This report examines the ways in which Cesare Pavese and Italo Calvino use images of the foreign woman as other. Specifically, both authors inscribe foreign territories onto the bodies of their female characters in order to confront complex cultural differences. Italy is the site of this gendered inscription in Pavese’s Il carcere, while various real and imagined foreign lands are made female in Calvino’s Se una notte d’inverno un viaggiatore and Le città invisibili. In Pavese’s novella, the satyr-like Concia and the overly maternal Elena are embodiments of Southern and Northern Italy, respectively, and the failure of the protagonist to form a relationship with either woman represents his failure to assimilate into the mezzogiorno and his simultaneous rejection of northern society. In Calvino’s two works, female characters and attributes are consciously used to embody various foreign countries so that the protagonists may grasp the unknown, both physically and psychologically. By linking woman and terrain, Pavese and Calvino attempt to dominate distant lands, which are otherwise enigmatic and incomprehensible, in the typical Orientalist fashion. / text

This work aims to show the importance of traveler s reports, in the construction of a speech referring to the Pagan Greek society as a reference to the Christian understanding of otherness tupinambá. Thus, the image of tupinambá will be analyzed, and compared to the warriors of antiquity, passing on to the construction sites of the Indian war from models of other pagan universes related to the Christianity European family of five hundred. We will address the operation of travel literature as a model of writing, to speak of the unknown. The representations of war from their canons in the traditions of ancient epic and historiography will be analyzed, considering it with examples of Hellenism from five hundred. / O presente trabalho pretende demonstrar a importância dos relatos de viagem na construção de um discurso que remete à sociedade grega pagã como referência para a compreensão cristã da alteridade tupinambá. Assim, será analisada a imagem do tupinambá, comparando-a com os guerreiros da Antiguidade, o que deverá remeter aos lugares de construção da guerra indígena a partir de modelos referentes a outros universos pagãos , familiares à cristandade europeia dos quinhentos. Será tratado o funcionamento da literatura de viagem, como modelo de escrita, para falar do desconhecido. Analisar-se-ão as representações da guerra a partir de seus cânones nas tradições épica e historiográfica da Antiguidade, considerando-a em compasso com exemplares oriundos do Helenismo em voga nos quinhentos. / Mestre em História

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Aux alentours de 1830, le romantisme s'impose sur les scènes théâtrales. À une manière nouvelle d'envisager le ballet fait écho une manière nouvelle de le représenter. Celui-ci peine toutefois à se dire pour lui-même, et dans cette bataille du dire, c'est la danseuse, à défaut de la danse, qui devient l'objet principal des représentations. La ballerine cristallise le dualisme essentiel de l'imaginaire romantique et se retrouve au cœur d'une entreprise de mise en légende et de légitimation de l'art chorégraphique. Le dire de la danse passe désormais par une mythographie. L'enjeu ultime est dans la définition du corps romantique de la danse. Les procédures de mythification déterminent un corps proprement décent - le corps glorieux de la danse. Ce corps métaphorique n'est pourtant que l'avers d'un autre corps - le corps terrestre de la danse. Dans les envers du théâtre est ainsi dévoilé le corps de la danse au travail, corps faillible et souffrant, éternel prix à payer de la féerie. / Around 1830, Romanticism prevails on theatre stages. The new perspective on performance as a whole leads to a new perception of ballet. However, ballet struggles to assert its specificity and in the battle of words that unfolds, the ballerina, rather than the ballet, becomes the main focus onstage. The ballerina cristallizes the duality that is key to the Romantic vision. She thus finds herself at the heart of a campaign to elevate her to the status of legend, which is also a way for ballet to gain recognition. The narrative of ballet, from this point onwards, has to rely on a mythography. What is ultimately at stake is the definition of the Romantic dancing body. The mythologizing process creates a chaste body : the glorious dancing body. However, this metaphorical body is but the antithesis of another one : the earthy dancing body. Finally, it is backstage in the theatre that the dancing body is unveiled at work, frail and in pain, forever the price to pay for enchantment.

La recherche menée dans le cadre de cette thèse a pour objet d'analyser et de comprendre les dynamiques émanant de la relation patrimoine religieux / espaces de montagne protégés (patrimoine naturel) en réinterrogeant la persistante rupture nature-culture et les significations du sacré dans le contexte patrimonial. Il s'agit aussi d'appréhender la nature et la signification des « lieux et bâtiments religieux », ainsi que leur rôle dans les processus de patrimonialisation et de réappropriation des espaces de montagne par les différents acteurs du territoire. Cette thèse de géographie s'inscrit dans la réflexion actuelle de redéfinition des missions des Parcs naturels et dans le mouvement de promotion de la notion de « paysage culturel » par les instances internationales (e.g. UNESCO). Le site du monastère de la Grande-Chartreuse (Parc naturel régional de la Chartreuse), la vallée de la Qadisha et la forêt des Cèdres de Dieu (Nord-Liban) sont apparus comme des terrains riches permettant de mener à bien cette recherche doctorale qui mêle géographie culturelle et espaces montagnards. L'approche qualitative a été privilégiée pour répondre à cette problématique. Cette recherche s'appuie ainsi sur la chronosystémique, l'analyse de la littérature viatique et de données collectées (rapports officiels, législations, cartographie, relevés de terrains, interviews etc.). / The aim of this research is to analyse and understand relationships between religious heritage and mountain protected areas (natural heritage). This research highlights the persistent boundaries between natural and cultural heritage and the meaning of the sacred in the heritage process.The meaning of “religious spaces, places and edifices” and the relationships between heritage / society / mountain areas and granting of heritage status have been studied. Recently, Natural Parks develop new missions and are interested by the “cultural landscape” concept developed by international authorise (e.g. UNESCO). What are the meaning and the significance of cultural and religious heritage in mountain protected areas? The studied areas are the Grande-Chartreuse monastery (French Alps), the Qadisha valley and the Forest of cedars of God (Northern Lebanon). Qualitative methodology has been chosen for this research, such as chronosystemic approach, textual analysis (tourist documents and travel books) and analysis of collected data (legislations, interviews, government reports, fieldwork, maps, etc.).

A perspectiva deste trabalho será a de que as diferentes experiências históricas de Henrique de Carvalho (Expedição Portugueza ao Muantiânvua: Ethnographia e história tradicional dos povos da Lunda- 1884-1888) (1890), Castro Soromenho (Lueji Ilunga na terra da amizade) (1945) e Pepetela (Lueji: o nascimento dum império) (1989) definem a forma literária, respectivamente, literatura de viagem, um conto tensionado e um romance. Três formas literárias distintas que mantêm o elo com o texto historiográfico, pois Castro Soromenho e Pepetela se apropriam do texto de Henrique de Carvalho para elaborarem seus enredos centrais que giram em torno do espaço Lunda. Tendo em vista que tal espaço potencializa as três narrativas, levaremos em conta que \"A forma não pode ser compreendida independentemente do conteúdo, mas ela não é tampouco independente da natureza do material e dos procedimentos que este condiciona. A forma depende, de um lado, do conteúdo e, do outro, das particularidades do material e da elaboração que este implica.\" (Bakhtin, M. 1992, p. 206) / In this work we aim to show that the different historical experiences by Henrique de Carvalho (Expedição Portugueza ao Muantiânvua: Ethnographia e história tradicional dos povos da Lunda - 1884-1888) (1890), Castro Soromenho (Lueji Ilunga na terra da amizade) (1945) and Pepetela (Lueji: o nascimento dum império) (1989) define certain literary forms, respectively, travel literature, tension short story and novel. These three distinct literary forms are connected with historiographic writings, for Castro Soromenho and Pepetela appropriate Henrique de Carvalho text to elaborate their central plots which focus the space of Lunda. Having in mind that space potentializes the three narratives, in this study we will take into consideration that \"The literary form cannot be understood separate from the content, and neither is it independent from the nature of the subject and the proceedings which are conditioned by this same content. Form depends on the content, and also on the particular aspects of the subject and on the elaboration it implies.\"* (Bakhtin, M. 1992, p.206)

Les fins du voyage chez Peter Fleming sont entendues comme déclins, comme lignes de rupture, comme aboutissements, comme principes moteurs et comme finalités. Trois pistes sont explorées pour comprendre ces fins ; la première postule une volonté anesthétique de la part de l’auteur : la finalité de nier son expérience esthétique et en même temps de rechercher l’extrême en tant qu’anesthésique, en tant que palliation, reproduction et transfert d’expériences traumatiques. La seconde concerne son utilisation de l’art rhétorique pour reproduire et en même temps se jouer des conventions et des attentes du lecteur. On peut parler ici d’une psychologie inversée qui va lui permettre de brouiller ses pistes, de multiplier les interprétations potentielles et de réfléchir son identité de manière protéiforme. Enfin, la troisième propose l’étude des aspects dunamiques de ses récits – un néologisme faisant référence à la sphère de la potentialité. Ce modèle permet de construire une analyse littéraire et anthropologique des alternatives pensées, envisagées et narrées par l’auteur qui va complémenter celle des discours et des itinéraires actualisés. L’identité auctoriale est définie dans ce contexte comme un espace intermédiaire, trans-mondes et hétérotopique, qui se situe entre tous les possibles et ce qui est. / The ends of travel in Peter Fleming’s works are seen as declines, lines of rupture, outcomes, driving principles and goals. Three paths are explored to understand these ends. The first postulates an anaesthetic intention on the part of the author: the purpose of denying his aesthetic experience and at the same time of seeking extreme sensation as an anesthetic, as palliation, reproduction and transfer of traumatic experience. The second focuses on his use of rhetorical art to reproduce and, at the same time, to play with the conventions and expectations of the reader. His use of reverse psychology allows the creation of a broad spectrum of interpretations and the projection of his identity in a protean manner. Finally, the third aims at analyzing the dunamic aspects of his narratives – a neologism referring to the sphere of potentiality. This model allows the literary and anthropological analysis of the potential alternatives contemplated, suggested and narrated by the author, one that is meant to complement the study of his actual itineraries and discourses. Authorial identity is defined in this context as an intermediate, trans-world and heterotopic space which lies between what is and everything that could be.

L’œuvre de Michel Butor se singularise par la traversée des genres dont elle dévoile les limites. Se référant à la classification générique héritée du XIXème siècle, la critique littéraire divise souvent cette œuvre en poèmes, romans et textes inclassables, tout en affirmant l’idée d’un abandon de la forme romanesque après 1960. Pourtant, c’est le choix de la forme englobante d’un texte hybride, qui va désormais déterminer le genre.La première partie de la thèse étudie la mutation des formes littéraires dans l’œuvre de Michel Butor. Il s’agit d’examiner la question du choix du genre romanesque par l’écrivain. L’hybridisation générique sera un mode d’expression artistique privilégié, dans la mesure où la recherche de nouveaux aspects de la poétique butorienne montre qu’elle est contaminée par la métaphore théâtrale. Nous verrons donc l’interaction entre roman et théâtre radiophonique à travers la lecture de Mobile. Étude pour une représentation des États-Unis, Réseau aérien. Texte radiophonique et 6 810 000 litres d’eau par seconde. Étude stéréophonique.La deuxième partie traite de la dramaturgie et met en lumière les aspects radiophoniques de l’œuvre postromanesque à travers les différents niveaux de lecture dégagés par Patrice Pavis (Discursif, Narratif, Actantiel, Idéologique et Inconscient), et le système de la mise en scène en rapport avec le studio d’enregistrement. La notion d’ « effet romanesque » sera ainsi le résultat d’une hantise de la forme romanesque produite par la lecture.La troisième partie étudie la prose poétique du théâtre radiophonique et les structures inconscientes et idéologiques, en s’appuyant sur l’importance du discours oral qui dévoile l’ambiguïté entre la forme (le théâtre radiophonique) et l’attitude de l’individu et du groupe, marquée par l’incapacité de transmettre une perception cohérente du monde à cause de leurs préjugés. / Michel Butor’s work is different from the others by its crossing genres which it shows the limits of. Referring to the generic classification inherited from the nineteenth century, literary criticism often divides the work in poems, novels, and unclassifiable texts, while maintaining the idea that he had neglected the novelistic form after 1960. Still, the choice of the work that includes several forms of a hybrid text will now determine the genre.The first part deals with the mutation of the literary forms in the work of Michel Butor. We will examine the question of the choice of novelistic form by the author. Generic hybridization will be Butor’s favorite means of artistic expression, because the search of new aspects of Butor’s poetics reveals that it is corrupted by dramatic metaphor. So, we will see the interaction between the novel and radio drama through the reading of Mobile: study for a representation of the United States, Airline Network and Niagara.The second part is about the drama and shows radiophonic aspects of the postnovelistic work through different levels of reading set up by Patrice Pavis (Discursive, Narrative, Actantial, Ideological and Unconscious), and the production system in relation with the recording studio. The notion of “novelistic effect” will therefore be the result of an obsession of novelistic form produced by reading.The third part analyses poetic prose of radio drama and the unconscious and ideological structures of the work, based on the importance of oral discourse which reveals the ambiguity between the form (radio drama) and the individual attitude and the group, marked by the inability to pass on a coherent perception of the world because of their prejudices.

The aim of the present study is to account for the significance of mobility in American culture and its reflection in literature. In order to reach this goal, the thesis observes the role of mobility in the history of the United States, its transformation in the twentieth century, and the manifestation of this motif in the works of Jack Kerouac. Through the analysis of his novels, including On the Road, The Dharma Bums, Desolation Angels, Lonesome Traveler, and Big Sur, the thesis identifies some of the recurrent themes associated with the motif of journey and further interprets them in the context of postwar America. With the support of an array of secondary literature, this research approaches mobility as a constitutive part of the American identity and Jack Kerouac as one of its most ardent advocates. The introduction probes the contemporary preoccupation with space and the necessity of interrogating its intersection with time. While incorporating both of these dimensions, movement is identified as a manifestation of this intersection and it is distinguished from mobility as lacking the meaning acquired through culture. In order to explain this process of acquiring meaning, the link between mobility and narrative is established and its presence in literature observed. It is subsequently argued...

In this work, we present a workflow for semi-automatic extraction of geo-references and motion events from the book 'The Travels of Marco Polo'. These are then used to create 3D renderings of the space and movement which allows readers to visually trace Marco Polo's route themselves to provide the exprience of the entirety of the journey