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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
51

國際貨幣基金的組織與功能 / The Organization and Functions of the International Monetary Fund

王瑤瑛, Yao-ying Wang Unknown Date (has links)
布列敦森林機制的成形與運作是基於國際社會對一九三0年代經濟大恐慌所記取的歷史教訓。國際社會要捨棄「以鄰為壑」的歷史錯誤,期以國際協調與合作解決國際經濟秩序不穩定的問題。但是在建立布列敦森林機制的過程中與布列敦森林機制的運作上,顯現出國際政治權力與國家利益才是最重要的考量。美國以其在兩次世界大戰中發展出的國力,主導了布列敦森林機制的設計,將大部分的國家納入此項體系中,並以此體系中的規範、準則來約束所有成員的行為。透過此機制的槓桿運作,美國得以將其在政治上與經濟上的力量發揮到極至,從而維護美國繼續作為霸權國的國家利益。布列敦森林機制成為戰後國際合作的基礎架構,會員國所簽訂的國際貨幣基金協定條款成了體系成員的行為準則。制約條件與監督會員國的經濟政策之權是國際貨幣基金兩項最重要的武器。然而,制約條件所產生的政經效應,卻讓國際貨幣基金倍受批評。影響制約條件成效不彰的原因包含有國際貨幣基金的組織結構因素、國際環境因素與執行制約條件的國家的內部因素。國際社會將所有的責任都歸於國際貨幣基金,實在是隔靴搔癢,同時也無助於解決當今資本全球化所引發的問題。 目  錄 序言 壹 圖表目錄 參 第一章 緒論 1 第二章 國際貨幣基金之成立 4 第一節 布列敦森林機制的起源 4 第二節 布列敦森林機制前的國際貨幣體系 9 第三節 懷特方案與凱因斯方案 12 第四節 小結 17 第三章 布列敦森林機制的制度分析 21 第一節 國際貨幣基金的制度 21 第二節 國際貨幣基金的組織 26 第三節 美國霸權與布列敦森林機制 34 第四章 國際貨幣基金角色的轉變 50 第一節 國際經濟環境的變遷 50 第二節 國際貨幣基金協定條款的修訂 54 第三節 特別提款權的運作 59 第四節 國際貨幣基金的監督功能 61 第五章 國際貨幣基金的制約條件 67 第一節 什麼是制約條件 67 第二節 制約條件的發展 71 第三節 制約條件與調整政策 76 第四節 制約條件的政經效應 79 第六章 一九八0年代的拉丁美洲債務危機 92 第一節 拉丁美洲債務危機的起源 92 第二節 處理拉丁美洲債務危機的國際行動 96 第三節 處理拉丁美洲債務危機的成效與政經意涵 102 第七章 一九九七年東亞金融危機 111 第一節 東亞金融危機的起源 111 第二節 東亞國家的政治經濟結構 117 第三節 處理東亞金融危機的國際行動 119 第四節 國際貨幣基金穩定方案的檢討 123 第五節 小結 132 第八章 結論 138 參考書目 143 圖表目錄 圖 圖3-1 國際貨幣基金組織結構圖 45 表 表6-1 拉美國家的貿易平衡、經常帳與資本基本轉移 的情況,1977—1987 105 表6-2 接受IMF融資計畫的拉美國家之經濟表現 105 表6-3 接受IMF融資計畫的拉美國家之債務情況 106 表7-1 泰國、印尼與南韓三國外匯存底的變動, (1997年6月—19982月) 112 表7-2 東亞四國的債務情況 114 表7-3 東亞四國的經濟表現,1997—1999 131
52

我國核課處分程序重開之探討 / The remedy of tax administrative:Recommence the tax administrative procedure

翁培祐, Weng,Pei Yu Unknown Date (has links)
租稅行政是一種侵益行政,核課處分更具有大量行政處分之特性,而人民對於租稅法律並不熟稔,因此,核課處分必須有一套完善的行政救濟,以盡保障人民權益之最大可能。   我國在2001年開始實施的行政程序法中,參考了德國聯邦行政程序法第48條、第49條及第51條等規定,植入了行政程序重開的制度。但是在該法實施後,各行政機關對於該項制度應如何運用並無定見,甚有誤引誤用者。本論文就此一課題,嘗試從德國行政程序重開制度由來、理念,分析我國行政程序法相關規定之定位,並以侵益之核課處分為客體,整理我國相關判決及釋令,就核課處分重開程序之現行法制加以檢討,期能繪製出稅捐稽徵所涉行政程序重開之草圖。 / The tax administration disposition is one kind of rendered en masse and burden administration dispositions. People are not familiar to the law of the tax, so nuclear lesson is that it must have one perfect administration remedy system even more than to punish, in order to ensure people rights and benefits most heavily and possibly to ensure.   The legislators enacting the recommence administrative procedure in the administrative procedure law that Taiwan began to implement in 2001 had consulted the article 48, 49, and 51 of the administrative procedure law of Germany. However, many administrative authorities were wrongly guided or persons misapply after this law was implemented. This thesis attempts to realize the origin and idea of the German recommenced administrative procedure, and analyse the recommence tax administrative disposition procedure of Taiwan . This thesis will also examine the current legal system of recommence the tax administrative dispositions by the relevant judgments and orders of Taiwan. Finally it is probable to draw out a better system of the recommence tax administrative disposition.
53

反饋法則下財政政策之總體效果 / The Macroeconomic Impact of Fiscal Policy with Feedback on Debt

莊汜沂, Chuang, Szu Yi Unknown Date (has links)
思及當前捉襟見肘的財政窘境,無可避免地,債台高築的臺灣實陷入飲鴆止渴般以債養債之無限迴圈中,導致政府政策效能不彰、社會福利運作生弊亦無可厚非;於『公共債務法』之財政規範下,臺灣業已瀕臨法定舉債門檻,故不論是對短期政府支出之排擠、扭曲性稅率之稽徵抑或對長期經濟成長的斲傷,皆是身為中華民國國民真正惶悚不安之所在。 職是之故,本研究係採用一納入政府財政部門及貨幣當局之擴充『實質景氣循環模型』,藉以Sidrauski(1967)所提出的貨幣效用函數為出發點,將實質餘額引進理論模型,並透過計量操作捕捉實證期間起於西元1971年第一季迄至2007年第四季之政府政策函數,過程中,我們不難發現政府購買性支出及稅率皆存在相當的持續性,且對政府未償公債餘額之高低作出某種程度的反應。亦即,若政府實施公債融通政策,俾使期初公債餘額較高之際,則本期甚或往後各期的政府支出將遭受抑制和排擠,尤有甚者,政府勢必擬以提高未來稅率以茲挹注該債務之還本付息所造成的財政缺口;是以,本研究著眼於引進公債餘額對政府支出及稅率存在反饋作用下,財政政策與貨幣政策之總體效果及各總體變數之動態調整過程的風貌。即便公債發行或賒借為政府提供一財務週轉工具以裨益財政政策保有更靈活之彈性,然據模型所產生的結果顯示,就長期而論,政府必須維持一穩定之未償公債餘額,即公債水準具備『均數復歸』性質,而該財政目標係透過削減未來政府支出、調整扭曲性稅率及鑄幣稅融通政策方得以達成預算平衡,準此,該設定將造成公債融通之減稅政策對經濟體系具有實質效果,『公債融通』管道亦『非中立性政策』,從而傳統『李嘉圖等值定理』於本模型中無法成立。 就政策面層次而言,本研究試圖放寬『反饋法則』與政策係數之設定,以檢視透過不同程度之政府支出、稅率甚至貨幣供給途徑的改變來平衡因增加公債發行所造成的財政赤字,對經濟體系之長短期效果有何迥異處;是文亦藉由衝擊反應函數分別探討於政府支出增加、減稅措施及貨幣擴張之下,政策的傳遞機制與各總體變數之動態性質,顯然地,就高債務比率前提下,當政府戮力於刺激景氣而欲積極實施立竿見影的總體經濟政策之際,卻常因狃於急效而欲速不達,非但政策效果有限,亦可能使體系落入更為不景氣的田地,從而,財政惡化不啻為經濟危機的導火線也就不言而喻。再者,貨幣政策對體系之實質變數具有一定程度的作用,是故,本模型於短期內無法一窺『貨幣中立性』之堂奧,唯長期始得以復見。總括言之,政府亟須奉『健全財政』為圭臬,擬定政策時更得戒慎恐懼,並適切權衡利弊得失,以茲裨益有更具信心的經濟表現。 此外,本研究亦透過『效準』實驗以評估模型『配適度』之良窳,即便於反覆疊代法下,該模擬表現係瑕瑜互見而不盡完美,卻也大抵符合景氣循環之『典型化特徵』;然就實質景氣循環模型所為人詬病之勞動市場一隅而論,引進公債之反饋法則下的財政政策操作,無疑地改善了傳統工時與工資率動輒高度正相關之本質,從而獲致相對較低之理論相關係數,亦朝實證資料所呈現工時與工資率存在幾近零相關甚或低度負相關之表徵更邁進一大步。 / With current financial difficulties beyond government capability, it is inevitable that the already deep-in-debt Taiwan opted for momentary relief by paying debt through debt financing and ended up in an infinite loop, causing spiral-down performances in government policies and faulty operations of social welfare instruments. Taiwan has been on the verge of reaching the statutory upper limit of debt financing according to “The Public Debt Act” regulations and all nationals are becoming anxious about such impacts as crowding out of short-run government spending, levying of distorting taxes, and damages on long-run economic growth. To better understand the debt’s impacts, this research uses the “Real Business Cycle Model” extended by taking government treasury agency and monetary institution into account. Starting with Money In Utility Function (MIUF) as proposed by Sidrauski (1967) to introduce real money balance into the theoretical model and, in the process of econometric manipulation, to detect empirical governmental policy functions in the period between the first quarter, 1971 and the fourth quarter, 2007, it is not hard to discover that there are considerable persistence in both government purchases and tax rates, with manifestation of certain degree of responses to the total amount of outstanding bonds the government has yet to pay. In other words, a governmental bond financing policy designed to render high initial bonds outstanding tends to cause suppression and crowding out of government spending in current and even later periods. Furthermore, the government is bound to plan on raising taxes in the future in order to cut financial deficit gap caused by paying back the principles and interests of the debt. Therefore, this study focuses on presenting the macroeconomic effects of fiscal policies and monetary policies, as well as the dynamic adjustment processes of macroeconomic variables based on the impact of feedback effect of bonds outstanding on government spending and tax rates. Even thought public bonds issuance or debt financing serves as a governmental fiscal instrument for financial turnover to ensure flexibility of fiscal policies, our model shows that the government should, from a long-run perspective, maintain a stable amount of bonds outstanding. Put in a different way, the level of bonds outstanding shows “mean-reverting” characteristics which rely on future government spending cut, distorting tax adjustment and seigniorage financing policy to achieve balance of budget. As a result, such setup would cause the bond-financing backed tax deduction policies to create practical effects on economies and, as the bond financing instruments are “Non-Neutrality” policies, would render the “Ricardian Equivalence Theorem” invalid in our model. In the policy aspect, this study tries to relax both “feedback rules” and setup of policy parameters for investigating the differences between long-run and short-run effects on the economy by different degrees of changes in government spending, tax rates and even money supply channels which are used to balance the fiscal deficit caused by increased bond issuance. This article also studies, through the impulse response function, the policy propagation mechanism and the dynamics of key macroeconomic variables under the situation of government spending increase, tax deduction and monetary expansion. It is obvious that the government, in the case of high debt ratios and when making all endeavors to spur economy by implementing macroeconomic policies aimed for instant results, is accustomed to seeking quick fixes only to achieve very limited effects, sometimes even to drive the economy into further recession. It is therefore evident that fiscal degradation could lead to economic disaster. Moreover, as the monetary policies have certain degrees of influence on real variables of the economy, this model will not be able to clearly analyze the “neutrality of money” in such a short period of time. The effect will only reveal in the long run. In summary, the government should keep “sound finance” as the highest guiding principle and be extremely cautious in formulating policies in order to weigh all pros and cons discreetly, thus help to achieve a benefiting economic performance that generates more confidence. Furthermore, this study assesses “goodness of fit” of the model through a “calibration” experiment. Although the simulation results show, under recursive method, intermingled good and poor occasions that are beyond satisfaction, they generally agree with the “typical characteristics” of business cycles. However, in the aspect of long-criticized labor market of the real business cycle model, the fiscal policy operation under feedback rules with introduction of public debts for sure has greatly improved on the conventional intrinsic property of high correlation between labor hours and real wage rates, by delivering a relatively low theoretical correlation coefficient, which is a big step towards the empirical results of almost zero or even weakly negative correlation between labor hours and real wage rates.
54

民法上抗辯權之研究

阮詠芳, Juan, Yung-Fang Unknown Date (has links)
我國學者關於民法上抗辯權之著述,偏重於個別類型中重點問題的探討;本論文則係從總論的角度檢視抗辯權制度的共通問題。由於在抗辯權理論下,係以其法律效力—「排除請求權之實現性」,與強調效力的發生以抗辯權人之主張為必要—「主張之必要性」,作為該制度之兩大特徵;而質疑抗辯權制度之獨立性與正當性的學說,亦以撼動此兩大支柱為要務。是故,本論文即以抗辯權之「法律效力」及「主張之必要性」為兩大主軸,對民法上各個抗辯權進行分析整理,首先澄清何謂「排除請求權之實現性」,此等抗辯權效力所造成之法律狀態,與請求權消滅乃至於權利本身之消滅有何不同,是否仍不變動原有的法律關係,因而與形成權有別;其次探求強調「主張之必要性」的理由何在、能否貫徹,各該抗辯權以此特徵在訴訟法上與權利障礙抗辯及權利消滅抗辯區隔,是否均切合制度設計的意旨,並檢討目前學說實務對於訴訟上抗辯權主張之處理方式,是否能落實立法原意,或者有背道而馳的疑慮。 抗辯權制度起源於羅馬法時代程式訴訟中的exceptio,本屬訴訟法領域之概念,發展至今日卻成為實體法上權利,惟仍不脫濃厚的訴訟法色彩。因此,在抗辯權制度之研究上,諸多重要問題若未能兼顧實體法及訴訟法層面從事討論,往往失之偏廢而欠缺全面性的考量。有鑑於此,本論文整合了實體法及訴訟法之觀點,對於涉及此二領域交錯之問題,重新予以檢討,尤其,時值近期我國與德國民事訴訟法就相關規定均有重大修正之際,關於抗辯權之闡明與當事人及法院應盡之訴訟促進義務,更是著力的重心之一。 第一章緒論,提出研究動機及所欲探討的問題,並說明研究主軸、研究方法及論文架構。第二章介紹抗辯權制度之發展及其基本理論。第三章民法上個別抗辯權之學說與實務分析,針對第二章所列舉出之民法上抗辯權,以「法律效力」及「主張之必要性」為兩大主軸,個別討論其對請求權實現性之影響,以及抗辯權效力之發生,是否均以抗辯權人之主張為必要。第四章抗辯權之效力及其實現,首先整合第三章之內容,重新組織抗辯權之效力,以呈現「排除請求權之實現性」的具體內容;其次討論兩大爭議問題:已行使之抗辯權之「拋棄」,以及抗辯權排除債務人給付遲延責任之效力;最後檢討抗辯權與形成權之界線,思考抗辯權在實體法上之定位,是否能與形成權截然劃分。第五章抗辯權在訴訟上之處理,首先討論抗辯權之行使是否限於訴訟上主張,始生效力,被告在訴訟外主張抗辯權者,法院得否斟酌;又,訴訟上如何認定被告有無抗辯權之主張;其次討論法院就抗辯權之闡明權與闡明義務,指出向來通說實務關於得否闡明抗辯權之標準的問題所在,並呼應新法精神予以再檢討;最後,當事人及法院之訴訟促進義務亦屬不可忽略之一環,認為被告應於適當時期為抗辯權之主張,並在賦予當事人充分程序保障、防止發生突襲的前提下,透過爭點整理程序解決拋棄或撤回抗辯權主張之問題,同時確立兩造應受拘束之規範;而在法院善用現行民事訴訟法進行計畫性審理、集中審理下,採用一造辯論判決是否會不當剝奪被告主張抗辯權之機會的疑慮,應能降到最低。第六章結論,分為「從法制史中獲得之啟示」、「關於現行法制下之解釋及適用」、「關於立法論上之建議」三部分,總結本論文對抗辯權之過去、現在、未來的看法。

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