在地方行政機關中，不同層級公務人員有其不同性質的工作壓力，本次研究對象係以新北市政府工務局新建工程處為研究主體，並採深度訪談法去瞭解相關公職工程人員的壓力來源，共計訪談8名於新建工程處任職的人員，其擔任職務含括科長、股長、正式人員及約僱人員，得以由職位角色的不同來瞭解壓力來源及調適方式。 綜上所述，可得知壓力來源可區分為「個人因素」、「業務執行因素」及「其他外在因素」，而其中「個人因素」的部分為：一、因個人學經歷非工程本科系且未曾接觸過公職工作而在執行業務過程因而產生適應上的壓力。二、因本身能力尚有不足造成工作執行上錯誤不斷產生壓力。三、家裡對於工作薪水的要求及家庭經濟的重心；另外「業務執行因素」則為：一、上級長官政策執行推動壓力。二、業務推動時效壓力。二、工程履約過程遭遇困難之壓力。四、主管人員面對上級長官績效要求壓力。五、承辦人員面對業務推動之壓力。「其他外在因素」的部分為：一、民意代表及民眾壓力。二、司法監督之壓力。三、長期工作下產生之倦怠感。 在工作壓力的調適方式，經整理分析新北市政府新建工程處受訪者的訪談結果，分別以「個人調適」、「藉由家人或朋友」及「藉由獲得成就感或長官肯定」等三種方式，因此壓力調適仍然應該遠離壓力源，而在工作上成就感的獲得，應僅能作為未能脫離壓力源的狀況下，暫時緩解的自我心理調適方法。

我國65歲以上的老年人口，於民國82年底達總人口比率7.1％，正式邁入聯合國世界衛生組織所稱之高齡化社會（7％以上）。根據行政院經濟建設委員會之推估，65歲以上的老年人口比例於97年將達總人口數之10.15％，而於116年達總人口數之20.04％，人口老化速度明顯高於歐美國家，未來人口年齡結構將更趨於高齡化。隨著我國老年人口成長，社會安全制度日益受到重視，提供老人經濟安全之適度保障將成為我國未來福利發展之新方向。 本研究根據世界銀行提出的「三層保障」之老年經濟安全保障制度架構為基礎，說明我國公務人員退休制度在老年經濟安全保障方案之定位，闡述有關第二層保障之職業退休金制度理論演變，以釐清公務人員退休金之屬性及正當性，以助於退休制度及其財務規劃的擬定，期使整套制度循著適當的理論脈絡而發展。基於對退休金重要性的認知，先進國家早已發展成熟的職業退休金制度，而我國公務人員退休制度係建制於民國32年，實施50餘年，雖歷經4次修正，由於退休金給付方式仍屬於恩給制，除造成財政上重大負擔外，也產生退休給與偏低等嚴重問題，相關機關自62年開始研究改革，經過22年研議規劃完成，自84年7月1日實施退休新制，其與舊制最大的差異，是將退休經費籌措方式，由政府編列預算支付之恩給制，改由政府與公務人員共同撥繳費用成立退撫基金之共同提撥制，其餘退休對象、退休年資、退休條件、核給退休金原則大致維持不變，而退休金給付方式，也維持著確定給付制。經分析新退休制度之主要內容，實施迄今8年餘，有關改進退撫經費籌措方式，減輕政府財政負擔；及提高退撫所得，加強安老卹孤之改革目標，均已獲致初步成效。然而現階段面臨之問題，是退休經費導致各級政府財政負擔增加，且依公務人員退休撫卹基金管理委員會委託基金精算結果也顯示基金將面臨財務危機。 本研究係分析新制退休金給付方式，全面採行確定提撥制，對解決基金現存財務危機之可行性，為便於瞭解，爰敘明確定提撥制與確定給付制之意涵與優、缺點，及我國採用此兩種制度之適例。茲因退休金給付方式之政策變革方案，影響層面甚廣，方案之可行性如何，必須審慎探討與分析，爰就制度變革方案可行性列舉幾項評估面向進行分析。 例如為解決基金財務問題，除必須從經濟上分析外，茲因制度變革方案，必須符合現時的政治生態，始能確保政策推行之成果，方案的周詳與否，關係到該方案能否被接受及未來能否順利執行。由於退休舊制恩給制時期，因退休經費籌措方式不當，同樣存在著財政負擔之問題及缺失，其能於84年7月改革成功推動新退休制度，在政治方面包括政黨、民意機關、相關主管機關、公務人員，甚至學者等等支持的因素，在現今新制推行後，為解決財政問題，而將退休金給付方式，全面改採確定提撥制，是否同樣具有政治上支持的可能性，自須審慎分析；此外，退休金政策之改變，直接受影響的便是公務人員之退休所得，在退休金採行確定提撥制後，是否仍能達成新制推行時所設定之提高退撫所得、加強安老卹孤改革目標，應為關鍵之所在，由於職業退休金理論中之維持適當生活，係本研究在規劃退休金制度時所考量的重點，因退休後的生活水準應能與退休前相當，乃是探討退休金制度的核心，爰列為評估面向。又世界各國實施公務員退休金制度之經驗，包括採行確定給付制與確定提撥制例證，及面臨困境或改革之趨勢，均能在我國制訂退休金政策時有所啟示，故亦列為評估面向。本研究依據上述重要項目進行整體性評估，針對現存政經環境及職業特性，歸納我國新制退休金採行確定給付制或確定提撥制之個別效益，深入檢討何種給付方式較能維持公務人員權益？及退休前之生活水準？藉以說明並支持可行方案，以作為方案選擇之參據。最後提出本研究之結論與研究發現，進而本於基金能否永續經營，將是制度得否存續的關鍵，減少財務潛在危機，應具有合理的制度設計與有效的經營管理之基本條件，爰研擬若干建議措施，以降低財政問題的嚴重性，俾確保基金日後退休給付之能力，保障參加基金人員之權益。 / Taiwan has officially joined the “aging society” as defined by the WHO (up to 7% of the senior citizen ratio) because senior citizens aged over 65 accounted for 7.1% as of December 31, 1993. The official forecast by the Council of Economic Planning & Development of the Executive Yuan (the Cabinet) indicates that the senior population age over 65 will hit 10.15% of the total population by 2008 and even up to 20.04％ by the year 2027. Taiwan significantly outpaces their European and American counterparts in terms of the ratio of aging citizens. The aging society problems will likely turn from bad to worse in the future. In turn, the social security system is receiving mounting awareness and attention. The efforts to provide sound financial standing, secured social systems and protection to senior citizens will represent the new orientation of future welfare development in Taiwan. The present study takes the “Three-Level Assurance” oriented senior citizen financial security system proposed by the World Bank as the very grounds to elucidate the positioning of the Public Servant System in the senior citizen financial security system, annotate the evolution pension system of the Second-level Assurance to clarify the attribute and justification of the pension granted to civil servants. The present study is intended to help draw up a retirement system and financial planning so that the entire system will develop toward appropriate and justified orientation. With awareness of the importance of pension, those advanced countries have developed sound and mature professional pension systems for quite some time already. In the Republic of China, the retirement system for civil servants was initiated in 1943 and has been updated four times during the subsequent half century. The pension has been granted as a sort of benefit, or a government favor. As a result, pension to civil servants has become a heavy financial burden to the government and has been illogically insufficient. In response, the competent authorities concerned began initiating research for a reform of the pension system in 1973 and completed the research program 22 years later. The new retirement system was officially put into place on July 1, 1995. Between the old and new retirement system, the greatest difference is that the pension fund is jointly contributed by both the government and civil servants themselves in the new system instead of being solely budgeted by the government as a sort of government favor in the old system. Except for this, the aspects of the target retirees, seniority requirements, prerequisites for retirement and the principles to grant pension largely remain unchanged. Pension is paid in an unchanged “Defined Benefit Plan”. Now, with the new system in enforcement for over eight years, the new system proves to have primarily attained the goals in improving the method of pension fund raising, easing up the government’s financial burden, providing added pension to retirees and better safeguarding the senior civil servants. The problems currently confronting the pension practice are largely the mounting financial burden to the government as incurred by the retirement expenses. Meanwhile, the actual calculation outcome consigned by the Pension Management Committee indicates that the Pension Fund is on the verge of financial difficulties. The present study is to analyze the terms of pension payment to determine the feasibility there-of and to solve the present financial problem by means of the “Defined Contribution Plan”. For better a understanding into the issues, the present study elucidates the connotation, strengths and weaknesses of the “Defined Contribution Plan” and “Defined Benefit Plan”, as well as the precedents in Taiwan in adopting such two systems. Where a reform in the policy of pension payments will create quite an extensive impact, the feasibility of the policies calls for prudent analysis to enumerate a few feasible alternatives before further analyses into a few aspects of the assessment. To solve the financial difficulties in the Pension Fund, for instance, other than the economic analyses, the reform of the system must live up to the current political ecology before it can ensure the effects expected through the enforcement. Whether or not the policies are detailed and comprehensive enough will determine whether or not the policies are acceptable and whether or not they can be put into successful enforcement without a ensuing problems. During the extended practice under the old system while pension was budgeted as a sort of government favor, the pension system led to a heavy financial burden and shortcomings on the government. The new pension system was successfully put into enforcement in July 1995, thanks to the unanimous support from the political parties, congress, competent authorities concerned, civil servants as well as scholars. Now, in an effort to solve the current financial problems under the new system, the pension will be paid under the “Defined Contribution Plan”. Will the present reform receive equal political support? It calls for well-advised analyses. Besides, in a change in the pension system, the top impact will be upon the pension income to civil servants. After the pension is under the “Defined Contribution Plan”, will civil servants receive added pension income and receive better security in their retired life? These will be the key issues under the present study. The core consideration should aim at the retired lifestyle, which should be equivalent to the pre-retirement one. The hands-on experiences in enforcing civil servant pension systems accumulated in other countries the world over, including precedents of their practices in adopting the “Defined Benefit Plan” and “Defined Contribution Plan” will function as the constructive examples in Taiwan’s policymaking process regarding pension systems, and will be, therefore, be covered in the assessment in the present study as well. The present study will launch an overall assessment on the aforementioned key issues. Aiming at the existent political and economic climate as well as the professional characteristics, the present study will generalize the individual effects and benefits under “Defined Benefit Plan” or “Defined Contribution Plan” under the new retirement system to find out the optimal terms of payment to assure maximum possible benefits to civil servants, safeguard the quality of their retired lifestyle to be equivalent to the pre-retirement lifestyle. The findings and conclusions yielded through the present study will function as handy reference materials for policymaking. By submitting the findings and conclusions so yielded, the study will help the policymakers draw up sound enforcement rules to ensure the sustained existence of the Pension Fund, alleviate the potential financial crises through reasonable design of systems and effective management as the very fundamentals. Further by offering constructive proposals, the study will help the competent authorities of the government solve the financial difficulties to ensure sustained sound competence of pension payments and to, in turn, safeguard the Pension Fund and the Fund’s beneficiaries.

軍人執干戈以衛社稷，對國家社會貢獻厥偉，尤以我國近代兵連禍結，軍人於歷史進 程中扮演極重要的角色，又為領導階層賦予極高的評價，政府理當安置其退除後之生 活。大陸變色，軍民隨政府播遷來台，由於情勢特殊使然，軍人退役後之安置更為國 家重大政策之一。輔導會之建立，用以盡輔導安置之責，其中轉任公務人員，即為其 重要業務之一。但龐大而複雜的安置問題須多管齊下，故退除役軍人可在不同階段取 得不同轉任途徑而任用於政府機關中。 政府在台四十年建設，政績斐然，帶動社會各層面迅速的變遷與發展，政府施政每為 社會矚目的焦點。人民權利的自覺，社會資源之公平分配及軍人質變的影響，使優待 政策面臨挑戰。筆者深信於此政清人和之際，對此一向被視為敏感性而憚於觸碰之問 題，是該提出研究討論的時候了。 本文計分七章，二十四節，共約十二萬字。第一章緒論，分釋定義，並述撰本文之研 究動機、範圍、架構、方法與限制。第二章分述轉任政策之釐訂與執行機關及其間之 相互關係。第三章略述轉任制度形成之歷史背景與理論基礎，並析述各種相關法規以 明其法制基礎。的四章就目前之各種轉任途徑一一介紹，並叨別評述其執行情形，多 以圖表數字顯示。第五章以美國人事制度對退伍軍人之優待作為比較研究對象。第六 章以多年來執行效果，探討其利弊得失及產生之影響。最後以研究心得，建議改革原 則、具體改進辦法及轉任制度之未來展望作為本文總結。

隨著政府職能日益擴增，公務人員已非昔日單純執行政策的技術官僚，而是具有行政裁量權與政策影響力的「第四部門」（the fourth branch of government），然而，個人主義發達的影響、個人角色與價值觀的多元化、組織利益與個人期望不一致，以及行政革新與政府再造的衝擊，使得公務人員利益的衝突層出不窮，導致了公務倫理式微、行政效率低落、專業水準下降、公眾信心不足。 公共服務是一項公共信任的志業。公民期望公務人員公正地為公共利益服務，並且在日常基礎上適當地管理公共資源。公正而可信賴的公共服務可以激發公眾的信任，並創造出一個有利企業的環境，因而可以促進運作良好的市場機制及經濟成長。公務倫理（public ethics）是公共信任的先決條件，以及良好治理的基石。為了增進人民對政府的信賴、提高政府的績效、確保政府施政的合法性與決策過程透明化，如何強化公務人員的倫理要求與責任，減少利益衝突的發生，毋寧是關鍵所在。 規範的主要功能在於節制人的慾望與行為。在公務倫理的分析架構下，本研究採取內外控制雙軌制作為利益衝突的倫理思考架構，以人性本質的假定作為利益衝突規範的人性論，以公民倫理理論作為利益衝突規範的認識論，並分析美國與我國公務人員利益的衝突後，提出建構我國利益衝突規範的四個原則，分別是心理面、管理面、組織面、法制面。唯有以倫理的觀點，作為公務人員利益衝突規範的最高指導原則，才能去除公務人員內在貪瀆的動機，減少利益衝突的發生，建立一個廉能而值得信賴的政府。

本研究從公平合理性的角度探討我國政府機關的待遇制度，並分析制度設計和執行上的優缺點及指出所遭遇的困境，進而提出具體的參考建議。 待遇制度的訂定有相當多的理論基礎，本研究選擇薪資管理理論、工資理論、滿意理論、公平理論及期望理論、激勵－保健二因素理論、多重構面待遇滿足感等理論作介紹，試圖從中尋找我國政府待遇制度的立論依據。又為借鑑國外的經驗，同時進行瞭解及比較世界上幾個先進國家如美國、英國、法國、德國和日本的公務員待遇制度，併同和我國關係日益密切的中華人民共和國之國家公務員工資制度進行分析及比較。 公平合理原為精神層次的抽象概念，與之類似的用語尚有正道、正義、公道、均衡、理性、公正、協調等。本研究將以所設計之用以檢視待遇制度具有公平合理性的八項指標：衡平性、補償性、差別性、公開性、效率性、程序性、參與性以及彈性，設計實地訪談的非結構式問卷，並尋求對待遇制度具有規劃或執行經驗的政府機關主管及專家學者，進行深度訪談，藉以瞭解我國政府待遇制度設計和執行的實然狀況。 經參考國內、外的相關資料，及依本研究設計之指標進行實地訪談的結果，發現我國政府的待遇制度在規劃和執行上所遭遇的若干困境：無法達到絕對衡平、尚未具補償意義、本俸及專業加給未作差別性的設計、缺乏公務人員參與意見表達、績效獎金成本太高，效果有限、欠缺公正的制定及調整程序、法制化與彈性的兼顧、民間薪資調查作業及待遇支給應與個人貢獻相符合等，並針對所發現的問題提出研究建議，期使我國公務人員的待遇制度更臻於公平合理。 / This research reviews the compensation system of our governmental institutes basing on equity and justice angle, it also analyzes system design, advantage and discrepancy under execution, and points out the predicament encountered, further; it has provided concrete proposal for reference. There are plenty theories about establishment for compensation system; this research has selected Salary Management Theory、Wages Theory、Satisfaction Theory、Equity Theory and Expectancy Theory 、 Motivators–Hygiene Two-Factor Theory、Multi-construction Compensation Satisfaction etc as introductions; it tries to find the theory basis of compensation system of our government. Furthermore, for referring to foreign experience, it proceeds in understanding and comparing with several advanced countries like USA、United Kingdom、France、Germany and Japan regarding their official compensation system simultaneously, as well as combining official wage system of People’s Republic of China who is closer and closer to us in order to proceed analysis and comparison. Originally, equity and justice are spiritual abstract concept, there are other similar words such as rightness、fairness、moderation、balance、sense、reasonableness、compromise and so on. This research will check the compensation system with it design for reaching eight targets which are equity and justice : Equality、Compensability、Difference、Openness、Efficiency、Procedure、Participation and Elasticity, to design qualitative interviewing non-construction questionnaire, to look for and deeply visit chief, specialist and scholar of governmental institute who already have planning and executing experience on compensation system in order to understand real situation about design and execution of compensation system of our government. After referring to related national and foreign information, as well as the result from proceeding in-depth interviewing in accordance with the target designed by this research, it has found out some predicaments encountered during planning and execution from compensation system of our government: absolute balance cannot be reached、compensation meaning has not been accomplished、differential design for base pay and professional allowance have not been finished、officials did not participate in expressing their opinions、high cost on efficiency bonus、the effect is limited、short of equity establishment and adjustment procedure、cannot consider both systemization and elasticity、civil salary investigation and compensation pay should be matched for individual contribution etc. Besides, it has provided suggestions focusing on the problems found, anticipate that compensation system in our country can be more equity and justness.

本研究係以考試院及所屬機關公務人員為研究對象，旨在探討考試院及所屬機關公務人員對工作壓力、工作滿足與離職傾向相互間的評價程度；其次探討研究對象之個人屬性對工作壓力、工作滿足及離職傾向之差異情形；再者探討工作壓力及工作滿足各構面與離職傾向構面間的相關性；最後探討工作壓力各構面及工作滿足各構面對離職傾向之預測力。期盼能依據研究結果提出建議，俾供考試院及所屬機關未來在組織發展及人力資源運用、管理上之參考。 　　本研究係採問卷調查法，調查對象為考試院及所屬機關之公務人員，計發放問卷724份，共回收有效樣本603份，問卷有效樣本回收率為83％；研究問卷內容包含工作壓力之構面量表、工作滿足之構面量表，離職傾向之構面量表及受訪者的基本資料，對於問卷調查所得資料的係利用統計套裝軟體SPSS for Windows 12.0版，以描述性統計分析、t檢定、單因子變異數分析(One Way ANOVA)、皮爾森積差相關係數（Pearson product moment coefficient）及迴歸分析（Regression）等統計分析進行資料處理。 　　本研究經實證分析後，所得結論如下︰ 一、考試院及所屬機關公務人員對工作壓力各構面的評價程度，就各構面之平均數比率得分情形而言，以「組織工作特性」得分最高（74.95％），其次依序為「焦慮憂鬱」（60.16％），「角色衝突」（57.79％），而得分最低的則為「人際關係」（55.40％）。 二、考試院及所屬機關公務人員對工作滿足各構面的評價程度，就各構面之平均數比率得分情形而言，以「工作環境」得分最高（71.36％），其次依序為「成就感」（70.46％）、「工作本身」（65.36％），而得分最低的則為「薪資福利與升遷」（61.90％）。 三、考試院及所屬機關公務人員對離職傾向構面的平均數得分情形為54.93。 四、個人屬性對工作壓力各構面的差異情形，其中不因婚姻狀況及職務身分之不同，而對工作壓力之評價有顯著差異存在；而會因性別、年齡、學歷、服務年資、官職等及服務機關之不同，對工作壓力之評價有顯著差異存在。 五、個人屬性對工作滿足各構面的差異情形，工作滿足之評價會因性別、婚姻狀況、年齡、學歷、服務年資、官職等、職務身分及服務機關之不同而有顯著差異存在。 六、個人屬性對離職傾向構面的差異情形，離職傾向之評價除不會因性別之不同而有顯著差異存在外，其餘會因婚姻狀況、年齡、學歷、服務年資、官職等、職務身分及服務機關之不同而有顯著差異存在。 七、工作壓力之各構面與離職傾向間相關性 　（一）工作壓力各構面對離職傾向構面間均已達顯著相關存在，且均呈正相關，也就是工作壓力越大，離職傾向越高。 　（二）工作壓力構面與離職傾向構面的相關係數為0.446，顯示兩者間具有中度的正向相關性。 　（三）工作壓力各構面與離職傾向相關性之強度順序為： 組織工作特性＞角色衝突＞焦慮憂鬱＞人際關係。 八、工作滿足之各構面與離職傾向間相關性 　（一）工作滿足各構面對離職傾向構面間均以達顯著相關存在，且均呈負相關，也就是工作滿足越高，離職傾向越小。 　（二）工作滿足構面與離職傾向構面的相關係數為-.526，顯示兩者間具有中度的負向相關性。 　（三）工作滿足各構面與離職傾向相關性之強度順序為： 工作本身＞成就感＞薪資福利與升遷＞工作環境。 九、工作壓力各構面對離職傾向之預測力 　　　　對依變項「離職傾向」的預測力以角色衝突的預測力最佳，其次依序為組織工作特性及焦慮憂慮；而人際關係對離職傾向則不具有預測力。 十、工作滿足各構面對離職傾向之預測力 　　　　對依變項「離職傾向」的預測力以工作本身的預測力最佳，其次依序為薪資福利與升遷及成就感；而工作環境變項對離職傾向則不具有預測力。

我國公務人員實務訓練制度，從1986年實施迄今已逾二十餘年，在公務人員保障暨培訓委員會成立之後，期間多次修改相關訓練規定，目的無非是希望本制度可以越做越好。本論文的研究目的即是為了瞭解我國公務人員實務訓練在2002年加入輔導員規定及2006年加入第一個月不具名的作法之後，對整個實務訓練的成效有何影響？如果未來加入師徒制，是否可行？ 本研究訪談2002年到2008年曾受過實務訓練之中央與地方初任人員，及同時期曾擔任過輔導員之中央與地方基層主管，進行中央與地方訪談結果之分析，並參考國內與本研究相關之文獻。發現應從法制面、實務面及理論面加以改進實務訓練： 一、法制面：第一個月不具名之作法，雖然可以保護新人不會在初進入機關懵懂無知時，就具名負責，可是卻相對增加輔導員工作負擔，無法達到做中學的目的，而且以要點來規範不具名之規定，並不具任何法律效力。 二、實務面：實務訓練雖分為實習階段與試辦階段，在某些機關來說，那一階段根本不分，一律由新人自行承辦案件及核章，此規定對其並無拘束力。 三、理論面：輔導獎勵誘因不足，造成科室主管指派輔導員之困難，且產生輔導效果打折之情況。 另外，本論文的目的是分析中央與地方機關初任人員與基層主管對本訓練之看法及建議，研究結果發現： 一、初任人員因各機關實施作法不一，對於實務訓練第一個月 二、基層主管對於輔導獎勵抱持鼓勵大於懲罰之態度，主要原因為現行輔導員制度並未核發獎金，行政獎勵誘因太小，加上第一個月不具名之規定，使得輔導員責任相對加重，資深人員缺乏擔任輔導員之動機。 三、主管機關對於實務訓練掌握情況有限，只能以紙本審查來瞭解各機關表面上所做的實務訓練，實際上情形不得而知。雖然有心建構培訓我國文官之健全訓練制度，卻又無法對各機關形成拘束力，只能以法規規範或以勸說方式請各機關配合。 因此，從這些研究發現及分析結果可得到結論是我國現行實務訓練無法有效落實乃因相關配套措施不夠周全所致，建議從法制面、實務面及理論面三方面來做改進： 一、法制面：修改公務人員考試錄取人員訓練辦法及公務人員考試錄取人員實務訓練輔導要點，刪除與現行狀況名實不符之規定。 二、實務面：加入師徒制與認知師徒制之概念，並落實做中學的理念。 三、理論面：主管機關應深入研究先基礎訓練後實務訓練或先實務訓練後基礎訓練之相關配套措施及考試錄取人員權利義務之維護，並運用激勵理論改變組織氣候。 綜合上述建議，期有效建構我國文官完整實務訓練制度，俾利培訓傑出人才，厚植我國文官素質。 關鍵字：公務人員、實務訓練、師徒制 / The practical training system of civil servant of our country has been implemented for over twenty years since 1986. After the establishment of the Civil Servant Protection & Training Committee, relevant training provisions were amended many times during this period. The purpose was nothing but to hope that this system could become better and better. The research purpose of this thesis is to understand after the addition of the instructor provision in 2002 and the addition in 2006 on the method of not affixing the name in the first month, what kind of effect is on the result of the practical training? If the master and apprentice system is added in the future, it is feasible? This research conducted interview on central and local newly appointed personnel who received training from 2002 to 2008 and central and local basic level in-charges who took up the post of instructor during the same period. Also this research carried out analysis on the central and local interview results and reference was made on literature relevant to this research and discovered that practical training should be improved from the legal system side, practical side and theoretical side. 1. Legal system side: although the method of not affixing the name in the first month will protect new employee from affixing name to bear responsibility when such employee entered the authority newly and was ignorant of everything, yet correspondingly this will increase the responsibility of the instructor and cannot reach the purpose of learning while working. In addition, the utilization of essentials to standardize the provision of affixing name does not have any legal effect. 2. Practical side: although the practical training is divided into the practical training stage and trial processing stage, yet to some authority, such stage has no difference at all and uniformly the newly employee will handle the case and will approve with seal on its own. Therefore there is no binding force for this provision. 3. Theoretical side: the tempting factor of instruction reward is insufficient resulting difficulty of assigning instructor by the section in-charge and thereby resulting in lowering the guidance effect. In addition, the purpose of this thesis is to analyze the point of view on this training by the central and local authority newly appointed personnel and basic level in-charges. Suggestions and findings from the results of this research are: 1. As the implementation method of various authorities is different, the point of view on the provision of not affixing name during the first month of practical training by newly appointed personnel is different and not all authorities agree on this kind of provision. 2. In regard to the guidance reward, basic level in-charges hold the attitude that encouragement should be larger than punishment. The main reason is reward is not issued in the present instructor system and the tempting factor of administrative reward is too little. In addition, with the provision of not affixing the name in the first month, correspondingly the responsibility of the instructor is more and senior personnel is short of motive to take up the post of instructor. 3. In regard to practical training, condition that the competent authority can master is limited as it can only base on written document to examine and understand the practical training on the surface of various authorities and the actual condition is not known. Although there is intention to establish a sound training system to train civil servant of our country, yet the binding force on various authorities cannot be established. The central authority can only use laws and regulations to standardize or to use the persuasion method to ask various authorities to cooperate. Therefore, from these research findings and analysis result, the conclusion obtained is that the present practical training of our country cannot be brought into practice effectively and this is because relevant matching measures are not complete. It is suggested that improvement should be made based on the legal system side, practical side and theoretical side. 1. Legal system side: amend the Civil Servant Examination Recruited Personnel Training Method and Civil Servant Examination Recruited Personnel Practical Training Guidance Essentials and delete provision that cannot conform to the present condition both in name and practice. 2. Practical side: add in the master and apprenticeship system and the concept of perception on the master and apprenticeship system and bring the philosophy of learning while working into practice. 3. Theoretical side: competent authority should conduct in-depth research on relevant matching measures including basic training first and practical training afterwards or practical training first and basic training afterwards and the maintenance of the rights and obligations of the examination recruited personnel. In addition, motivation theory shall be employed to change the climate of the organization. Summarizing the above suggestions, it is hoped to establish a complete practical trainings system for civil servant of our country so as to facilitate cultivation of outstanding talents and to enrich the quality of civil servant of our country Key word: Civil servant, practical system, master and apprentice system

隨著經濟穩定發展，使得公共事務日益繁雜，導致政府的職能與角色備受關注。而政府職能的推動與落實，公務人員著實扮演著重要而且關鍵的角色，透過考選的制度，對應試人員作智能的鑑別，視其優劣以為任用之依據，並考量其所具有的專業能力，一直是政府在施政上的重要議題。 公務人員考選制度從舉辦考試的報名書表開始，經過應考資格的審查、彌封作業、闈場作業、場務作業、考試作業、應考人提出試題疑義作業、卷務作業、成績評閱作業到成績放榜作業、應考人申請成績複查考成績處理及不服成績評定而進行之訴願，行政訴訟等都是考選制度之重要環結。本研究從行政法之公平原則角度將考選制度分為三部分略為探討： 一．事前部分：應考資格審查部分及體格檢查標準部分－即從現行各種考試之應考資格及體檢標準規定先敘明，再以行政法之公平原則－平等原則、比例原則、依法行政原則及正當法律程序原則，再加以分析其訂定各種應考資格及體檢標準之公平性與否。 二．事中部分：典試機關之命題，試題疑義部分及評閱部分－敘明目前法令之規定與實際執行情形，若與法令有所違背，是否有改進之處。 三．事後部分：複查制度部分與行政救濟部分－探討考生對於因試務機關行政疏失之補救之道，以個別案例歸納目前救濟制度之執行情形，並提出可改進之道。 本文盼藉著行政法制之公平原則分析我國現行考選制度之優缺點與改進之道，以建立健全，公平，合理之國家考試制度，冀能維人事制度之健全及人事行政工作之正常運作。

本文係從與考績相關理論之探討著眼，研究我國公務人員考績制度的問題，希能透過理論的啟迪，歸納出理想型考績制度的模式、中心思想、指導原則及考績制度應達成之目標與功能，俾作為改進現行考績制度之指南。在現行考績制度之檢討上，本文除對現制作一說明外，為瞭解現制形成的原因，故摘要比較與舊制的關係，以歸納出現制的特色，並剖析其得失與施行的限制，作為改進的依據。復以全國最高人事主管機關--銓敘部曾於八十四年召開全國人事主管會報時，提出擬議修訂考績法的內容，其中固有頗多創見及銳意改革的意圖，惟其主要興革意見並未獲與會各級人事人員支持，仔細研議結果，亦發現若干難以契合之處，爰一併納入討論範圍，希能找出因應的對策。在考績制度的範圍上，為全面瞭解公務人員考核事宜，故本文除將公務人員考績制度納入研討範圍外，亦將若干與公務人員考核有關之人事制度列入討論範圍。最後，根據筆者多年實務經驗及相關理論之研究結果，研提落實考績制度之方向與作法，並於結論中研提具體實施步驟及相關人事制度應遵守之原則，希對公務人員考績制度之健全發展有所裨益。

生涯發展乃人事管理新趨勢，但公務人員的生涯發展卻未受到重視，尤共中期生涯階段公務人員由於升遷瓶頸不易突破，生理開始退化，家庭角色變化等因素，普遍遭遇中期生涯發展與調適困境，乃激發筆者從事此方面研究之動機，本研究目的有三： 　　一、對生涯發展階段理論及中期生涯發展之相關問題予以完整清晰之探索。 　　二、藉由現行公務人員人事管理措施之檢視及問卷資料之輔助，深入瞭解中期生涯階段公務人員的需求，面臨之困境，及自我調適的方法。 　　三、參考相關制度、理論，研提合理可行之建議，以為政府機關及公務人員之參考。 　　本研究採文獻分析方法及問卷調查法，以兼顧理論與實務。文獻分析方面，分別說明發展取向之生涯理論、個體生命發展歷程與生涯發展階段、中期生涯困境與調適等。根據文獻分析，瞭解中期生涯階段之現象及議題，據以設計問卷從事實證研究，以瞭解中期生涯公務人員之真正感受與生涯調適情形。 　　在實證調查方面，本研究抽樣對象為中央二級機關（即部會局處署）二十個，總計512位40至60歲公務人員。問卷主要分四部分，第一部分為對生涯規劃的瞭解程度，第二部分為中期生涯困擾的議題，第三部分為中期生涯公務人員之需求、價值觀及生涯調適情形，第四部分為基本資料。調查所得資料以國立政治大學電算中心之spss及spss/pc+（windows版），採次數分配、t考驗、單因子變異數分析及因素分析等方法進行統計分析。 　　依實證研究結果，本研究之發現為： 　　一、中期生涯公務人員對個人生涯規劃相當瞭解，以男性、主管、專科以上、任現職一年以下、10-12職等及負擔家計較重者瞭解程度較高。 　　二、學者在理論上所提中期生涯困境經質證研究結果，明顯存在於我國公務人員中期生涯發展的有，對個人能力及生產力的信心、工作負荷、退化感、壓力及問題的表達、失敗的威脅、生涯機會減少、為自己而活的覺醒、應對個人生涯負責的覺知、升遷公平性、被困住的感覺及親密需求等十一項。 　　三、中期生涯困擾程度以女性、非主管、學歷較低、職等較低、年齡較長、及年資較深者嚴重。 　　四、中期生涯公務人員的需求是內滋、外附需求兼半，尚待滿足項目有：公平公正升遷機會，上司的公平、重視和肯定，訓練進修機會，職務輪調，合理調高待遇，良好的福利措施、提供生涯發展之資訊及輔導等七項。 　　五、中期生涯公務人員傾向以主觀認定之標準來決定生涯成功，以個人內在期求引導自己，追求自我實現。 　　六、中期生涯公務人員在生涯調適上著重家庭生活，致力於達成工作、家庭及個人發展的平衡。 　　最後，綜合前述研究發現，就個人生涯規劃及組織生涯管理上提出建議，並提示後續研究之方向。