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Sekuritizace migrace v České republice - role uprchlic v diskurzu o migraci / Securitization of Migration in the Czech Republic - Role of Refugee Women in the Discourse on MigrationČermáková, Kristýna January 2018 (has links)
Master's Thesis Kristýna Čermáková Abstract This master's thesis explores the topic of the securitization of migration in the Czech Republic and the gender dimension of the discourse on migration. After a theoretical exploration of the migratory process and the specificities of its female face, a discourse analysis of the Czech media will present the main epistemological core of the work. The primary research question attempts to identify the ways in which the Czech media contributes to the shifting perception of migration as belonging to the sphere of politics, even presenting migration as a threat to security. The thesis is divided into four chapters. The first chapter provides a theoretical insight into migration studies, the motives to migrate and the phenomenon of forced migration. Despite the general assumption of mainstream academics that migrants are mainly men, the second chapter shows that women's experiences with migration differ greatly from those of men. Based on the Copenhagen stream of thought, the discourse analysis of the Czech media carried out in the third chapter points to the construction of perceptions about migration within Czech society. The absence of gender in the public discourse on migration is further analyzed in the last chapter. The missing gender dimension proved to be...
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Exploring Maritime Border Disputes using the Issues Approach : Comparative analysis of Ghana-Ivory Coast and Kenya-SomaliaMahajan, Roli January 2021 (has links)
Maritime boundaries are man-made constructs which are critical to resources like oil and gas, fisheries as well as trade. Recently, these delimitations in the sea have also gained importance in the environmental discourse because the role of the sea has become scientifically more significant in the field of climate change. Drawing upon the disciplines of international law of the sea and political science, this study scrutinizes the causes that underpin the peaceful settlement of a maritime delimitation dispute between two states. This thesis delves into maritime border disputes in Africa. It aims to examine the question “why do some states resolve their marine border disputes while others do not” by opting for a qualitative approach to compare two cases: Ghana--Ivory Coast and Somalia--Kenya. It outlines how the governance of the sea through UNCLOS is important, differences as well as similarities between land and sea border issues, and then delves into wider political connotations that impact the resolution of maritime borders issues between countries. Using the issues framework, it tests the hypothesis: the more the number of security issues between two states, the less the likelihood of the resolution of maritime border issue between them.
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A QUALITATIVE STUDY OF UNDERSTANDING FEMALE NAVY VETERANS’ EXPERIENCES WITH REPRESENTATION AND INCLUSION IN THE U.S. MILITARYWilliamson, Antwanisha K. 01 January 2023 (has links) (PDF)
Research about women in the military helps to address the ongoing concerns about the lack of inclusion of female perspectives, which contributes to oppressive power dynamics and lack of women’s representation in practice, policy, and procedures. The problem this dissertation addressed is the lack of representation and inclusion of female perspectives regarding power and privilege that affect military practices, policies, and procedures. The purpose of this qualitative study was to understand female Navy veterans’ experiences with representation and inclusion in military practices, policies, and procedures. Applying a larger conceptual framing using radical feminism, liberal feminism, and critical theory helped to situate their experiences within a broader social critique. Seven Navy servicewomen answered open-ended questions in audio-recorded semi-structured interviews. Transcribed data were analyzed, leading to five major themes: (a) perceptions of racial and gender bias; (b) lack of mentorship and leadership support; (c) fears of assault, retaliation, shaming, and transitioning; (d) position and colleagues’ effects on inclusivity, and (e) pride in service experience despite challenges.
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[pt] PELA TEKOHIZAÇÃO DA VIDA: CORPO, TERRITÓRIO E AS DINÂMICAS DE (IN)SEGURANÇA DE MULHERES INDÍGENAS NOS ESTUDOS CRÍTICOS DE SEGURANÇA NAS RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS / [en] THE TEKOHIZAÇÃO OF LIFE: BODY, TERRITORY AND INDIGENOUS WOMEN S DYNAMICS OF (IN)SECURITY ON INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS CRITICAL SECURITY STUDIESRAFAELA MAIA CARVALHO 14 October 2021 (has links)
[pt] O presente trabalho tem como objetivo geral desvendar os termos nos quais a segurança física e ontológica (pensada tal como prática e disciplina) deve ser articulada no debate das Relações Internacionais para responder às demandas de mulheres indígenas. A partir de uma discussão teórica decolonial e anticolonial, busca-se preencher a lacuna disciplinar nas Relações Internacionais sobre as diferentes formas da violência inscritas nos corpos de mulheres indígenas como parte do legado colonial no Estado moderno. Para isso, esse trabalho articula o conceito de corpo-território de Célia Xakriabá (2018) como eixo central para análise das fronteiras de vida e morte criadas pelo Estado e o Internacional sobre os corpos e territórios indígenas. A discussão teórica é empiricamente ilustrada com o caso das mulheres do povo Guarani-Kaiowá e suas demandas por autonomia territoriais e corporais com o fim de elucidar como os efeitos perversos da colonialidade atuam sobre os corpos e territórios indígenas. Desta maneira, a argumentação central se desenvolve a partir de duas perguntas que se desdobram: como as mulheres indígenas articulam a relação entre corpo, território e segurança? E como essa forma de articulação nos permite ressignificar a abordagem sobre o corpo e território na literatura de segurança crítica feminista nas Relações Internacionais? Ao responder essas questões, este trabalho demonstra que não é possível pensar as dinâmicas de (in)segurança das mulheres indígenas sem considerar as dimensões corpoterritoriais de sua resistência. / [en] The present work aims to unveil the terms in which the physical and ontological security (thought as practice and discipline) must be articulated on International Relations scholarship to respond to the demands of indigenous women. Departing from a decolonial and anti-colonial theoretical discussion, I seek to fill the existing disciplinary gap regarding the discussion of the different forms of violence inscribed on the bodies of indigenous women as part of the colonial legacy in the modern state. To this end, this work articulates Célia Xakriabá s concept of corpo-território (2018) as a central axis for understanding the ways in which the State and the International act in the creation of frontiers between life and death over indigenous bodies and territories. Based on a feminist and decolonial methodology, the theoretical discussion is empirically illustrated with the case of women from the Guarani-Kaiowá people and their territorial and bodily autonomy demands. In this sense, this work unfolds from two related questions: how do indigenous women articulate the relationship between body, territory and security? And how does this form of articulation allow us to reframe the approach about the body and territory in the feminist critical security literature in International Relations? By answering these questions, this work demonstrates that it is not possible to think about indigenous women s dynamics of (in)security without considering the corporeal-territorial dimensions of their resistance.
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[pt] CONTESTAÇÃO RACIAL COMO EXTREMISMO: A PRODUÇÃO DE RADICAIS NEGROS COMO AMEAÇA À ORDEM POLÍTICA GLOBAL/LOCAL / [en] RACIAL CONTESTATION AS EXTREMISM: THE MAKING OF BLACK RADICALS AS A THREAT TO THE GLOBAL/LOCAL POLITICAL ORDERPEDRO PAULO DOS SANTOS DA SILVA 20 October 2022 (has links)
[pt] Esta dissertação investiga a construção de negros radicais como ameaça à
ordem política global/local, focando-se em dois períodos históricos em que um
discurso sobre extremismo negro emergiu nos Estados Unidos. O primeiro
corresponde ao final dos anos 1960 e início dos anos 1970, quando o Partido
Panteras Negras foi construído como a maior ameaça doméstica à segurança
estadunidense; e o segundo, ao final dos anos 2000 e ao decorrer dos anos 2010,
quando ativistas e movimentos sociais engajados no combate à violência policial
reentraram na lista de ameaças domésticas aos Estados Unidos. Em ambos os
contextos históricos, tal processo de construção de ameaça foi, também, informado
por discursos sobre outras ameaças racializadas e globais aos Estados Unidos. A
segunda metade do século XX foi marcada pela construção do radicalismo negro
como ameaça intrinsicamente conectada ao anticomunismo voltado,
particularmente, para movimentos de libertação nacional em ex-colônias. No século
XXI, a ameaça de radicais negros foi rearticulada de modo a conectá-la com o
Terrorismo islâmico. Tais pontuações baseiam-se em uma análise discursivogenealógica que explora registros históricos sobre o extremismo negro feitos por
agências policiai. A dissertação aponta para a persistência do enquadramento do
radicalismo negro como problema de segurança nos Estados Unidos, ainda que
os termos que constroem essa ameaça são transformados globalmente. Assim, o
discurso de extremismo negro refere-se à uma ameaça racializadas ao
ordenamento político global e local na parte da arquitetura de policiamento
estadunidense. / [en] This dissertation investigates the making of black radicals as a threat to the
global/local political order, focusing on two historical periods in which a discourse
on black extremism emerged in the United States. The first corresponds to the
late 1960s and early 1970s, when the Black Panther Party was constructed as the
leading domestic threat to the U.S. security; the second, to the late 2000s and 2010s,
when activists and social movements engaged in anti-police brutality re-entered the
realm of concrete domestic threats to the U.S. In both historical contexts such
threat-making processes were also infused with discourses concerning other
racialized global threats to the U.S. The second half of the 20th century was marked
by the construction of black radicals as a threat intrinsically connected with
anticommunism and invested toward national liberation movements in former
colonies. In the 21st century, the threat of black radicals is re-articulated into one
intimately linked to Islamic terrorism. These claims are based on a discursive genealogical analysis that explores historical records made by policing agencies
regarding black extremism. The dissertation points to the persistence of the
framing of black radicals as a security problem; within the United States, while
the terms for these threat-making processes have been globally re-articulated.
Hence, the black extremism discourse simultaneously refers to a racialized threat
to the global and local political orders in the perception of the United States
policing architecture.
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[en] CLIMATE CHANGE AND ONTOLOGICAL (IN)SECURITY IN THE MARSHALL ISLANDS / [pt] MUDANÇA CLIMÁTICA E (IN)SEGURANÇA ONTOLÓGICA NAS ILHAS MARSHALLBEATRIZ RODRIGUES BESSA MATTOS 06 August 2020 (has links)
[pt] A presente tese visa analisar como questões relacionadas ao meio ambiente - em especial, às mudanças climáticas - interagem com os entendimentos locais acerca da segurança, em comunidades que se mostram profundamente afetadas por esses problemas e que, ao mesmo tempo, encontram-se profundamente excluídas dos debates teóricos de segurança. Em meio aos Estudos de Segurança
Internacional (ESI), a crise climática persiste em ser analisada a partir de uma dinâmica estadocêntrica, militarizada e de nós x outros. Quando não é esse o caso, os desafios ambientais são enquadrados a partir de uma lógica de segurança humana, animada por um entendimento moderno e liberal acerca do que a segurança deveria ser e, portanto, desconsiderando entendimentos e necessidades locais. (Shani, 2017). Ao focar em narrativas não-científicas sobre segurança, esta tese visa expor as contingências dos discursos hegemônicos verificados em meios aos ESI que, longe de se mostrarem racionais e fundamentados em uma descrição autêntica da realidade, contribuem para agravar os desafios enfrentados por alguns indivíduos, como os Marshalleses. Animados pelos discursos racionais promovidos por pensadores realistas e dos estudos estratégicos, durante a Guerra Fria, as Ilhas Marshall se tornaram palco de testes de 67 armas termonucleares. Tais armas – consideradas pelos teóricos e pelos policy-makers como fonte de poder e como meio legítimo de se obter segurança – vaporizaram ilhas, forçaram a evacuação permanente de comunidades, romperam com a organização social matriarcal e baseada na posse de terras característica das Ilhas Marshall e com os laços ancestrais entre indivíduos e seus atóis. Mais recentemente, o arquipélago e seus habitantes se mostram novamente em risco, dessa vez, não pelas práticas de segurança das superpotências, mas por uma ameaça não intencional e despersonalizada. As mudanças climáticas se caracterizam como a mais recente forma de intervenção, sendo precedidas por uma longa lista de práticas coloniais e violentas direcionadas ao arquipélago. Como uma nação constituída por atóis, é muito provável que, como resultado dos efeitos climáticos, as Ilhas Marshall se tornem inabitáveis ainda ao longo deste século. Para os Marshalleses, tal cenário significaria uma perda incomensurável em termos territoriais, espirituais e culturais. Ao analisar casos como o das Ilhas Marshall, a tese busca explorar quais novos significados e racionalidades de segurança podem emergir, ou se tornar mais proeminentes, face aos desafios trazidos pela mudança do clima. Desta forma, a teoria da segurança ontológica é apresentada como um marco teórico fértil para analisar casos em que o que parece em risco não é apenas a segurança física de estados nacionais, indivíduos e ecossistemas, mas também a preservação de espaços sociais e materiais e de um senso de continuidade biográfica. (Giddens, 1990) A
partir deste movimento crítico, busca-se enfatizar outros modos de se refletir e de se vivenciar a (in)segurança, de modo a lançar luzes sobre como o significado deste conceito mostra-se indissociável dos contextos políticos, culturais e emocionais em meio aos quais os discursos de segurança emergem. / [en] This thesis seeks to analyze the ways through which issues related to the environment, especially climate change, interact with local conceptualizations of security in communities which are severely threatened by these problems and, at the same time, profoundly excluded from security studies debates. Within
International Security Studies (ISS), the climate crisis persists in being analyzed through state-centered, militarized and us x others dynamics. When this is not the case, environmental challenges are placed within a human security logics, animated by a modern and liberal understanding of what is supposed to be secure and thus, disregarding the role of local understandings and needs. (Shani, 2017) By focusing on non-scientific security narratives, I expect to unveil the contingencies of the hegemonic discourses within ISS that, rather than being rational and based on an authentic description of reality, contribute to aggravating the security challenges faced by some individuals, such as the Marshallese. Animated by rational security discourses promoted by realist and strategist thinkers, during the Cold War, the Marshall Islands was turned into a testing ground for 67 thermonuclear weapons. The bombs - considered by security theorists and policy-makers both as a source of power and as a legitimate way to obtain security – vaporized islands, forced the permanent evacuation of entire communities, disrupted the Marshallese land-based matrilineal organization and their ancestral ties to their atolls. Nowadays, the Marshallese archipelago and its inhabitants are once again being challenged: not by the military security goals of superpowers, but by an unintended and depersonalized threat. Climate change is the latest form of intervention, being preceded by a long list of other colonial and violent practices. As a low-lying atoll nation, it is very likely that the Marshall Islands will become inhospitable until the middle of the century as a result of the deteriorating climate effects. For the islanders, it will represent an immeasurable loss of territorial, spiritual and cultural references. In relying on cases such as the Marshallese, I aim to explore what new meanings and rationalities of security can emerge, or become more prominent, in the face of the challenges brought on by climate change. With this aim, the ontological security theory is presented as an insightful framework for the analysis of these cases where, what seams at risk is not only a physical survival of states, individuals and ecosystems, but also the preservation of a stable social and material environment of action and a sense of biographical continuity. (Giddens, 1990) With this critical move, I seek to emphasize other ways of thinking and experiencing (in)security; thus, enlightening how the meaning of this concept is undissociated from the political, cultural and emotional contexts from which security discourses emerge.
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Why Foreign Policy Principles Persist: Understanding the Reinterpretations of Japan’s Article 9 and Switzerland’s NeutralityNumata, Yuki 01 January 2016 (has links)
This study examines why Japan and Switzerland have chosen to keep the vocabulary of Article 9 and neutrality, respectively, and to reinterpret their definitions to suit their needs (policy reinterpretation), instead of simply abandoning the original policy and replacing it with a new, more suitably worded policy that clarifies the changing policy position of the government (policy abandonment). By analyzing the legal history of the overseas capabilities of the Japanese Self-Defense Forces and the Swiss Armed Forces, as well as the actions and influences of the government, political parties, and the public, this study finds the following trends. First, the government tends to refrain from policy abandonment either due to perceived public opposition or benefits in international negotiations. Second, party resistance is not an significantly influential factor in the choice of policy abandonment over policy reinterpretation. Finally, public opinion is influential, but self-contradictory; often supporting the change in policy (increased overseas capabilities of armed forces) but opposing the concept of policy abandonment due to high attachment to the respective policies of Article 9 and neutrality.
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The International Community's Response to the Hypothetical Emergence of SuperheroesWoods, Brittany Nicole 01 January 2016 (has links)
In a golden era for comic based media, this paper uses the hypothetical emergence of superheroes to analyze the assumptions and predictions of three international relations theories: realism, liberalism, and constructivism. Comics consistently reflect the real world, paralleling events and concepts discussed in foreign affairs dialogues. The thought experiment, and the comic genre itself, provides a vehicle for thinking broadly about the political and social ramifications of successful or failed problem solving, state interaction, and scientific advances.
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Národní bezpečnostní systém v Libanonu / The national security system of the Republic of LebanonKužvart, Jan January 2012 (has links)
Národní bezpečnostní systém v Libanonu Jan Kužvart Abstract Diploma thesis "The National Security System of the Republic of Lebanon" (the LSS) deals with the system which keeps order and stability in Lebanon. The thesis also focuses on the possibility of its reform (i.e. security sector reform, SSR). The LSS contains army and other various security apparatus institutions and superior control bodies. It also includes external actors who are participating in SSR (for example the EU and the USA) or actors who are helping the Lebanese state to maintain security inside of its territory (e.g. UNIFIL). The LSS has strong normative dimension as well. It comprehends the unwritten rules of the game, the Lebanese foreign relations and fundamental Lebanese constitutional documents. The thesis delineates objects which the LSS is supposed to protect (i.e. Lebanon and its citizens) and threats which the LSS faces.
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The Convergence of the War on Terror and the War on Drugs: A Counter-Narcoterrorism Approach as a Policy ResponseBurton, Lindsay 01 January 2019 (has links)
This thesis investigates how and why U.S. policies and agencies are ill-equipped to respond to narco-terrorism and offers some policy recommendations for remedying that. Narco-terrorism is the merging of terrorism and drug trafficking. Terrorist organizations and narcotics traffickers each have much to offer the other; there is potential for symbiosis in the form of cooperation and even hybridization. Examination of the dynamics between terrorist organizations and drug traffickers, combined with an evaluation of the US responses to narcoterrorism in Colombia and Afghanistan, makes it clear that current US policy responses fail to recognize narcoterrorism as a unique challenge, and instead attempt to deal separately with terrorism and drug trafficking. This approach has the potential to actually worsen both situations. The US needs a narcoterrorism strategy and institutions in place to implement it.
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