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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

備兌型權證標的與契約內容的選擇 / The selection of underlying stocks and contract contents of covered warrants

林鋒斌 Unknown Date (has links)
台灣證券交易所每季會挑選並公告可為權證標的的股票,證券商再從中選取想要發行的股票標的,這些被選為標的的股票被發行權證的次數存在明顯的差異。證券商在發行時掌握了許多優勢,除了可以挑選標的之外,權證契約的內容大多也都由證券商決定,這些權證的契約內容勢必會依據標的股票特性的不同而有所差異。在本文中我們將找出會影響證券商選擇標的的因素。另外,我們也試圖找出權證契約與標的股票的特性的關聯性並且討論避險成本課稅問題解決後,對證券商發行權證的影響。 我們發現證券商偏好以近期受到較多市場關注、具有投資人市場偏好、有較高波動度以及有較好流動性的股票作為權證的標的。我們也發現不同標的特性的股票權證契約特性也會不同,受到市場較多關注、流動性較高的標的股票以及重設型、歐式的權證的溢價比例會較高,也發現標的股票的波動性越高,權證的存續期間會較低、標的股票的市值比例越高,權證的行使比例會越低、標的股票的波動性越高,證券商則傾向以重設型以及美式的形式發行權證。近幾年權證檔數的激增與避險成本課稅問題的解決也存在著緊密的關係。 最後,以避險成本課稅問題的時間點來觀察權證市場前後期的改變,則發現下列幾種現象的差異。第一、單一股票於一季之內被發行的次數增加,第二、權證的溢價比例上升,第三、權證的行使比例與存續期間下降,第四、單一權證的發行量降低。這些現象則顯示證券商發行權證模式的改變,在避險成本課稅問題解決後,證券商發行權證的模式類似於石油輸出國家組織控制石油供給量,透過降低每檔權證的發行量來增加議價的籌碼。 / Taiwan Stock Exchange (TWSE) selects and announces the stocks for issuing warrants quarterly. Brokers can pick up suitable underlying assets for issue warrants. We observed, however, that the frequency for underlying stocks for issuing warrants were different. We know that the broker has many advantages on issuing warrants likes selecting underlying stocks and setting covenants as well. The covenants will be set base on the stock’s characters. We tried to find key factors for brokers for issuing warrants. Besides, after the deregulation on hedge cost, we elaborate the relationship between warrants and underlying assets. We found brokers prefer to issue the warrant whose underlying asset with good liquidity, market frenzy and high volatility. Besides, we also noticed that the warrant’s characters will be different base on their underlying assets. The premium is higher for stocks with market frenzy, high liquidity and European warrant. Underlying assets with high volatility will attribute low duration. Stock with high market capitalization will make exercise ratio lower. Brokers intend to issue Reset and American warrants for underlying asset with high volatility. The surge of warrant issuing attributed to relax on hedging tax. Last, we showed the warrant market different after the relaxing restrictions of hedge cost as follows. First, the frequency of issuing warrant with same underlying asset increases. Secondly, the premium for issuing warrant rises. Thirdly, exercise ratio and duration declines. Fourthly, the volume for single issue is lower. These phenomenon shows that brokers try to increase their bargain power by controlling the warrant volume. This model likes Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) to control the petrol price by depressing the supply.
22

性別差異對旅遊類型Facebook粉絲團的發文形式偏好的影響 / A study of the effect of gender difference on preferences in tourism Facebook fan page post

龔又嫻, Kung, Yu Hsien Unknown Date (has links)
社群媒體是現今主流的行銷管道,而Facebook更是其中的佼佼者。許多旅遊業者也試圖透過粉絲團作為與顧客交流的媒介,但是多數並不了解怎樣的行銷策略才是適合的。 我們的研究是為了了解性別是否對於旅遊類型粉絲團的行銷有不同的偏好,並且針對不同的旅遊產品是否也會有不同的偏好。我們收集了已經利用粉絲團作為行銷管道的旅遊業者的資料進行分析並驗證我們的假設。 我們證實了,男性會偏好理性的廣告訴求並且偏好sensation-seeking的旅遊產品而女性會偏好感性的廣告訴求並且偏好sensation-avoiding的旅遊產品。並且,若粉絲團的廣告貼文能適切的搭配性別對廣告訴求及旅遊產品的偏好,粉絲團的社群績效如品牌知名度、品牌參與度以及口碑都會有所提昇。 我們的研究提供了旅遊類型粉絲團的經營準則並提供適切衡量自身經營績效的方法。 / Social media is having a major impact on marketing today, and Facebook is one of the most popular social media platforms. The growing importance of social media in the online tourism domain has also been confirmed. Many travel agencies have started to use Facebook fan pages as a marketing platform to interact with their consumers; but these agencies are still seeking the most suitable marketing strategies. Our research aims to examine whether different genders have different preferences for tourism Facebook fan page marketing information. In addition, we are interested in exploring whether that preference would be affected by different tourism products. We collected Facebook post data from a tourism agency that had already used Facebook to promote its business and reach customers in recent years, and we used those data to test our hypothesis. We confirmed that male do prefer rational appeals advertisement and sensation-seeking tourist attractions while female do prefer emotional appeals advertisement and sensation-avoiding tourist attractions. Moreover, if we fit gender preferences in advertisement appeals and tourist attractions to promote suitable tourism products, the performance on Facebook fan page, brand awareness, brand engagement and word of mouth, will be improved. Our paper is expected to be a contribution to research in this field, to be the basis for a guide for Facebook fan page managers who do not know how to manage their Facebook fan pages and to provide a suitable method for measuring the impact of Facebook fan pages.
23

公仔背後故事擬人化程度高低與消費者思考模式差異對消費者網頁態度、品牌態度與購買意願之影響 / The effects of character figure's personified stories and consumer's preferences during infomation processing on consumaer's attitude toward webpage, attitude toward brand and purchase intention.

李佾璇, Lee, Yi-Hsuan Unknown Date (has links)
台灣行銷市場中,公仔行銷儼然成為一種熱潮。觀察現今公仔行銷概況之後,本研究歸納出「公仔」與「擬人化」的定義,並且進一步探討公仔背後故事擬人化程度之高低會影響消費者對於公仔的熟悉度與喜好度,以及公仔熟悉度對於公仔故事擬人化程度的高低與公仔的喜好度的中介效果。許多相關研究文獻也指出,當消費者對於角色代言人產生喜好也會對該品牌以及產品產生較好的廣告態度、品牌態度與購買意願,因此本研究認為,消費者對公仔的喜好度會影響到網頁態度、品牌態度與購買意願。 另一方面,本研究也加入消費者個人差異來做探討。欲瞭解消費者個人資訊處理偏好的差異,也就是依賴本能—經驗思考模式與依賴分析—理性思考模式的消費者與公仔故事擬人化程度高低的交互作用,是否會影響到消費者對公仔的熟悉度、喜好度與廣告效果。 研究結果發現,公仔故事擬人化程度的高低確實會影響消費者對於公仔的熟悉度與喜好度,而公仔熟悉度對於公仔故事擬人化程度的高低與公仔的喜好度之中介效果也獲得證實。另一方面,在個人資訊處理偏好與公仔故事擬人化程度高低之交互作用的部分,假設驗證結果發現,交互作用確實會影響公仔熟悉度,但是交互作用對於公仔喜好度的影響接近顯著卻未達顯著,因此公仔熟悉度之中介效果則不成立。但是研究進一步檢驗交互作用透過公仔熟悉度影響網頁態度、品牌態度與購買意願的中介效果時,卻發現交互作用確實透過公仔熟悉度影響了品牌態度與購買意願。 這樣的研究結果可以提供給未來欲執行公仔行銷之企業在策略擬定上之參考。建議行銷人員在規劃公仔行銷手法時多考慮「擬人化」的包裝方式,運用高擬人的公仔故事可以將角色塑造的活靈活現,讓消費者對於公仔產生熟悉度,感覺更親近,再進一步提升他們對於公仔的態度與行為。另外,當企業在擬定公仔行銷策略時應多加考慮消費者的個人差異。建議先找出目標消費者慣用的資訊處理方式,再根據他們的偏好設計公仔故事與產品訊息。
24

晚婚女性公務員婚姻觀與擇偶偏好之研究 / A study of marital values and mate-selection preferences of female civil servants who get married late

吳如茵, Wu,ju ying Unknown Date (has links)
近年,臺灣社會晚婚人口急速攀升,導致單身人口增加,進而造成了生育少子化、人口高齡化等人口結構面的影響外,在其他政治、經濟、社會、勞動力等各方面,也衍生不同程度的問題,晚婚現象不只是男女兩性的問題。因此,此課題值得深究。本研究旨在探究晚婚、未婚及單身等現象是否亦反映在收入穩定的女性公務員上,期望藉由窺探晚婚女性公務員婚姻觀及擇偶偏好之樣貌,企圖瞭解真正形成晚婚的深層因素,並提供許多晚婚女性公務員,做為對自我認識之參考。 本研究採質性研究之深度訪談法。研究對象總數共計10人,均為30歲(含)以上迄今仍未曾有過法律婚約關係及婚姻經驗、且現仍服務於政府各機關之女性公務員。經分析訪談資料後,所得研究發現綜述如下: 一、對婚姻的必要性多抱持正面看法,普遍認為晚婚是一種趨勢,表示35歲以 後才算晚婚,並抱持著隨緣等待的消極態度。而30歲代表著步入人生另一 個階段,對未來的不確定感也會因此加深。 二、期望中的理想婚姻樣貌係夫妻共組小家庭、經濟無虞,彼此是對等、分享 的關係。在家務分擔上各自負責擅長部分,並能視實際工作狀況相互協 調。 三、生活圈狹隘及已逾適婚年齡為目前最主要遭遇的擇偶困境。此外,對性有 高度自主性,普遍能接受與男友有婚前性行為。 四、交往經驗中對方家人的態度及預期婚後與公婆相處的壓力,都是主要考量 是否進ㄧ步交往或步入婚姻的要素。 五、晚婚女性公務員在選擇其婚配對象時,最看重心靈層面的情感條件,在意 雙方的溝通狀況及親密感。 本研究根據研究發現,提出以下建議: 一、建議晚婚女性公務員應積極參與活動,培養個人興趣,拓展生活及增廣自 身見聞,主動發展話題。並應建立正向信念,親友經驗做為參考之用。 二、釐清自我需求,設定適合、務實的擇偶條件,及早規劃人生道路、積極拓 展人際。 三、應建立正確的婚姻教育及觀念,重新確立婚姻的意義及重要性,培養獨立 自主的生活能力及擔當精神。 四、建議機關單位可多舉辦跨機關、跨科室之聯誼活動,提供多元交友管道, 拓展認識異性之機會。 / In recent years, the number of people getting married late in Taiwan has been rising rapidly. It leads to the increases of single people, which results in further demographic structure changes such as fewer newborns and aging populations. It also causes different problems in other social aspects such as politics, economy, society and labor force. The phenomenon of people getting married late isn’t just a gender problem. Therefore, this subject is worthy of inquiry. This study is about investigating if the phenomenon of people getting married late and single makes an impact on the female civil servants, who have steady incomes. In this study, I try to understand the profound reasons that cause female civil servants to get married late by observing their marital values and mate-selection preferences. This study will serve as a reference to them that might help them to understand themselves better. This study is conducted in a qualitative research methodology through in-depth interviews with 10 female civil servants, who are over 30-year-old and never have marriage relationships. After analyzing their interview data, this study finds as blew: 1. They all feel positive about the necessity of marriage. However, they also think that it’s a trend to get married late, which is over 35-year-old. And they keep passive attitudes toward marriage. Being 30-year-old means step into another stage of life to them, and it will deepen the feeling of uncertainty for the future. 2. The ideal marriage is a nuclear family. The couple are financially free, and having an equal and sharing relationship. They share household chores which coordinate with their works. 3. Narrowness of life circle and being over marriageable age are the main obstacles for them to find partners. In addition, they value sexual autonomy and premarital sex is acceptable to most of them. 4. The attitude of their partner’s family members and the foreseeable pressure of getting along with their parents-in-law after getting married are the main considerations whether they should have a relationship or get married. 5. When it comes to mate-selection, the emotional aspect is the most important condition for those female civil servants who get married late. They care about how they communicate with their mates and the close feeling between them. Based on this study, I made several recommendations as below: 1. For female civil servants who get married late, I suggest that they should be more positive in activities, expand their life and experiences and find conversation topics actively. Establish positive faith and learn from the experiences of relatives and friends. 2. Define their own needs and pragmatic conditions for their future partners.Make a plan for life earlier and expand interpersonal relationships actively. 3. Establish correct ideas about marriage. Re-establish the meaning and importance of marriage. And cultivate an independent life ability and responsible attitude. 4. I recommend the government agencies to hold more gatherings cross organizations and offices. They will provide civil servants multi-dimensional channels to make friends and expand opportunities to know friends of opposite sex.
25

聯合分析混合模式在女用手錶消費者偏好與購買行為之應用研究

楊誠民, YANG, CHENG-MIN Unknown Date (has links)
本論文共乙冊,六萬餘字,分六章十六節。主要內容如下: 一、研究目的: 1.引介聯合分析混合模式,並與自顯性模式及聯合分析模式進行比較研究。 2.利用聯合分析混合模式分析女用手錶消費者之偏好與購買行為。 3.以自我概念來解釋女用手錶消費者之偏好與購買行為。 二、研究設計: 1.以政大女學生為研究樣本。 2.以深度集體訪問與問卷調查建立特殊自我概念成對形容詞量表。 3.以實驗設計方法建立聯合分析混合模式受測體的樣本組合。 4.設計問卷以收集受測者的偏好、購買行為與自我概念資料。
26

國會選舉與台灣社會政策發展:立法委員選舉的政見分析(1992-2004) / Congressional Elections and the Development of Social Policies in Taiwan: An Analysis of Policy Platforms in Congressional Campaigns(1992-2004)

黃文彥, Huang, Wun-yan Unknown Date (has links)
國內關於社會政策的研究呈現極大的共同點,多數研究利用工業主義或國家中心論的觀點分析社會預算或政策發展。這種宏觀取向的研究無法解答台灣九○年後福利制度關鍵轉折的因素,同時亦忽略民主選舉對台灣社會政策的影響。本研究認為這是國內研究在威權體制遺緒下長期忽略民主與國會所帶來的結果。社會政策不會自然被制定,本研究從簡單民主模型出發,主張政治行動者與國會偏好結構才是影響社會政策制定的關鍵。因此,本研究將國會選舉視為政治行動者社會政策主張偏好的誘因,這種偏好將隨著競選過程進入國會影響後續社會政策的制定。據此,本研究探討行動者與國會的社會政策偏好,從微觀角度解釋民主化後台灣社會政策發展與轉型的因素。 本研究植基於理性選擇途徑,運用內容分析法分析政治行動者政見,探討解嚴後第二屆至第六屆國會選舉中的行動者與國會政策偏好,呈現台灣民主化後歷年的社會政策議程變遷、政治行動者政策偏好、國會選舉對社會政策偏好的影響,以及歷屆國會社會政策偏好結構的完整圖像。 本研究有三個主要貢獻:首先,探討政治行動者政策偏好,提供一個連結民主選舉與社會政策發展的微觀基礎;其次,將焦點置於國會探討影響福利國家建立的社會立法因素,有別於傳統研究將焦點置於國家制度的宏觀途徑;最後,透過微觀偏好的探討能夠提供宏觀研究中制度轉折的連結,解釋台灣社會政策制定與變遷的過程,彌補過去研究的不足。 / The past researches about social policies or welfare state in Taiwan present the same ways. Most researches through Industrialism and State-Centralism approaches to analyze welfare budget and social policies. But after 90s’ democratization, these macro-approaches not only cannot answer what momentums induce the critical junctures of welfare state institution in Taiwan, but also ignore the impacts of democratic elections. I agree with this statement because of the influences of authoritarian so that researchers ignore how important the democratization it actually is, especially congress. According to simple democratic model, I argue social policies decided by political actors and congress’ policy preferences structure can not adopted automatically. Therefore I consider congressional campaign is a kind of incentive to promote social policy platforms to political actors in order to win the election, furthermore these policy preferences impact the congress structure that influence social policy adoption. For these points, this thesis discusses, through micro-approach, how the social policy preferences of political actors and preference structure in congress to influence the development of social policies in Taiwan after democratization. This research roots in rational choice theory and uses content analysis to study policy platforms to analyze political actors and congress’ social policy preferences during second to sixth congress elections after the end of martial law and discuss the transition of social policy agenda, political actors’ social policy preferences, the impacts between congress campaigns and social policy preferences, and full maps about social policy preferences in congress after democratization in Taiwan. There are three contributions about this research. First, it is a micro-linkage for democracy and social policy on reaching policy preference. Second, it focus on congress differ greatly from traditional researches’ State-Centralism approach. Finally, it provides a micro approach interpretation of macro idea of critical juncture about social policy development and transition in Taiwan and can connect the gaps between macro and micro approaches.
27

調節導向在比較性廣告的應用

張翔任, Chang, Hsiang Jen Unknown Date (has links)
今日企業經營,無法單單使用易衡量觀測的人口統計變數便可有效區隔顧客,必須再加上心理變數的使用,而調節焦點是一個不錯的選擇。另一方面,伴隨著市場競爭日益激烈,有越來越多的企業採用比較性廣告策略,他們企圖從為數眾多的競爭者中脫穎而出。 因此本研究結合調節焦點與比較性廣告,試圖了解消費者的調節焦點表現在一致性偏好的特質差異,並反應在閱覽比較性廣告後,對目標品牌態度和比較品牌態度的變化,同時觀察調節焦點的配適「正確感」體驗能否延伸至關鍵字搜尋意願。 本研究共分實驗一與實驗二,實驗一結果發現,預防焦點者有較高的一致性偏好,相對來說,促進焦點者有較低的一致性偏好,而表現在比較性廣告中的目標品牌態度和比較品牌態度的關係評價中,預防焦點者呈現負相關性,而促進焦點者呈現無相關性;而當促進焦點者閱覽比較性廣告之比較品牌為虛擬的新品牌時,於正、負框架的比較性廣告中,對比較品牌態度無差異,但在面對比較品牌為市場知名品牌時,促進焦點者在正向框架的比較性廣告,相對負向框架的比較性廣告,有較高的比較品牌態度;當預防焦點者閱覽比較性廣告之比較品牌為虛擬的新品牌時,於負向框架的比較性廣告,相對正向框架的比較性廣告,不見得有顯著最低的比較品牌態度,但在面對比較品牌為市場知名品牌時,預防焦點者於正、負框架的比較性廣告中,對比較品牌態度並無差異。實驗二結果發現,當促進焦點者閱覽正向框架的比較性廣告,且使用促進焦點訴求時,有最好的目標品牌態度,但預防焦點者閱覽負向框架的比較性廣告,且使用預防焦點訴求時,未有最低的比較品牌態度,且促進焦點者在達成調節配適時,未能有最高的關鍵字搜尋意願。
28

異質性偏好與地方公共財之最適提供水準 / Heterogeneous Preferences and the Optimal Provision of Local Public Goods

王舒齡, Wang, Shu Ling Unknown Date (has links)
本文以Tiebout (1956) 之假說 (Tiebout Hypothesis) 為基礎,在數個轄區之經濟環境下,假設人民具有「異質性偏好」及「完全移動性」,利用模擬 (simulation) 的方式,探討人口以及地方公共財之最適配置狀況,並探討其背後所隱含之經濟意義。 本文之研究發現有以下三點。第一,對於公共財具有異質性偏好、且具有完全移動性時,個人會依據自我選擇機制 (self-selection),選擇使其效用極大化之轄區居住,產生區分 (sorting) 之效果,符合Tiebout所預期。第二,就比較靜態發現,在技術水準越高,或者私有財之偏好越高的情況下,高偏好轄區的人口越多,每人持有消費性公共財數量也越多;而當資本產出彈性增加,則高偏好地區人口越少,且每人持有消費性公共財數量越少。第三,若中央政府徵單一稅 (uniform tax) ,且定額稅與資本稅之稅額相等,則以中央政府的角度觀之,不論何種稅制,均不影響全國地方公共財之總提供水準,故異質性偏好在此未造成任何影響。但若以地方政府的角度觀之,並以「每人持有公共財數量」之角度切入,則異質性偏好不但造成區分效果,更使轄區之資源配置具有脫離對稱均衡的可能。若將社會總福利水準極大化時之定額稅定義為最適稅率,其所對應之每人持有地方公共財,定義為公共財之最適提供水準,以此作為比較基礎,則在課徵資本稅之下,生產要素使用之扭曲性,影響人民之消費行為,進而改變轄區內原來的資源配置,強化轄區間資源配置的差異。在本文以兩個轄區為例,並以消費性公共財為分析重點之模型,發現地方公共財的提供,受到轄區內個人偏好強度差異之影響,出現偏好強度高之轄區公共財提供過多,偏好強度低之轄區公共財提供不足之結果。 關鍵字:Tiebout、異質性偏好、完全流動性、自我選擇機制、區分效果。
29

員工對工時彈性化偏好選擇之研究

陳宗琪 Unknown Date (has links)
工作時間對於整體社會、企業和員工雙方皆有影響,對企業而言,工作時間攸關分派、設備利用、生產成本和經營效益;對員工而言,工作時間影響其自由支配時間、所得、工作安全,甚至家庭和社會生活。對整體社會而言,工作時間不僅牽涉到交通公共設施的需求、國民休閒活動,也攸關國民所得、物價及產業與就業結構的調整,故工作時間的意義十分重要。 台灣隨著經濟發展、各行各業類型轉換,傳統工作時間已無法滿足日益變遷的社會,因之產生了工時彈性化的議題。由於員工在婚姻、性別、學歷、職位等個人屬性之不同,對於工時彈性化的態度以及受到的影響程度亦會有所差異,企業若能事先了解這些影響因素,並在工時制度的設計上加以考量,即有助於企業做更有效的安排,員工對企業亦能產生更高的滿意度,對勞資雙方皆屬有利。對於政府而言,了解推行工時彈性化之利弊,能提供更有利企業經營、改善國民生活品質的政策, 本研究之章節安排和要點如下: 第一章 本章將說明研究動機、目的、研究範圍與方法、研究流程與章節安排。 第二章 藉由相關文獻的整理,定義工作時間的意義與討論影響工時的因素,再探究工時彈性化概念的來源、概念與分類,最後分別就工作滿足、工作壓力、離職傾向、工作生活品質、休閒參與來討論工時彈性化對員工的影響。 第三章 首先對我國工時彈性化規定與實況做一歸納統整,接著整理日本、德國的經驗供國內參考。。 第四章 本章將針對製造業與服務業員工進行問卷調查,探討台灣員工對工時彈性偏好之選擇,並瞭解其在工作時間安排的現況、生活品質、工時偏好及離職傾向等構面的感受,並探討各變項間的相關性,依問卷調查所取得的資料,探討台灣員工對於工時彈性化的偏好與選擇。 第五章 本章係匯整本文研究所得結果,提出對工時彈性化的建議方向與結語。 工作時間對於整體社會、企業和員工雙方皆有影響,對企業而言,工作時間攸關分派、設備利用、生產成本和經營效益;對員工而言,工作時間影響其自由支配時間、所得、工作安全,甚至家庭和社會生活。對整體社會而言,工作時間不僅牽涉到交通公共設施的需求、國民休閒活動,也攸關國民所得、物價及產業與就業結構的調整,故工作時間的意義十分重要。 台灣隨著經濟發展、各行各業類型轉換,傳統工作時間已無法滿足日益變遷的社會,因之產生了工時彈性化的議題。由於員工在婚姻、性別、學歷、職位等個人屬性之不同,對於工時彈性化的態度以及受到的影響程度亦會有所差異,企業若能事先了解這些影響因素,並在工時制度的設計上加以考量,即有助於企業做更有效的安排,員工對企業亦能產生更高的滿意度,對勞資雙方皆屬有利。對於政府而言,了解推行工時彈性化之利弊,能提供更有利企業經營、改善國民生活品質的政策, 本研究之章節安排和要點如下: 第一章 本章將說明研究動機、目的、研究範圍與方法、研究流程與章節安排。 第二章 藉由相關文獻的整理,定義工作時間的意義與討論影響工時的因素,再探究工時彈性化概念的來源、概念與分類,最後分別就工作滿足、工作壓力、離職傾向、工作生活品質、休閒參與來討論工時彈性化對員工的影響。 第三章 首先對我國工時彈性化規定與實況做一歸納統整,接著整理日本、德國的經驗供國內參考。。 第四章 本章將針對製造業與服務業員工進行問卷調查,探討台灣員工對工時彈性偏好之選擇,並瞭解其在工作時間安排的現況、生活品質、工時偏好及離職傾向等構面的感受,並探討各變項間的相關性,依問卷調查所取得的資料,探討台灣員工對於工時彈性化的偏好與選擇。 第五章 本章係匯整本文研究所得結果,提出對工時彈性化的建議方向與結語。
30

麩胺酸對心理興奮劑引發制約性場地偏好行為之探討 / The effects of glutamate on psychostimulant induced conditioned place preference

張雅惠, Chang, Yea-Heuy Unknown Date (has links)
安非他命與古柯鹼皆屬心理興奮性藥物(psychostimulants),在藥理上有很多功能相似的機制,而且兩種藥物濫用成癮的問題一直是臨床及基礎研究所關心的問題。就動物行為模式而言,安非他命與古柯鹼具有影響包括反射性及制約學習性的行為表現的效果。若針對藥物的酬賞性做探討時,制約性場地偏好行為模式的相關研究益發受到重視,本研究實驗一先針對此作業之操弄時間及環境變項做一探討,再研究安非他命與古柯鹼之作用機制。過去的研究發現,週邊注射安非他命或古柯鹼與某環境刺激配對能引發制約性引發場地偏好的傾向,但兩藥的行為現象卻對藥理的操弄呈不一致的結果,隱含兩藥背後的神經機制可能也不同。其中阿控博核是一個值得再驗證的區域。阿控博核被認為是動機系統與運動系統的介面。此部位因其解剖及生化功能的異質性,故實驗二針對其次分區進行中樞藥物注射,於是直接將安非他命(10,15μg)與古柯鹼(50,100μg)分別注射於阿控博核之次級區。結果發現安非他命直接注入阿控博核核區或古柯鹼注入阿控博核殼區可表現顯著的場地偏好效果。基於阿控博核所含有的麩胺酸神經末梢源自內側前額葉皮質,實驗三則發現安非他命或古柯鹼注入內側前額葉皮質可引發制約性場地偏好行為。實驗四將麩胺酸專屬受體抑制劑與安非他命共同注入核區或與古柯鹼共同注入殼區,結果發現不論NMDA或non-NMDA受體抑制劑均減抑了安非他命與古柯鹼注入阿控博核不同區所引發之制約性場地偏好的效果。最後實驗五利用內側前額葉遭破壞的受試,發現古柯鹼注入阿控博核殼區所引發之制約性場地偏好的效果受損,但不影響安非他命注入阿控博核核區所引發之制約性場地偏好的效果。綜觀上述結果顯示安非他命與古柯鹼的酬賞特質所引發行為的神經機制可能不同,腦中之內側前額葉皮質及阿控博核對兩藥的行為效果有不同的涉入。 / The function of the nucleus accumbens (NACC) has been suggestedto play an important role of the rewarding effects of psychostimulants.It is hypothesized that the neural substrates for amphetamine and cocaineto produce behavioral effects can be different. As conducted in Experiment 1, a conditioned place preference (CPP) task with procedures for amphetamine microinjection was established from the manipulation of conditioning environment. In considering the heterogeneity of NACC, Experiments 2 investigated the potentiality of the CPP effects after local infusion of amphetamine (10, 15 μg/site) or cocaine (50, 100 μg/site) into the core and shell subareas of NACC. Amphetamine microinjection into the NACC core significantly produced CPP, whereas such effect only appeared under treatment of the high dose of cocaine into the shell area. Lack of the CPP effects for amphetamine or cocaine infused into the boundary areas of the core and shell regions was seen in Experiment 2 (part B). In Experiment 3, the involvement of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was challenged for amphetamine and cocaine on the CPP task. Both doses of cocaine and the low dose of amphetamine locally infused in mPFC significantly produced CPP. In Experiment 4, glutamatergic NMDA receptor antagonist APV (0.5, 1 μg/site) and non-NMDA receptor antagonist CNQX (1 μg/site) significantly attenuated the CPP effects of amphetamine infused into the NACC core. This antagonism was also true for the cocaine-induced CPP in the NACC shell. These results implied that the other cortical areas can modulate such CPP effects, in particular the mPFC. In Eperiment 5, lesion of mPFC significantly inhibited the cocaine-induced CPP in the shell area but not for the amphetamine-induced CPP in the core area. Taken together, the NACC is an important neural substrate for mediating the rewarding effects for amphetamine and cocaine on the CPP task, and such effects can be dissociated as drugs locally infused into core and shell areas. Glutamatergic projections originating mPFC may provide some motivational information to the NACC. The mPFC may distinctly be involved in the motive circuit of cocaine- or amphetamine-induced CPP in the NACC. These results highlight that different processes are involved in the acquisition of CPP for microinjection of amphetamine or cocaine into the NACC subareas.

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