. The first aim is to explain and understand young Swedish men and women´s lived experience of an STI, in this case genital warts (I, II). The second is to explain and understand the values and attitudes of young men and women to sexual risk-taking (III) in relation to perceptions of gender (IV).   The theoretical perspectives are a reflective lifeworld approach, hermeneutic and gender perspectives. The thesis is based on individual interviews (I, II) and focus groups (III, IV).  The results show that a young person infected by an STI, will experience encounters at different levels. A person with an STI is forced to meet him/herself and their own prejudices. Loss of innocence is highly significant and symbolic for women, while other person´s attitudes are more important for men (I, II). Also, being a disease carrier is of great significance, which has an impact on their views of future meaningful relationships (II).      Sexual risk-taking, such as it was expressed in the focus groups with young people, revealed a pattern that is described as a ‘game’. In that game, a dialogue might feel more intimate than intercourse. These teenagers often view their one night stand partners as objects, as opposed to love relationships where they are viewed as subjects, i.e. persons to be cared for. Engaging in sexual risk-taking often starts at a club where these teenagers pretend that they are spontaneous (III). This game is further illuminated in a secondary analysis with a gender perspective. There are frequent misunderstandings between young men and women that are based on gender constructions, which derive from lack of communication. Hence, they have to take part in a balancing act while shaping their sexual identity and trying to maintain their self-esteem. For these young women, this also concerns not getting a bad reputation. In this act of balance, it is difficult to discuss sexuality and how to protect one’s sexual health (IV). The discussion emphasizes that a professional caring dialogue with young people about STI: s and sexual-risk taking must have reference in the young person´s own reality. Thus, professional health care workers who meet a young person infected with an STI appear to face a challenging task. This involves helping reduce anxiety by defusing the situation, and at the same time to make the person understand the importance of using a condom in order to prevent STI: s.

This thesis 'The Symphony of Care' consists of four studies focusing on care relationships between patients and professional caregivers. Care relationships are central to the health process and a fundamental element in caregiving. The term care relationship is widely used in caring science but lacks a clear definition, which can create misunderstanding and can constitute an obstacle when attempting to optimize care relationships. The aim of this thesis is to describe the phenomenon of care relationships in order to add to the body of knowledge in caring science.The main research questions are: • What is a care relationship within the caring science field? • How can a care relationship be optimized to improve its caring function, in order to promote health? The ontological foundation of this thesis is caring science. Phenomenology and Lifeworld theory are used as its epistemological bases. Reflective Lifeworld Research is used as a methodological approach. The four studies were conducted in different contexts and cultures- the first two empirical studies were performed in China and the remaining two, a metasynthesis and a secondary analysis, were carried out in a Swedish context. The results show that care relationships are temporary intentional relationships between a person who needs help and a helper. The purpose of this relationship is to support the patient in his/her dynamic health process, which is unique for each person in different times and contexts. Care relationships are fragile because the patient is vulnerable and the demand on the helper is great. It is an inter-human relationship between equals, which can at the same time be an asymmetric relationship due to the professionalism with the caregiver and the vulnerability with the patient. A care relationship is not independent, but is affected by internal factors such as the two individuals' lifeworlds and external factors such as health policies, organization, economics, health culture and environment. To optimize the effectiveness of caring, the relationship and its surrounding need to be in harmony. The view of care relationships should be broadened to include the external resources in order to optimize their caring potential.

This thesis presents the results of an exploratory study aimed at developing an understanding of Canadian Forces demographics and linking those demographics to current bodies of sociological theory. The background and literature review provide a starting point for sociological analysis; the study begins with a detailed review of existing literature in Canadian and United States military sociology, utilizing an exploratory approach that incorporates key elements from Bourdieus concepts of field and habitus, Habermass lifeworld and structure, and Giddenss notion of structuration. Once the key sociological theories are isolated, research methods and methodologies are developed. Data are collected from the 2006 Canada Census and the demographics of Canadian Forces members are explored through a logistic regression model. Data are interpreted within a sociological framework based on an integration of select theories from Bourdieu, Habermas and Giddens. This research identifies weak relationships between demographic characteristics and CF membership, along with socioeconomic factors and Canadian Forces membership. The completed research provides a starting point for future analyses in Canadian military sociology. Given that demographic and socioeconomic factors demonstrate weak correlation with Canadian Forces membership, future studies can focus on the motivations of Canadian Forces members knowing that background characteristics do not predetermine service. Although the Canadian Forces is primarily composed of Caucasian males, this accounts for only a small portion of variance in the Canadian Forces membership variable.