<p>The purpose of this paper is to examine translation norms, strategies and solutions in chapter <em>XIII Westbottom and Lapland</em> in <em>The Further Adventures of Nils</em> (Lagerlöf, 1911). In the foreword to the English translation of the novel, the translator writes that some of the purely geographical matter has been eliminated in the translation, and that cuts have been made where the descriptive matter is only of local interest. This statement raised questions about the intended readerships and the purposes of the original novel and the translation, respectively. Are these the same in the two texts, or are they different? Further questions were raised regarding the initial norm of the translator. Has she aimed for domestication or foreignization in the text?</p><p>In this paper, two domains were chosen as fields of study: proper nouns and the lexical fields of water, heights and flat land. Through an analysis of coupled pairs from the chosen domains, it was concluded that the translator’s initial norm was foreignization, but that there are also many examples of domestication in the text. It was also shown that while the original novel has two clearly stated purposes, namely of being a geography book for Swedish school children as well as a novel with high literary standards, the educational purpose is not as pronounced in the translation. However, the inclusion of a <em>Table of Pronunciation</em> displayed an educational addition to the translation, which is not part of the original novel.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong><em>:</em> translation, Lagerlöf, English, Swedish, initial norm, domestication, foreignization.</p>

<p>Uppsatsen undersöker hur genus produceras i utvalda artiklar ur 14 nummer av tidningen Veckorevyn från 1999. Med utgångspunkt i den kritiska diskursanalysen studeras hur genus produceras och upprätthålls i Veckorevyn. De diskurser som analyseras inbegriper hur Veckorevyn betraktar, beskriver och tilltalar kvinnan. Diskurserna som analyseras samt resultaten av analysen presenteras i sex kapitel: <i>Ta kontroll över ditt liv</i> som handlar om hur Veckorevyn uppmanar sina läsare att ta kontroll över sina liv. <i>Förändra dig!</i> som behandlar förändringsdiskursen som är en av de tydligast framträdande i Veckorevyn. <i>Var dig själv / tro på dig själv</i> handlar om att Veckorevyn uppmanar sina läsare att stå upp för sig själva. <i>Kropp/Utseende</i> behandlar kroppsdiskurser och hur de kan påverka läsaren. Killar – så funkar de behandlar de tips om killar som ges till Veckorevyns läsare. Sista kapitlet kallat <i>Relationer</i> handlar om kärleksrelationer och sexuella relationer. Diskurserna analyseras med hjälp av genusteorier som problematiserar Veckorevyns förhållningssätt till kvinnan. Kort sagt kan slutresultatet sägas vara att Veckorevyn ger sina läsare dubbla budskap.</p>

<p>Vårt syfte är att visa på de normer rörande adoptivföräldraskap som finns i Statens nämnd för internationella adoptionsfrågors (NIAs) handböcker och tidskrift NIA informerar. Utifrån queerteorins principer om exkludering och inkludering och forskarens Michael Lipskys teori om närbyråkrater har vi vaskat fram hur normen för adoptivföräldraskapet konstrueras utifrån det biologiska föräldraskapet som ideal.</p><p>Barnets bästa är den princip som det genomgående hänvisas till i materialet för att motivera kärnfamiljen som norm. Dock är denna princip aldrig definierad men ges innebörd genom NIAs kriterier för adoptivföräldraskapet. Normen för adoptivföräldraskapet är kortfattat den heterosexuella kärnfamiljen.</p>

<p>In this essay I examine how the norm-critical material <em>”BRYT! ett metodmaterial om normer i allmänhet och heteronormen i synnerhet”</em> is used by Hyresgästföreningen in Stockholm in their education of personnel in the perspective of equalisation. I’ve mostly been interested in how the personnel who takes part in workshops about the material react and reflect in relation to the purpose of the material. How do they discuss about norms and the connection to discrimination and how do they look upon the power and responsibility that comes with power in relation to norms?  Earlier research in norm critical pedagogy and the critic of tolerans pedagogy perspective helps me to analyse how critical pedagogy stands above non-critical pedagogy in many perspectives.</p><p>By observing workshops and by interviewing personnels taking part in these workshops I’ve examined how they react on both the practical and theoretical parts of the material.</p><p>To summarise my examination I find the personnel who is educated in working with the material discover new experiences in knowledge and on how norms and discrimination functions. They explain that they have experienced knowledge about the connection between norms and discrimination and thereby how oppression could be counteracted and prevented.</p>

<p>This thesis deals with questions concerning ongoing constructions of heterosexuality as a norm in the Swedish church. Empirically the study is based partly on interviews with thirteen homo- and bisexual priests, one district visitor and one church politician and partly on some of the church’s own inquiries and documents concerning the question of Christianity and ”deviant” sexuality.</p><p>The aim for this study is to examine how norms for sexuality, coexistence and gender are repeated in the documents created by the Swedish church itself about homosexuality and Christianity and to discern how these norms are present and have sense – are reproduced, challenged and transformed in life stories of Christian homo- and bisexual individuals. To be able to see how the notion of homosexuality as abnormal is reproduced, secured and challenged I have chosen to interpret texts, observations and life stories from a critical discourse perspective. In this theoretical tradition it is central to stress how, or rather to investigate what strategies are used to produce and maintain notions of ”abnormality”.</p><p>One dominating view in the discussions within the church is that homosexuals and heterosexuals have equal value but that partnership cannot be equated with marriage. This understanding is expressed in my examples of formations of heteronormativity within the church.</p><p>In the interview persons’ narratives there are discourses represented that are articulated in the church’s own inquiries but the narratives also express counter discourses. They speak about themselves in relation to, for example, imperative heterosexuality, homosexual ideals, core family ideals, theological way of thinking and dichotomizing understanding of gender. I have identified several ”uses” in the narratives and all of them are contained in an overall Christian homosexual ”us”.</p><p>Instead of viewing themselves as being ”wrong” some of the interview persons have moved the problem to the heteronormativity. Experiences of not being part of the norm have made them strong and willing to struggle and fight for their rights. This position, outside the norm, is by some viewed positively. The homosexuals’ experiences of oppression have led to a desire to liberate the church from homophobia and show ”the true” church, where no one is discriminated.</p><p>Homosexuals are accepted within the church, but only as deviants. This way heterosexuality is being made the superior category. Its meaning and superior position cannot be questioned according to many of the church’s representatives. Still, this is exactly what is happening when homosexuals are increasingly visible to the public and when they challenge the heterosexual norm. This provocation makes the heterosexual norm visible and forces representatives of the norm to deal with it!</p>

<p>The purpose of this experimental study is to examine the translation processes and the resulting translations of eight translators performing translation tasks from German into Swedish. The data about the translation processes were collected with the think-aloud technique, i.e. the translators were asked to verbalize as much of their thinking as possible while translating. The translators – four of whom had long working experience and the others substantially shorter experience – were asked to translate the same source text (a news item) for two different fictitious audiences: first for a morning newspaper and then for a children’s magazine.</p><p>With regards to the translation process, the results showed that the two categories of translators did not differ considerably from each other, neither in their dictionary use, nor in their overall accomplishment of the translation tasks. However, they did differ in their attitude. The less experienced translators were more involved in the process, which also led to quality improvements. At the same time, individual differences were substantial regarding all of the criteria examined.</p><p>The resulting translations (the products) were evaluated both by the researcher and by journalists from the newspapers or magazines in which the texts, according to the briefs, were to be published. The results showed small differences in text quality for the two categories of translators. According to the journalists, the less experienced translators even produced slightly better texts for the morning paper.</p>

Multi-instance data, in which each object (e.g., a document) is a collection of instances (e.g., word), are widespread in machine learning, signal processing, computer vision, bioinformatic, music, and social sciences. Existing probabilistic models, e.g., latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA), probabilistic latent semantic indexing (pLSI), and discrete component analysis (DCA), have been developed for modeling and analyzing multiinstance data. Such models introduce a generative process for multi-instance data which includes a low dimensional latent structure. While such models offer a great freedom in capturing the natural structure in the data, their inference may present challenges. For example, the sensitivity in choosing the hyper-parameters in such models, requires careful inference (e.g., through cross-validation) which results in large computational complexity. The inference for fully Bayesian models which contain no hyper-parameters often involves slowly converging sampling methods. In this work, we develop approaches for addressing such challenges and further enhancing the utility of such models. This dissertation demonstrates a unified convex framework for probabilistic modeling of multi-instance data. The three main aspects of the proposed framework are as follows. First, joint regularization is incorporated into multiple density estimation to simultaneously learn the structure of the distribution space and infer each distribution. Second, a novel confidence constraints framework is used to facilitate a tuning-free approach to control the amount of regularization required for the joint multiple density estimation with theoretical guarantees on correct structure recovery. Third, we formulate the problem using a convex framework and propose efficient optimization algorithms to solve it. This work addresses the unique challenges associated with both discrete and continuous domains. In the discrete domain we propose a confidence-constrained rank minimization (CRM) to recover the exact number of topics in topic models with theoretical guarantees on recovery probability and mean squared error of the estimation. We provide a computationally efficient optimization algorithm for the problem to further the applicability of the proposed framework to large real world datasets. In the continuous domain, we propose to use the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) framework for multi-instance datasets. In this approach, bags of instances are represented as distributions using the principle of MaxEnt. We learn basis functions which span the space of distributions for jointly regularized density estimation. The basis functions are analogous to topics in a topic model. We validate the efficiency of the proposed framework in the discrete and continuous domains by extensive set of experiments on synthetic datasets as well as on real world image and text datasets and compare the results with state-of-the-art algorithms. / Graduation date: 2013

This study examines different aspects of language variation in contemporary Czech television discourse. The modern Czech language is characterised by a specific linguistic situation in which speakers must choose between two varieties – Standard Czech (SC) and Common Czech (CC). This choice depends on a number of linguistic, cultural, social and other factors. Television discourse, which is a mixture of prepared and unprepared speech, provides a good opportunity to study the distribution of these varieties and their function. The aim of the dissertation is to research these issues in talk shows and discussion programmes. The following aspects are analysed in the dissertation: – The frequency of occurrence of a number of phonological and morphological elements of the two varieties. This analysis is conducted in a quantitative study of a corpus of 24,000 words (fifteen television shows). The elements are categorised and analysed statistically. The frequency of these elements is shown on two levels: in the total corpus material and in groups of programmes. The results are compared with previous studies of spoken Czech. – A comparative study of the Communist and post-Communist television discourse, in which television programmes from before and after 1989 are analysed and compared. The study reveals a number of linguistic differences between the two programmes and their relation to such factors as operational roles, the function of media and the frequency of dialogue markers. – A qualitative analysis of the fifteen programmes which comprise the corpus. The aim of this study is to show the function of the two Czech varieties in different types of television discourse. The variables affecting the participants’ choice of variety are analysed. The investigation shows that dialogue form, genre and operational roles are directly related to the choice of SC and CC in the programmes. These results are also connected with language norms and other social factors.

Uppsatsen undersöker hur genus produceras i utvalda artiklar ur 14 nummer av tidningen Veckorevyn från 1999. Med utgångspunkt i den kritiska diskursanalysen studeras hur genus produceras och upprätthålls i Veckorevyn. De diskurser som analyseras inbegriper hur Veckorevyn betraktar, beskriver och tilltalar kvinnan. Diskurserna som analyseras samt resultaten av analysen presenteras i sex kapitel: Ta kontroll över ditt liv som handlar om hur Veckorevyn uppmanar sina läsare att ta kontroll över sina liv. Förändra dig! som behandlar förändringsdiskursen som är en av de tydligast framträdande i Veckorevyn. Var dig själv / tro på dig själv handlar om att Veckorevyn uppmanar sina läsare att stå upp för sig själva. Kropp/Utseende behandlar kroppsdiskurser och hur de kan påverka läsaren. Killar – så funkar de behandlar de tips om killar som ges till Veckorevyns läsare. Sista kapitlet kallat Relationer handlar om kärleksrelationer och sexuella relationer. Diskurserna analyseras med hjälp av genusteorier som problematiserar Veckorevyns förhållningssätt till kvinnan. Kort sagt kan slutresultatet sägas vara att Veckorevyn ger sina läsare dubbla budskap.

The purpose of this experimental study is to examine the translation processes and the resulting translations of eight translators performing translation tasks from German into Swedish. The data about the translation processes were collected with the think-aloud technique, i.e. the translators were asked to verbalize as much of their thinking as possible while translating. The translators – four of whom had long working experience and the others substantially shorter experience – were asked to translate the same source text (a news item) for two different fictitious audiences: first for a morning newspaper and then for a children’s magazine. With regards to the translation process, the results showed that the two categories of translators did not differ considerably from each other, neither in their dictionary use, nor in their overall accomplishment of the translation tasks. However, they did differ in their attitude. The less experienced translators were more involved in the process, which also led to quality improvements. At the same time, individual differences were substantial regarding all of the criteria examined. The resulting translations (the products) were evaluated both by the researcher and by journalists from the newspapers or magazines in which the texts, according to the briefs, were to be published. The results showed small differences in text quality for the two categories of translators. According to the journalists, the less experienced translators even produced slightly better texts for the morning paper.