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[en] APPROACHES OF THE PROPORTIONALITY CONCEPT IN MATHEMATICS TEXTBOOKX IN BRAZIL OF THE CENTURY XX / [pt] ABORDAGENS DO CONCEITO DE PROPORCIONALIDADE EM LIVROS DIDÁTICOS DE MATEMÁTICA NO BRASIL DO SÉCULO XXREGINA DE CASSIA MANSO DE ALMEIDA 11 August 2004 (has links)
[pt] Este trabalho tem por objetivo mostrar como o conceito de
proporcionalidade foi sendo abordado em livros didáticos
de
matemática adotados no Brasil do século XX. Considerar o
conceito de proporcionalidade sob a perspectiva do seu
desenvolvimento histórico e sob o ponto de vista da
fenomenologia didática contribuiu para o entendimento dos
textos escolares, pois mostrou o quanto esse conceito
está
situado na confluência de muitos outros e, com isso,
trouxe
esclarecimentos sobre sua importância para o ensino.
Foram
analisados livros didáticos que tiveram repercussão no
ensino fundamental. Com base nas análises realizadas foi
possível identificar mudanças no tratamento do conceito
de
proporcionalidade, considerando-se os aspectos teórico,
algorítmico e didático das abordagens, e o quadro atual se
particulariza em relação ao que se encontrou em
abordagens
anteriores. / [en] The purpose of this work is to show how the proportionality
concept has been approached in mathematics textbooks
adopted in Brazil during the 20th Century. To consider the
proportionality concept under the perspective of its
historical development and under the point of view of the
didactical phenomenology contributed to the understanding
of the textbooks, because it showed that this concept is
placed in the confluence of many others and, thus also
brought explanations on its importance for the teaching of
mathematics. We analized elementary school textbooks which
were important and widely used. Based on these analyses it
was possible to identify changes in the treatment of the
proportionality concept, considering the theoretic,
algorithmic and didactic aspects of the approaches, and the
current presentations of the proportionality concept is
compared to former approaches.
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Proportionality as a Remedial Principle: A Framework for Suspended Declarations of Invalidity in Canadian Constitutional LawHoole, Grant Russell 01 January 2011 (has links)
The aim of this thesis is to provide an analytic framework for the governance of suspended declarations of invalidity in Canadian constitutional law. A suspended declaration is a remedial device by which a court strikes down a constitutionally invalid law, but suspends the effect of its order such that the law retains force for a temporary period. While introduced to Canadian law under circumstances of exigency, suspended declarations have grown to be used liberally by the courts, and the principles that previously confined them have been abandoned. As a result, constitutional rights have sometimes been suspended without just basis. I propose a means to reverse this trend: by adopting proportionality, a core feature of the analytic method used to adjudicate limitations on Charter rights, as a remedial principle guiding the use of suspended declarations. I review the jurisprudence of South Africa’s Constitutional Court to illustrate the merits of this approach.
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Proportionality as a Remedial Principle: A Framework for Suspended Declarations of Invalidity in Canadian Constitutional LawHoole, Grant Russell 01 January 2011 (has links)
The aim of this thesis is to provide an analytic framework for the governance of suspended declarations of invalidity in Canadian constitutional law. A suspended declaration is a remedial device by which a court strikes down a constitutionally invalid law, but suspends the effect of its order such that the law retains force for a temporary period. While introduced to Canadian law under circumstances of exigency, suspended declarations have grown to be used liberally by the courts, and the principles that previously confined them have been abandoned. As a result, constitutional rights have sometimes been suspended without just basis. I propose a means to reverse this trend: by adopting proportionality, a core feature of the analytic method used to adjudicate limitations on Charter rights, as a remedial principle guiding the use of suspended declarations. I review the jurisprudence of South Africa’s Constitutional Court to illustrate the merits of this approach.
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Democracy and the Common Good : A Study of the Weighted Majority RuleBerndt Rasmussen, Katharina January 2013 (has links)
In this study I analyse the performance of a democratic decision-making rule: the weighted majority rule. It assigns to each voter a number of votes that is proportional to her stakes in the decision. It has been shown that, for collective decisions with two options, the weighted majority rule in combination with self-interested voters maximises the common good when the latter is understood in terms of either the sum-total or prioritarian sum of the voters’ well-being. The main result of my study is that this argument for the weighted majority rule — that it maximises the common good — can be improved along the following three main lines. (1) The argument can be adapted to other criteria of the common good, such as sufficientarian, maximin, leximin or non-welfarist criteria. I propose a generic argument for the collective optimality of the weighted majority rule that works for all of these criteria. (2) The assumption of self-interested voters can be relaxed. First, common-interest voters can be accommodated. Second, even if voters are less than fully competent in judging their self-interest or the common interest, the weighted majority rule is weakly collectively optimal, that is, it almost certainly maximises the common good given a large numbers of voters. Third, even for smaller groups of voters, the weighted majority rule still has some attractive features. (3) The scope of the argument can be extended to decisions with more than two options. I state the conditions under which the weighted majority rule maximises the common good even in multi-option contexts. I also analyse the possibility and the detrimental effects of strategic voting. Furthermore, I argue that self-interested voters have reason to accept the weighted majority rule.
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When Do Their Casualties Count? Exploring Wartime Decisions that Pit Security Against HarmRoblyer, Dwight Andrew 2009 December 1900 (has links)
This dissertation offers a new understanding about wartime decision making in
the face of likely, but unintended, harm to foreign civilians. It empirically identifies
conditions under which leaders in democratic nations are more or less likely to choose to
attack a target when confronted with a dilemma between pursuing national security
objectives and avoiding civilian casualties.
An innovative targeting decision model was constructed that described both the
theorized structure of the decisions inputs and the process by which these inputs are
assembled into a choice. The model went beyond the normal target benefit and civilian
casualty cost considerations of proportionality to also include the contextual input of
prospect frame. Decision makers were expected to address the same benefit and cost
differently depending on whether they were winning or losing the conflict. This was
because the prospect frame would influence their risk attitudes, as predicted by prospect
theory. This model was then tested via two decision-making experiments that used
military officers and defense civilians as participants. Additionally, a statistical analysis of data collected from an extended period of the second Intifada was done to seek
evidence that the model also applied in actual wartime decision making.
All three tests supported portions of the targeting decision model. Higher target
benefit and lower civilian casualty estimates increased support for the planned attack.
Prospect frame influenced decisions in the cases where both target value and the civilian
casualty estimates were high and the resulting dilemma was very difficult. In these
situations, those told that their forces were losing the conflict were less sensitive to
humanitarian harm and more likely to support the attack than when they were told their
side was winning. Furthermore, the Intifada data analysis of attacks approved by Israeli
officials against Palestinians found this same effect of prospect frame held generally
across all six years of observations.
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The penalty fee in the Electricity Certificates Act : in relation to article 6 in the European Convention on Human RightsRosenberg, Jennifer January 2010 (has links)
The government of Sweden encourage the development of electricity produced from renewable sources by maintaining an electricity certificates system in which producers that use renewable sources in their production are given certificates. The system is regulated in the Swedish Electricity Certificates Act (lag (2003:113) om elcertifikat). To prevent fraudulent behaviour a penalty fee is charged upon producers that have recieved certificates due to incorrect or misleading information. The penalty fee can be appealed to a court but under the Electricity Certificates Act it is not allowed to reduce or adjust. The purpose of this thesis is to analyse if the penalty fee in the Electricity Certificates Act meets the requirements of legal certainty in article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights (the Convention) including right to a fair trial and to be seen as innocence until proven guilty. The method used is analysing applicable sources in accordance with the Swedish legal hierarchy in which laws have the highest value. The Convention is incorporated into Swedish law and has the same legal value as such. Judgments from the European Court of Human Rights on the Swedish tax surcharge are used for guidance on how to interpret article 6 in the Convention. Two cases from Swedish courts concerning the penalty fee are used to find what problems the penalty fee encounters in a legal process. The rules on the penalty fee does not allow adjustments of it and circumstances in each case cannot be taken into consideration, therefore the penalty fee can be charged even when it would be unreasonable and there is a conflict with legal certainty in article 6 of the Convention. For that matter rules on evidentiary issues also has to be implemented. Courts can refuse to use rules which are in conflict with the Convention, but it is concluded that a change in regulation is needed.
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La métrique de la juste peine : une analyse des décisions de justice prises par les acteurs judiciaires et le publicLeclerc, Chloé 04 1900 (has links)
La thèse délaisse l’étude des biais, des erreurs et des influences externes qui modulent les décisions de justice et formule l’hypothèse que les individus, confrontés à un dilemme normatif (quelle serait la juste peine?), manifestent un souci de justice qu’il est pertinent d’analyser en lui-même. Les résultats de cette thèse indiquent qu’une proportion appréciable des choix et des jugements des citoyens et des acteurs judiciaires interrogés témoignent, en raison de leur cohérence interne et de leur modération, d’un souci manifeste de justice. Les données de la thèse s’appuient sur un sondage sentenciel dans lequel on demandait à des répondants du public (n=297), mais aussi à un échantillon d’acteurs judiciaires (n=235), de prendre des décisions de détermination pénale dans trois histoires de cas bien détaillées. La thèse s’intéresse à la détermination de la juste peine, laquelle incorpore trois prises de décision distinctes.
Le premier chapitre de la thèse s’attarde à la qualité des échelles individuelles de sévérité des peines qui peuvent être infligées pour sanctionner un délinquant reconnu coupable d’actes criminels. Les résultats indiquent que les citoyens, tous comme les acteurs judiciaires, n’utilisent pas la même métrique pour statuer sur la sévérité des peines, mais que certains d’entre eux, font usage d’une métrique pénale plus cohérente et plus raisonnable que d’autres. Un test décisif pour jauger de la valeur d’une métrique est son aptitude à établir des équivalences pénales entre les peines de prison, de probation, de travaux communautaires et d’amendes.
Le deuxième chapitre s’attarde à la qualité des choix sentenciels des citoyens et des acteurs judiciaires. Deux critères sont utilisés pour distinguer les sentences les plus justes : 1) le critère de proportionnalité ou de cohérence interne (les sentences données sont-elles toujours proportionnelles à la gravité de l’infraction commise ?); 2) le critère de modération ou de cohérence externe (la sentence donnée peut-elle rallier le plus grand nombre de points de vue?). Les deux critères sont importants parce qu’ils contribuent tous deux à réduire la marge d’incertitude du dilemme sentenciel.
Le troisième chapitre prend acte que toute sentence fera possiblement l’objet d’un aménagement subséquent. Les formes les plus manifestes d’aménagement pénal sont régies par l’octroi d’une libération conditionnelle qui écourte la durée de peine qui sera purgée en prison. Certains acteurs judiciaires choisiront de tenir compte de cette libération anticipée en gonflant leur sentence, alors que d’autres se refuseront à le faire. Le dernier chapitre s’attarde aux raisons qui motivent leurs choix. / This thesis neglects the analysis of external influences, such as biases and errors, which may interfere in court judgments and propose that when facing a normative dilemma (What is the just decision?), individuals are driven by a concern for justice. This concern has not been properly scrutinized. When studying legal decisions, we note that a large proportion of all judgments and evaluations made by interviewed citizens and judicial actors are coherent and moderated, which demonstrates a concern for justice and equity. The results of the thesis are based on a sentencing survey conducted among citizens (n=297) and criminal justice professionals (n=235) who had to adjudicate upon three detailed case studies and specific sentencing questions. The thesis examines the process of determining the just sanction and is concerned with three types of judgments.
The first chapter explores the quality of different penal severity scales that can be used to punish a criminal convicted of a crime. Results indicate that citizens, as well as criminal justice professionals, have different ways of conceptualizing penal severity, and that some of these views are more coherent and more reasonable than others. This chapter shows that one way of assessing penal metrics quality is to look at the exchange rates among qualitatively different sanctions (months of prison, years of probation, hours of community work and dollar amount of fines).
The second chapter examines the sentencing choices. Two important judicial criteria are used to distinguish just sentences from unjust ones: 1) proportionality or internal consistency (are sentences always given in accordance to crime seriousness?); and 2) moderation or external consistency (is the sentence able to merge opposite points of views?). Both criteria are important in reducing a portion of uncertainty that is intrinsic to the sentencing dilemma. Indeed the search for the just punishment and strategies for uncertainty reduction are intimately connected.
The third chapter takes into account the fact that sentences are not fully determined at the judicial level. This is especially the case for prison sentences since conditional release mechanisms drastically shorten the time actually spent behind bars. We attempt to understand the differential propensity among judges, crown and defense attorneys and probation officers to anticipate the likely impact of conditional release in determining the presumptive duration of the court sentence. Some court players will incorporate parole outcomes in determining their prison sentence while others refuse to do so. The chapter examines the reasons why they do so and also identifies under what conditions anticipation of parole outcomes are more likely
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Teisė į savigyną pagal tarptautinę teisę / The Right to Self-Defence under International LawNavikaitė, Renata 16 March 2006 (has links)
The Master's Paper analyses the scope of the right to self-defence under international law. The Author seeks to present a thorough evaluation of the provisions of the United Nations Charter, the rules formed in the customary international law, the jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice as well as the state practice in respect of the implementation conditions of the right to self-defence.The Paper also focuses on the analysis of the theory of preventive self-defence undergoing the formation process as well as on the disclosure of the predicted negative entailments attached to its legalisation.
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Um estudo sobre a matemática para o ensino de proporcionalidadeMenduni-Bortoloti, Roberta D'Angela 15 February 2016 (has links)
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tese_FIM_Roberta.pdf: 154195498 bytes, checksum: 7914e88c9de15de25d87beef14a3d99f (MD5) / UESB / Apresentamos uma matemática para o ensino como um modelo para o ensino do conceito de
proporcionalidade. Este modelo permite reunir uma variabilidade de formas de comunicar o
conceito de proporcionalidade e (re)apresentá-la por meio de uma estrutura teórica que
organiza seus modos de ocorrência. O objetivo geral da pesquisa foi a construção de um
modelo de uma matemática para o ensino do conceito de proporcionalidade, no qual
identificamos diferentes modos de comunicar o conceito em questão, utilizando três fontes:
artigos científicos, um grupo de professores e livros didáticos de matemática. Três objetivos
específicos foram propostos para que se alcançasse o objetivo geral. O primeiro consistiu em
construir uma matemática para o ensino do conceito de proporcionalidade a partir de uma
revisão sistemática de literatura, identificando e sintetizando estudos. Fundamentamos os
dois outros objetivos no método qualitativo, sendo o segundo o de construir uma matemática
para o ensino do conceito de proporcionalidade a partir de um grupo com professores da
educação básica e, o terceiro objetivo construir uma matemática para o ensino do conceito
de proporcionalidade a partir de livros didáticos de matemática da educação básica. A
justificativa para a escolha do método qualitativo encontra-se na construção do modelo por
meio do que é comunicado como proporcionalidade, seja por professores da educação básica
ou autores de livros didáticos de matemática. Inspirados em Brent Davis, recorremos ao
Estudo do Conceito como dispositivo investigativo para a produção dos diferentes usos do
conceito de proporcionalidade. A apropriação que fizemos desse dispositivo, entrelaçado às
definições teóricas dos trabalhos desenvolvidos pela pesquisadora Anna Sfard, se constituiu
em instrumento de análise e estratégia de modelagem teórica. Os resultados mostraram uma
diversidade de realizações do conceito de proporcionalidade, distribuída em três cenários,
formando, assim, um modelo teórico para o ensino do conceito de proporcionalidade. No
primeiro cenário, o conceito de proporcionalidade foi relatado como razão e realizou-se como
taxa, escala, divisão, probabilidade, razão trigonométrica, porcentagem, divisão e quotização
proporcionais, vetor e intervalos musicais. No segundo, ele foi descrito pela igualdade entre
razões a partir do uso da regra de três, da divisão proporcional de segmentos e da
porcentagem. No último cenário, esse conceito foi apresentado como taxa de variação de uma
função, podendo ser identificada como uma constante de proporcionalidade, um fator-escala,
um coeficiente angular ou uma declividade. / ABSTRACT We present Mathematics for the teaching as a model for the teaching of the proportionality
concept. This model allows to gather a variability of ways of communicating the
proportionality concept and (re) introduce it through a theoretical structure that organizes its
ways of occurrence. The general objective of the study was the building of a model of
Mathematics for the teaching of the proportionality concept. We have identified three
different ways to communicate this concept, through the use of three sources: scientific
papers, a group of teachers and mathematics textbooks. There were proposed three specific
objectives in order to achieve the general objective. The first one was to build Mathematics
for the teaching of the proportionality concept from a systematic review of literature, through
the identification and syntheses of the studies. We have founded the two other objectives in
the qualitative method, being the second one to build Mathematics for the teaching of the
proportionality concept through a group with Elementary School teachers, and the third one
to build Mathematics for the teaching of the proportionality concept through textbooks of
Mathematics in Elementary School. The reason for the choice of the qualitative method can be
found in the building of the model through the way of what has been taught as
proportionality, has it been done by Elementary School teachers or authors of mathematics
textbooks. Being inspired by Brent Davis, we used the Concept Study as an investigative tool
for the production of the different uses of the proportionality concept. The appropriation that
we made of this tool, together with the theoretical definitions of the work by the researcher
Anna Sfard, were used in the analysis and strategy of theoretical modeling. The results
showed diversity for the proportionality concept that had been distributed in three different
landscapes and, this way, creating a theoretical model for the teaching of the proportionality
concept. In the first landscape, the proportionality concept was related as ratio and it was hold
as rate, scale, division, probability, trigonometric ratio, percentage, proportional division and
partition, vector and music intervals. In the second one, it was described through the equality
between ratios through the use of the rule of three, the proportional division of segments and
percentage. In the last landscape, this concept was presented as a rate of variation of a
function and it can be identified as a constant of proportionality, a scale factor, an angular
coefficient or a declivity.
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La dynamique du principe de proportionnalité : essai dans le contexte des libertés de circulation du droit de l'Union européenne / The dynamics of the principle of proportionality : essay in the context of the freedoms of circulation of European Union lawMarzal Yetano, Antonio 07 October 2013 (has links)
D'apparence banale, le principe de proportionnalité signifie en réalité un bouleversement profond du droit. L'importance de ce développement, ainsi que le retentissement de ce principe partout dans le monde, explique l'intérêt considérable que suscite cette question dans la littérature récente. Cependant, il n'est pas commun d'analyser ce principe dans un contexte particulier, en tant que manifestation d'une culture spécifique. Cette thèse entreprend une telle analyse dans le contexte de l'Union européenne, qui s'avère à maints égards paradigmatique, à partir d'un examen du raisonnement de la Cour de justice dans ses décisions en application des libertés de circulation. Cet examen permet, d'un côté, de prendre acte de l'ampleur du potentiel transformateur du principe de proportionnalité sur les plans formel, matériel et institutionnel. En effet, ce principe ayant été conçu par la Cour comme une évaluation de l'efficience des mesures étatiques, les implications sont lourdes à l'égard de la forme de raisonnement employée par la Cour, la fonction des libertés de circulation et enfin la répartition de compétences entre l'Union et les Etats membres. D'un autre côté, le principe de proportionnalité s'avère également un miroir particulièrement apte à refléter les particularités de la culture juridique de l'Union, au sein de laquelle un discours de nature technocratique se montre prévalent. / Despite its apparent innocuousness, the principle of proportionality actually brings about a profound transformation of the law. The importance of this development, as well as the spread of this principle throughout the world, accounts for the considerable interest that this issue has raised in recent scholarship. However, it is uncommon to analyze this principle within a specific context, as a manifestation of a particular culture. This thesis embarks on such an analysis within the context of the European Union, which would seem paradigmatic, by examining the reasoning of the European Court of Justice in its judgments applying the freedoms of circulation. This examination will make it possible, on the one hand, to take cognizance of the potential for transformation of the principle of proportionality at a formal, substantial and institutional level. lndeed, this principle having been conceived by the Court as an evaluation of efficiency of State measures, the implications are significant with regards to the form of reasoning employed by the Court, the function of the freedoms of circulation and finally the distribution of competence between the Union and the Member States. On the other hand, the principle of proportionality becomes a particularly appropriate mirror for reflecting the specific characteristics of the legal culture of the European Union, within which a technocratic discourse appears prevalent.
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