Este trabalho está dividido em duas partes distintas. Na primeira parte caracterizamos os números de Lê de polinômios que são rodutos de polinômios de Pham-Brieskorn de mesmo tipo, que denominamos de arranjos de Pham-Brieskorn, obtendo fórmulas para estes números somente utilizando o número de variáveis, os pesos e o grau de homogeneidade destes polinômios. Na segunda parte nos dedicamos a estabelecer relações entre os números de Lê, que é um conceito local, e as classes de Milnor, que são objetos globais que fornecem informações quanto a geometria e topologia de hipersuperfícies analíticas complexas. No contexto geral, usando a hipótese de especialização, relacionamos a classe de Milnor de dimensão máxima de uma hipersuperfície Z numa variedade compacta M com uma soma, sobre os estratos de uma estratificação de Whitney de Z (com estratos conexos) que estão contidos no conjunto singular, em termos do último número de Lê associado a cada estrato. Além disso, obtivemos uma caracterização da classe de Milnor de dimensão mínima via os números de Lê sem usar a hipótese de especialização. Esta classe coincide com o chamado número de Milnor de Parusinski que, assim como os números de Lê, também é uma generalização do número de Milnor / This work is divided into two distinct parts. In the first part we characterize the Lê numbers of polynomials that are products of Pham- Brieskorn polynomials of the same type that we call Pham-Brieskorn arrangements, obtaining formulas to these numbers only using the number of variables, weights and degree of homogeneity of these polynomials. In the second part we are dedicated to establishing relationships between Lê numbers, which is a local concept, and the Milnor classes, which are global objects that provide information about the geometry and topology of complex analytic hypersurfaces. In a general context, using the hypothesis of specialization we relate the top dimensional Milnor class of a hypersurface Z in a compact manifold M with a sum given in terms of the last Lê number associated to each stratum of a Whitney estratification of Z (with connected strata) that are contained in singular set. Moreover, we obtain a characterization of the Milnor class of minimum dimension via the Lê numbers without using the hypothesis of specialization. This class coincides with the Milnor number of Parusinski that, as the Lê numbers, it is also a generalization of the Milnor number

Foi desenvolvido um programa computacional escrito na linguagem de programação C++ denominado CALFRAC para quantificar o processo de cristalização fracionada em sistemas ígneos, utilizando para isso as concentrações dos elementos maiores, menores e traços. O algoritmo moderniza, torna mais eficiente e aprimora os programas publicados na literatura e possui a grande vantagem de poder calcular, automaticamente, todas as possíveis combinações de evolução das amostras envolvidas na diferenciação, além de associar aos cálculos os elementos-traço, os quais servem para confirmar os resultados sugeridos pelos ajustes dos elementos maiores e menores. O CALFRAC calcula a fração total subtraída do magma inicial e as frações referentes a cada mineral fracionado através do cálculo do balanço de massa, utilizando as concentrações de elementos maiores e menores, empregando os métodos de estimativa de máxima verossimilhança e dos multiplicadores de Lagrange para a resolução por mínimos quadrados, enquanto para os elementos-traço o programa utiliza a Equação de Rayleigh. Em ambos os casos a média dos erros percentuais relativos é usada como indicação das melhores evoluções. O programa CALFRAC foi aplicado na investigação da possibilidade de diferenciação por cristalização fracionada em amostras de soleiras de diabásio da Bacia do Paraná, que ocorrem nos municípios de Salto do Itararé, Ponta Grossa, Prudentópolis, Rebouças, Irati, Reserva e Jaguariaíva (PR), as quais foram coletadas para essa finalidade. Nas 33 amostras coletadas foram realizadas determinações de elementos maiores, menores e traços, incluindo terras raras, empregando-se os métodos de Fluorescência de Raios X e Ativação Neutrônica. Os resultados fornecidos pelo programa foram insatisfatórios, não sendo possível estabelecer um percurso de diferenciação das rochas mais primitivas para as mais diferenciadas das intrusões, devido ao fato de que provavelmente muitas das amostras analisadas representam a mistura de magmas com porções contendo acumulação de fases minerais causada pelo próprio processo de cristalização fracionada in situ. / CALFRAC is a computer program written in C++ programming language developed to quantify fractional crystallization processes in igneous systems. Major, minor and trace element concentrations are used as input for calculations. The new algorithm enhances and makes the program more efficient than those published in the literature. Besides it is capable to automatically calculating all possible rock sample combinations involving differentiation by fractional crystallization process, using in addition trace element concentrations to corroborate the results obtained by the fitting of major and minor element abundances. CALFRAC calculates the total fraction subtracted from the original magma and the percentage of each fractionated mineral by solving least-squares mass balance equations based on major and minor element concentrations. The methods of maximum likelihood estimate and Lagrange multipliers are used to solve the equations, whereas for the quantification of trace elements the program uses the Rayleigh Equation. In both cases the mean relative percentage errors is used as an indication of the best results. The program CALFRAC was applied to investigate the possibility of differentiation by fractional crystallization of diabase samples from Paraná Basin sills, which outcrop nearby Salto do Itararé, Ponta Grossa, Prudentópolis, Rebouças, Irati, Reserva and Jaguariaíva towns (PR). The 33 collected samples were analyzed for major, minor and trace elements, including rare earths, employing X-Ray Fluorescence and Neutron Activation methods. The program output was not satisfactory, since it was not possible to establish a differentiation sequence from the more primitive to the more differentiated rocks of the intrusions. This is probably due to the fact that many rock samples are the result of mixing of magmatic melts with mineral accumulation zones, which were formed by the in situ fractional crystallization process.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:49:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciane G da Silva.pdf: 886455 bytes, checksum: f38d456501fecb57ccf797bfdcb900c0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-25 / the workers in education, nowadays, face problems like the increase of the students matriculated, lack of equipments and essential material or lack of maintenance of the ones that exist, lack of infrastructure and material resources, and others. The knowledge of the work conditions and their reflection in the teacher´s health, especially at those who work with childhood education, is very important to give information that helps public politician s managers to create measures that comprehend improvements, to both work environment and population involved health. Objectives: To investigate the work and health conditions of preschool teachers from the public schools in Pelotas, RS. Methodology: Descriptive study. All the preschool teachers of the city and the state will be part of this study. The collect of the data will be performed using a pretested and codified questioner, comprehend socioeconomic, demographic, work conditions and health (musculoskeletal problems, the level of physical activity, the voice problems correlated and the minor psychological disorders) variables. The instrument used to determinate the level of physical activity will be the long version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), performing an interview regarding the previous week, including questions about the frequency and duration of the realization of moderated and intense physical activity and walking. The minor psychological problems or the minor psychiatric disease will be identified by the SRQ Self-Report Questionnaire, instrument comprising 20 questions (SRQ-20) that can be answered by self-report or interview. The identification of the musculoskeletal problems will be by the report of the presence of pain or uneasiness located at the body, according to Kuorinka et al. (1987). Problems related to the voice will be investigated by the Brazilian versions of the V-RQOL (Hogikyan & Sethuraman, 1999), which received the name Qualidade de Vida em Voz QVV (Behlau et al. 2009) / Os trabalhadores em educação, atualmente, encontram problemas como aumentos de alunos matriculados, ausência de equipamentos e materiais essenciais ou falta de manutenção dos existentes, insuficiência de infra-estrutura e de recursos materiais, entre outros. O conhecimento das condições de trabalho e suas repercussões na saúde dos professores, em especial dos que trabalham na educação infantil, é de grande valia no sentido de fornecer informações que auxiliem órgãos gestores de políticas públicas a criarem medidas que contemplem melhorias, tanto no ambiente de trabalho como para a saúde dessa população. Objetivo: investigar as condições de trabalho e saúde de professores pré-escolares da cidade de Pelotas/RS. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo no qual participarão todos os professores pré-escolares que atuam em escolas municipais e estaduais da zona urbana da cidade de Pelotas/RS. A coleta de dados será realizada através de questionário pré-testado e codificado contendo questões sobre variáveis socioeconômicas, demográficas, condições de trabalho e saúde (problemas musculoesqueléticos, nível de atividade física, problemas relacionados à voz e transtornos psiquiátricos menores). O instrumento utilizado para determinar o nível de atividade física será a versão do Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ) na forma longa, com a aplicação de entrevista referente à semana anterior, contendo perguntas em relação à freqüência e duração da realização de atividades físicas moderadas, vigorosas e da caminhada. Os problemas psiquiátricos menores ou doenças psíquicas menores serão identificados por meio do SRQ- Self-Report Questionnaire, instrumento constituído de 20 perguntas (SRQ-20) que podem ser respondidas através de autopreenchimento ou de entrevista. A identificação dos problemas musculoesqueléticos será através da referência de dor ou mal-estar localizado nas diversas localizações corporais, conforme recomendação de Kuorinka et al (1987). Problemas relacionados à voz serão mensuradas pelo Protocolo de Qualidade de Vida e Voz (QVV) (Behlau et al. 2009), versão brasileira do Voice- Related Quality of Life (V-RQOL) (Hogikyan & Sethuraman, 1999)

Cette thèse porte sur l’influence de l’âge des personnes physiques en droit privé. Le but est de démontrer comment son utilisation en fait un facteur d’humanisation du droit privé puisque de toute évidence, l’âge est en droit privé, un critère dont le législateur se sert pour organiser la protection des personnes physiques vulnérables et un critère pris en considération par le juge pour apprécier cette protection. Cette protection se mesure à travers l’influence de ce critère sur la situation juridique du mineur mais aussi sur celle des personnes d’un âge avancé pour lesquelles l’âge constitue un facteur de vulnérabilité. Cette thèse montre les rapports entre les notions d’âge, enfance et vieillesse puisqu’il s’agit là des deux extrémités de l’âge qui intéressent le droit privé. Elle montre également comment au fil des siècles ce critère s’est imposé en droit privé et comment le fait d’en faire un facteur de protection de la personne humaine s’est progressivement consacré grâce à l’internationalisation du droit. Elle met en évidence la prise en considération du critère de l’âge légal ou réel dans les dispositions législatives relatives à la protection des mineurs et des personnes âgées et elle examine les conséquences de cette protection relative à l’âge, à travers deux illustrations essentielles : l’incidence de l’âge de la responsabilité sur l’autonomie du mineur et l’incidence de l’âge sur l’autonomie des personnes âgées. Elle montre également la participation du juge dans l’appréciation de ce critère en tant que facteur de protection des personnes / This thesis focuses on the influence of the age of physical persons in private law. The goal is to demonstrate how its use makes it a humanizing factor of private law. Age is widespread in private law, being both a criterion that the legislator uses to organize the protection of vulnerable physical persons and also a criterion taken into consideration by the judge to estimate this protection. This protection is measured through the influence of this criterion on the legal position of the minor but also that of people of advanced age where age is a factor of vulnerability. This thesis shows the relationship between age concepts, childhood and old age as these are the two ends of the age spectrum relevant to private law. Likewise, it shows how over the centuries this criterion has been imposed in private law and how the fact of making it a protection of the human person has gradually been achieved through the internationalization of law. This thesis not only highlights the consideration of the criterion of legal or actual age in legislation concerning the protection of both minors and the elderly, but it also examines the consequences of this protection through two essential illustrations : the impact of the age of responsibility on the autonomy of the minor and the impact of age on the independence of the elderly

Si les héros peuplant la mythologie grecque sont particulièrement connus, les héros historiques, eux, le sont beaucoup moins. Pourtant le phénomène dit d'héroïsation concerna de nombreux personnages. Cette étude propose de se pencher sur ces personnages à l'existence historique avérée, qui se virent reconnaître le statut de héros et qui accédant ainsi à la sphère divine bénéficièrent d'honneurs mais également de cultes. Cette étude se propose également de comprendre l'ensemble de ces rites en rapport avec les héros et l'héroïsation. Elle présente aussi l'évolution que connu ce phénomène pendant toute la période allant de l'époque archaïque au IIIe siècle ap. J. -C. mais également met en lumière les différences et les points communs entre les différentes régions et cités qui composèrent l'ensemble du monde grec. Cette étude tente également d'en apprendre plus sur l'identité de ces personnages qui pour nombre d'entre eux restent inconnus de la « grande Histoire ». Pourtant ces personnages méritent une attention toute particulière car leur étude éclaire singulièrement et permet une bien meilleure compréhension de la vie religieuse des Grecs de l'Antiquité. / If the heroes of Greek mythology are particularly well known historical figures themselves, are much less. Yet the phenomenon known as heroization concerned many characters. This study proposes to examine these characters for whom the historical existence is proven, and who had been assigned the status of heroes and thus accessing to the divine sphere benefited honors but also cults. This study also aims to understand all of these rites in connection with the hero and heroization. It also presents the evolution knew by this phenomenon during the period from the Archaic period to the third century AD. But also highlights the differences and similarities between the different regions and cities that composed the entire Greek world. This study also tries to learn more about the identity of these characters, who, for many of them remain unknown of the "great history." Yet these characters deserve special attention because their study singularly clarifies and provides a much better understanding of the religious life of the ancient Greeks.

The aim of this thesis is to examine and analyze different components of the Civil Society in Argentina. Predominantly, two components are at focus: the monitoring process and the vitalization of democracy through the Civil Society. The method conducted to fulfill the purpose of this thesis has been a qualitative approach. Furthermore, primary and secondary sources are used. Primary sources were established through the field study conducted in Argentina, where in-depth interviews with several of NGOs were assembled. Secondary sources were used in order to establish the theoretical approach but also to complement the primary sources in the analytical part. The conclusion in this study is that the component regarding the monitoring process conducted by Civil Society organizations are partially functional, however with several incapacities. Factors explaining the incapacities are due to lack of leverage and resources. The component regarding the vitalization process through the Civil Society has been significant throughout the history of Argentina, and distributing democratic values are essential for the Civil Society. Factors as high degree of polarization amongst citizens and institutions and the extension of governmental authority are however threatening attributes such as moderation, tolerance, compromises, and hence jeopardizing the consolidation phase of democracy.

La RDC a hérité de la Belgique d’un système tutélaire cristallisé par le décret de 1950 sur l’enfance délinquante à qui l’on a reproché une inadéquation aux réalités sociétales locales. Ce texte est, toutefois, resté en application jusqu’en 2009, année à laquelle le pays s’est afin doté d’une loi sur la protection de l’enfant (LPE). Ce nouveau texte aura le mérite d’aborder la quasi-totalité des questions juridiques relatives à l’enfant ; mais sa principale faille reste le manque de clarté, de cohérence et de vision globale. Cette loi entretient, en effet, un imbroglio juridique qui ressort tant au niveau de la criminalisation primaire que secondaire. Si son intitulé laisse croire à la continuité du modèle tutélaire, son contenu dévoile un alignement sur le code malien de protection de l’enfant de 2002 qui, sur le plan pénal, est influencé par le système français d’obédience « répressionnelle ». Pendant que certains auteurs continuent à soutenir une irresponsabilité pénale absolue du mineur, la LPE fait appel à certains concepts qui remettent en question cette approche. Ainsi, la présente étude a proposé, à partir du droit coutumier et du droit comparé (français et belge), une lecture pénale et critique de la LPE basée sur une approche systémique, cohérente et contextuelle de la situation pénale du mineur-délinquant. Elle démontre, in fine, l’autonomie du droit pénal congolais des mineurs / The Republic democratic of Congo has inherited from Belgium a guardianship children’s system crystallized by the decree of 1950 on delinquent childhood, which was criticized for being inadequate to the Congolese societal realities. However, this text remained in force until 2009, when the country adopted a juvenal protection act (JPA). This text will have the merit of addressing almost all legal issues relating to children; but its main weakness remains the lack of clarity, coherence, and global vision. This law has indeed a legal imbroglio which emerges both at the level of primary and secondary criminalization. While its title suggests the continuity of the tutelary model, its content reveals an alignment with the Malian children’s protection act of 2002, which, on the criminal level, is influenced by the French system more oriented towards repression. While some authors continue to support an absolute criminal irresponsibility of the minor, the JPA uses some concepts which contradicts this approach. Therefore, the present study has proposed a criminal and critical reading based on a systemic, coherent and contextual approach to the juvenile offender while referring to both customary and comparative law (French and Belgian). This study demonstrates the autonomy of Congolese criminal law on minors

The aim of this study was to compare different indicators used on quality control to access the feed mixture uniformity, and were made correlation analysis between the analytical methods used to measure de indicators employed. On a following step, it was evaluated the effect of lack of feed mixture homogeneity on performance of broilers. In the first step, after the analysis of feed mixer efficiency, nine indicators of dry mixture efficiency and two for wet mixture were compared. On the mixer efficiency tests were observed inconstant values of coefficient of variation (CV) after the time needed to achieve CV below 5%. On the comparison of the indicators of dry mixture, five of them presented mean coefficients of variation (CVs) less than 5%, and on the wet mixture indicators comparison test one indicator presented this result. On the correlation analysis, no expressive results were observed, and then the use of alternative methods on the analysis of the indicators can t be justified by this means. On the second step, broilers were reared in four productive phases, with diets with CVs between 5.35 e 49.48%, and were evaluated performance and uniformity of weights of these animals. The obtained results showed that the diets with CVs up to 22.63% cause no effects on the performance of broilers with age above than 12 days. The lack of uniformity of the diets with CV up to 49.48%, don t affect the uniformity of weights of broilers during the rearing period and at slaughter. Concluding the study, it was developed a computer system to guide evaluations of mixture efficiency on industrial equipment of feed production. / Objetivou-se comparar diferentes indicadores utilizados no controle de qualidade para a determinação da eficiência de mistura de rações, e realizaram-se análises de correlações entre os métodos analíticos utilizados na mensuração dos indicadores empregados. Em etapa complementar, avaliou-se o efeito da falta de homogeneidade de mistura das rações sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte. Na primeira etapa, após análise da eficiência do equipamento de mistura foram comparados nove indicadores de eficiência de mistura seca e dois de mistura úmida. Nos testes de eficiência de mistura constataram-se valores inconstantes do coeficiente de variação (CV) após o tempo necessário para atingir CV inferior a 5%. Na comparação de indicadores de mistura seca, cinco destes apresentaram coeficientes de variação (CVs) médios menores do que 5% e no teste comparação de indicadores de mistura úmida, com um dos indicadores obteve-se este resultado. Nas análises de correlações não se observaram valores expressivos que justifiquem o emprego de métodos alternativos de análises dos indicadores. Na segunda etapa, frangos de corte foram criados em quatro fases produtivas, com rações com CVs entre 5,35 e 49,48%, e foram avaliados o desempenho zootécnico e a uniformidade dos pesos destes animais. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que rações com CVs até 22,63%, não causam efeitos sobre o desempenho zootécnico dos frangos de corte com idade superior a 12 dias. A falta de uniformidade das rações, com CV até 49,48%, não afeta a uniformidade dos pesos dos frangos de corte durante o crescimento e no momento do abate. Concluindo o estudo, foi desenvolvido um sistema computacional orientativo para avaliações de eficiência de mistura em equipamentos industriais de produção de rações.

Informed consent presents interesting legal and ethical challenges that have been widely discussed both in Czech and foreign literature. Significant portion of the literature is concerned with a relationship between doctors and their patients and with the historical development of this relationship or with the principle of autonomy as one of the fundamental principles in the area of healthcare provision. Issues related to informed consent of minors or persons with limited legal capacity are often given only small amount of scholarly attention. It is for this reason that this diploma thesis deals solely with the issues related to the health care provided to minors and persons with limited legal capacity. The aim of this thesis is to create an integrated overview of the law regulating informed consent of these persons, to introduce the most important changes that have been made in recent years by the Act on Health Services and Conditions of Their Provision and by the Civil Code, and finally to add some of my reflections on selected issues which I find particularly problematic. The sixth chapter of the thesis focuses on a comparison between the Czech law and the English common law regulating informed consent of minors and persons with limited legal capacity. The issues of informed consent is an...

Les cités antiques d’Asie Mineure comprennent à leurs périphéries de vastes ensembles funéraires dont seulsl’épigraphie et les monuments, pour la plupart pillés anciennement, sont généralement étudiés. Les modalités de dépôts et degestion de ces tombes, a priori collectives, n’ont jusqu’alors pas ou très peu été analysés. La découverte d’une chambresouterraine (tombe 163d) non pillée dans la « Nécropole nord » de Hiérapolis (ancienne province de Phrygie dans le sud-ouestde la Turquie), a été l’occasion de mettre en oeuvre une analyse archéo-anthropologique afin d’aborder le fonctionnement de cetype de tombe. Cette investigation a impliqué de reprendre et d’achever la fouille initiée en 2003, nécessitant quatrecampagnes (2010-2013) au cours desquelles une stratégie d’intervention adaptée aux contraintes de temps imposées a étéélaborée dans le cadre de la Mission Archéologique Italienne de Hiérapolis. Après avoir défini le cadre chronologique del’utilisation de la tombe, notre travail s’est attaché à comprendre les modalités de dépôts des défunts (traitement du corps,milieu de décomposition, mode d’inhumation) mais également les gestes témoignant de la gestion et de la dynamique del’espace funéraire. L’analyse stratigraphique des dépôts a démontré que la tombe avait été utilisée entre la périodeaugustéenne et le début du VIIe siècle, afin d’accueillir les restes de 293 individus. Au IIIe siècle, une famille juive la rachète,comme l’indiquent les inscriptions gravées sur le monument. L’étude taphonomique des squelettes empilés en connexionanatomique a révélé que la majorité des dépôts avait été réalisée dans des cercueils. Il est apparu, d’une part, que la famillejuive a laissé une partie des os des premiers occupants en place, conformément aux lois romaines définissant le sepulchrumcomme locus religiosus, et, d’autre part, que la gestion des os disloqués reposait davantage sur des considérations pratiquesliées au volume des os que sur le souci de conserver l’individualité des sujets inhumés. Ces conclusions permettent d’apporterde nouveaux éléments de discussion sur les relations entre les différents groupes religieux vivant à Hiérapolis à traversl’organisation des espaces funéraires et, plus largement, sur les pratiques funéraires pendant l’antiquité romaine et la périodeprotobyzantine en Asie Mineure. / The roman cities of Asia Minor are surrounded by vast necropolises, amongst which funerary complexes are mostoften plundered. While monuments and inscriptions have been studied in great detail in the past, the depositional context andfunerary treatment of the dead and the management of collective burials have not been submitted to detailed analysis. Thediscovery of Tomb 163d, a subterranean funerary chamber not plundered in the North Necropolis of Hierapolis (ancientprovince of Phrygia, in the South-West of Turkey) provided a unique opportunity to apply archeo-anthropological analysis inorder to understand funerary treatment and burial practices. This study reinvestigated the excavations which took place in2003, to complement another four campaigns (2010-2013). For these excavation campaigns a specific intervention strategywas developed as part of the Archeological Italian Mission of Hierapolis. After discussing the chronological framework, thisstudy analyses funerary treatment (modes of inhumation, body treatment, depositional context) as well as the burialmanagement to the management within the dynamic of the funeral space. The stratigraphic analysis demonstrated that thegrave was utilized from the Augustan period to the 7th century and contained 293 individuals. During the 3rd century, a Jewishfamily rebought the tomb for further use, as indicated by the inscriptions engraved on the monument. The taphonomic study ofthe articulated skeletons revealed that the majority of the deceased were buried in wooden coffins. It appeared that the Jewishfamily left some skeletal remains from the first occupiers in situ, in accordance with the Roman law defining the sepulchrum asa locus religious. However, the management of human remains was more related to practical considerations, linked to thevolume of the remains, than to the concern of respecting the deceased. By analyzing and interpreting the organization offuneral spaces, the conclusions of this study provide new evidence on relationships between different religious groups living inHierapolis, and on aspects of burial practices during Roman Antiquity and Proto-Byzantine period.