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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

全球多層次愛滋病治理 / Global multi-level governance of HIV/AIDS

廖祐德, Liao, You-Tehoward Unknown Date (has links)
本文以全球化為前提、全球治理為架構以及多層次治理為分析理論下,探討現今全球愛滋病治理。本文的論點為現今的全球愛滋病治理實為多層次之治理,原因為資助團體的資助方式造就了多層次治理結構。資助團體,包跨世界銀行、美國總統緊急愛滋病資助方案以及全球對抗愛滋病基金的資助方式使得非政府組織蓬勃發展,但未受資助之區域組織卻無法彰顯任何的功能,造成了區域性的空洞化。本文亦探討全球化對於愛滋病之影響,其中交通的快捷造成了愛滋病迅速蔓延,而通訊技術的發展,讓國際組織與非政府組織擁有協調合作的工具,提供快速的打擊愛滋病方案。
12

國家與公民社會的相互依賴:以中國非政府組織參與農村教育為列 / The interdependency between state and civil society:

雷娜, Regina Martinez Enjuto Unknown Date (has links)
Rural education in China is the meeting point between civil society and the state. Due to serious inefficiencies and insufficiencies of the education financial system, the state has searched for alternative ways to address the severe problems of education in rural areas, namely, it is performing an inclusive strategy of new social agents (NGOs) to improve the conditions of basic education in rural areas, following the paradigm “Small Government, Big Society”. By participating in the provision of rural education, NGOs engage in informal ties through which they can transfer information to the government and softly advocate changes in specific measures that would improve rural education. Educational NGOs represent the largest group of officially recognized NGOs in China, and their participation in rural education is of key significance to understand contemporary state-society relations in China. The present thesis intends to cover the whole of academic research on Chinese NGOs, understand the background conditions of rural education in China and the causes that drive NGOs to work on the field; discuss the limitations these NGOs encounter and their contributions to the development of rural education; and lastly, evaluate their implications for state-society relations in both the practical and theoretical sense, likewise expanding the existing theoretical body on civil society in China. The research methodology includes a theoretical exploration on civil society in China and a descriptive analysis of NGOs in China; an historical analysis of the development of the education system, and a descriptive study of the education conditions, focusing on rural education. It includes an examination of Project Hope, and a case study on Beijing Western Sunshine Rural Development Foundation (BWSF), based on empirical evidence gathered during a field trip conducted during the months of July and August 2009 in Beijing and Sichuan (China). It is argued that educational NGOs and the state are engaging in interdependent type of relationships. However, the case study of Beijing Western Sunshine Rural Development Foundation will evidence that educational NGOs engage in more complex interdependent dynamics as they build necessary operational social networks with other non-state agents. Such phenomenon highlights the existence of civil society aspects in China.
13

非營利部門在中國大陸和俄羅斯發展之比較研究 / The Development of Non-profit Organizations in Mainland China and Russia: Comparative Perspective

衛大力, Vitaly Andreev Unknown Date (has links)
本文根據中國1980至2008年之前的發展以及俄羅斯1990至2005年的發展得到如下研究成果:兩國制度環境不一而發展階段不一。本文認為,俄羅斯非營利組織的發展傾向未定型,已經不屬於「進口導向的模式」,但還沒有變成「本土化發展的模式」,而中國非營利組織發展模式比較傾向於「本土化發展的模式」。 使用俄羅斯和中國比較途徑,本文試圖釐清影響非營利部門發展因素的問題。這個途徑的優勢在於穩定的可比性:兩個處於轉型時期的後極權主義的社會提供完整的比較框架,從研究方法來分析,這種途徑屬於同中求異的研究方法。 在俄羅斯非營利部門漸進地發展以及「合法化」過程的起點,可以回溯至1980年代中期合作社以及其他種類的社會組織的建立,和1990年代初期的全面開放,到了2002年有0.8%經濟活動人口從中獲得就業機會。而改革開放時期是中國大陸單位制的轉型產生了大量不以營利為目的的自願組織,代替了原本屬於政府體系的龐大部門。如有研究指出,到2002年中國非政府部門創造的就業機會將近300萬,比起金融等相關行業的就業規模還要大。但與此同時,這些組織所佔的經濟活動人口的比例為0.36%,與工業和服務業相比是中國最低的由此可知,中國大陸和俄羅斯非營利部門規模之近,但是這些籠統的數據背後有著不同的實質發展過程以及結構特質。 本研究的宗旨為釐清制度環境對社會非營利部門的影響。筆者對中國大陸和俄羅斯社會組織的制度環境進行對照之後,推論出有助於釐清非營利部門發展因素為何。本文以「非營利組織」為研究對象,試圖找出中國大陸和俄羅斯社會發展的比較基礎。跨國比較研究需要為了自變項和依變項找出詳細並且有包容度的操作定義,才能夠順利地完成之。 關鍵字: 非營利組織,第三部門,公民社會,社會轉型,跨國比較
14

非營利組織參與台灣地方空間形塑之研究

林彥佑 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究以歷史脈絡的演繹分析法,探討非營利組織參與台灣地方空間形塑之相關課題,並以「新竹香山海埔地土地開發事件」做為本論文之研究個案。 隨著一九八○年代社會運動的風起雲湧與非營利組織的蓬勃發展,台灣社會出現前所未有的活力。對此,學術圈亦紛紛提出「民間社會」、「市民社會」及「公民社會」等概念,來解釋與分析八○年代台灣的社會發展現象,其中,在探討台灣空間形塑機制中權力不平之現象時,亦指出市民社會的壯大及民眾部門的組織化才是突破此一結構限制的關鍵所在(夏鑄九,1991;陳東升,1995)。經歷了將近三個世紀的演繹之後,公民社會之當代意涵係指一個既不受國家直接控制,且對當代資本市場具有相對自主性之社會領域,而其最主要的核心機制則是由非政府、非經濟之自願性結社組織,尤其是以關懷社會各種議題為目的的非營利組織所組成。 1992年1月27日台灣省政府於第2073次委員會通過「台灣省加速推動海埔地開發計畫」,並核定新竹香山區海埔地優先於兩年內開發完成(魏美莉,2001:165)。自此,開啟了長達十年的地方非營利組織與開發單位之空間攻防戰。最後此計畫非營利組織與各方地努力下,於2000年12月19日的第五次環評專案小組初審會議中,作成「不應開發」退件的結論。這也是台灣環境影響評估制度實行以來,政府部門所主導的開發計畫,第一次以「不應開發」收場的案例。 在歷史發展的探討與個案的研究分析中,本研究發現環境影響評估法的立法施行,這個國家機器對於八○年代日益嚴重的環境污染問題與環境抗爭事件所做出的回應,讓非營利組織得以從街頭抗爭轉進制度內,繼續與國家機器及資本集團展開空間攻防戰。在新竹香山海埔地土地開發事件中,非營利組織不僅扮演了發掘問題所在、建立反開發的知識性論述及其正當性,以及利用行政程序拖延開發案的進行等較為被動的角色,同時,在內、外部資源都有限的情形下,地方非營利組織團結合作採取積極的行動策略,從政治資源、媒體傳播、社會資源及行政制度的層面著手,成功地阻止了一個過時且不適當的開發計畫,並且促成了「新竹市濱海野生動物保護區」之劃設。值得注意的是,個案中因為非營利組織之參與所建立起的非制度化環評參與機制,這個遊戲規則的出現不但意味著民眾參與管道對於實現公共利益的重要性,也凸顯出相關區域計畫與都市計畫法規在民眾參與規範上的停滯與落後。最後,透過個案研究結果與空間規劃論述之對話與反思,本研究發現做為公民社會中核心機制的非營利組織承擔實踐了Forester手中的進步規劃者之職責,在台灣的空間形塑場域裡扮演著另類規劃者角色。
15

從新公共服務觀點探討基隆市里辦公處的組織與功能 / A Study on Organization and Function of Neighborhood Affairs Office in Keelung City from perspectives of the New Public Service

王志峰, Wang, Chih Feng Unknown Date (has links)
2000年Denhardt夫婦提出了新公共服務理論,且於2003年及2007年出書,詳細論述此理論的7項核心理念:服務公民而非服務顧客、公共利益的追尋、重視公民精神更勝於企業精神、策略思維與民主行動、理解「課責」並非單純簡易的事、服務而非導航、重視人性價值而非生產力。而隨著民主的蓬勃發展,自我意識亦隨之高漲,對於公共議題的關注及公共利益的追求,伴隨著公民社會的形成,全球民主國家亦極力於促成公民社會的實踐。基於新公共服務及公民社會在時代的發展歷程中重要角色,國家之中央及地方各級政府組織應致力於運用與實踐,以落實地方治理,進而達成全球化下國家之競爭力。 村、里是政府地方自治制度中最基層的組織,地方制度法所明定之鄉、鎮、市、區內部編組。而村(里)長,受鄉村(鎮、市、區)長之指揮監督,辦理村(里)公務及交辦事項。本研究以基隆市里辦公處為個案,運用文獻分析法及深度訪談法,建立新公共服務與里辦公處的組織與功能兩者的關係,探討基隆市里辦公處如何本著為民服務之精神,運用新公共服務理念,繼續發揮其時代功能,進而順利達成最基層在地化的為民服務工作,並期能提供相關實務建議。 / In 2000, Robert B. Denhardt & Janet V. Denhardt put forward the theory of new public service and published books in 2003 and 2007 to discuss 7 core ideas in detail: serve the public but not the customers, pursue public interest, place more emphasis on civic spirit than enterprise spirit, strategic thought and democratic action, understand that accountability is not just a simple issue, serve but not navigate, value humanity but not productivity. With the prosperous development of democracy, self-awareness is also enhanced. As to the concerns on public issues and pursuit of public interest, together with the formation of a civil society, global democratic nations also try every effort to promote the implementation of a public society. Based on the important role played by public service and civil society on era development programs, the central and local governments and organizations should commit to application and put local governance into practice so as to achieve national competitiveness in the context of globalization. Villages and neighborhoods are the most fundamental organizations in the local autonomous system. The Local Government System Act specifies the sub-groups consisting of the villages, towns, cities and districts. Besides, the village (neighborhood) head is directed and supervised by heads of the towns, cities and districts to deal with the affairs of the village (neighborhood). This study, taking the neighborhood affairs office in Keelung City as the study case, applies literature review and in-depth interview methods to explore and establish the relationship between organizations as well as the functions of new public service and the neighborhood affairs office. It also aims to determine how the Keelung neighborhood affairs office employs the concept of new public service to continue its functions in the spirit of service, so as to successfully achieve the goal that the most fundamental organization serves the local people. This study is expected to provide related practical suggestions.
16

蘇聯末期公民社會萌芽之研究 / The Research of an Emerging Civil Society in late USSR

羅彥傑, Lo, Yen-Chieh Unknown Date (has links)
自一九七○年代中期南歐、拉丁美洲與蘇聯暨東歐各國相繼爆發民主浪潮以來,「公民社會」(Civil Society)即成為政治與社會學界探討的焦點。「公民社會」有賴於對個人結社言論自由、公共參與自由和政治參與自由的保障,因此其具有國家及社會走向自由化的意函。由於自由化往往先於民主化,在研究極權與威權國家民主轉型的過程中,「公民社會」便正好可作為研究一國走向民主化的起點。在世界各國民主轉型的例子中,蘇聯的民主轉型過程顯得與眾不同,這一方面是因為蘇聯本身是多民族帝國,境內民族問題嚴重,另一方面是因為蘇聯作為全球第一個、也是實施最久的社會主義國家,其擁抱的極權主義體制對國家與社會之間的關係產生深刻的影響。 本論文主要是採用新制度主義(new institutionalism)的研究途徑,來探討蘇聯末期公民社會萌芽的來龍去脈。在解釋蘇聯公民社會的特殊發展經驗中,一反過去較常被使用的現代化理論或菁英途徑,而是側重於新制度主義下的非正式規則(或制度)因素,譬如歷史、文化與傳統等。第一章專門介紹「公民社會」概念的歷史演進過程與各種意涵;第二章敘述俄羅斯歷史上三種可能有利於或不利於「公民社會」特殊傳統,包括集體主義、保守主義與專制主義;第三章探討蘇聯在戈巴契夫領導下所進行的「公民社會」制度創新;第四章續探討公民社會在蘇聯的實踐情況;第五章則對蘇聯末期萌芽的公民社會進行反省、檢討與比較,說明其特色;第六章為結論。 本論文得出的結論是,蘇聯雖然在一九八五年戈巴契夫上台前已有「公民社會」萌芽的「要素」,但當時的社會還不是真正的「公民社會」。真正的公民社會要等到戈巴契夫上台推行一連串改革開放的措施後,才算真正萌芽扎根。不過,不論是和同一時期西方抑或東歐的公民社會比較,蘇聯末期萌芽的公民社會都顯得相當薄弱與不穩,這主要是由於蘇聯暨俄羅斯長久以來的傳統文化不利於公民社會的發展。此外,民族主義浪潮也衝擊到公民社會的發展,凸顯民族主義與公民社會之間的深刻矛盾,這一點也說明了蘇聯公民社會所獨有的困境。 / Since South Europe, Latin America and the Soviet bloc began the democratization in 1970s, civil society has become the focus of the politics and sociology of academic circle. Civil society depends on the assurance of the association freedom, speech freedom, public participation freedom and political participation freedom, implying that the state and society are being or have been liberalized. Because liberalization always goes ahead of democratization, civil society happens to be used as a starting point of research of post-Communist transition. The USSR’s case seems so different with others, not only it as a multi-nation empire, but also it as the first and long-enduring socialist country in the world. The thesis adopts the approach of new institutionalism to discuss the process of an emerging civil society in late USSR. Instead of the modernization theory or elite approach that are often used, the new institutionalism, especially in informal institution, seems to be the most persuasive in explaining the USSR’s case. The first chapter introduces the historical evolution and various meanings of civil society’s idea. The second specifies three historical traditions in Russia that may help or damage the development of civil society, including collectivism, conservatism and absolutism. The third talk about the institutional innovation of civil society by Mikhail Gorbachev. The fourth pays attention to the real situation in USSR’s civil society. The fifth reconsider, review and compare the USSR’s civil society with the East European and the west ones. The sixth is my conclusion. My conclusion is that although the USSR has had the “elements” of an emerging civil society before Gorbachev appeared on the stage in 1985, the society has not been a “real” civil society yet. A real civil society has not taken root until Gorbachev put a series of reforms into practice. Nonetheless, being compared either with the west or the East European ones, the USSR’s civil society seems very fragile and unstable, because the Russian particular tradition and culture prohibit the civil society from development and consolidation. In addition, the nationalist wave put impact on the development of civil society, highlighting the deep contradiction between nationalism and civil society. This point also underlines the dilemma of the USSR’s civil society.
17

普丁時期俄羅斯公民社會與國家關係之研究 / A Study of the Relationship between Civil Society and the State in Putin's Russia

高莉雅, Kao, Li-Ya Unknown Date (has links)
國家社會主義制度下的蘇聯,政治和經濟集權化,國家對社會進行全面而深入的干預與管控。一直到了蘇聯末期,戈巴契夫推動「重建」與「公開性」等重要的改革政策之後,公民社會才開始萌芽。一九九一年蘇聯正式解體後,共產黨的威權統治被民主制度取代,因此,俄國的公民社會、民主制度和市場經濟的建立,幾乎是同步進行的。由於葉爾欽為了能順利進行改革而不受到社會的牽絆,因而對公民社會刻意疏離。公民社會就在政治混亂與經濟衰退的條件下,自謀生路。 在進入了普丁時代後,為結束俄國轉型過程中的混亂,普丁透過「垂直的總統權力」與「法律獨裁」手段來打造強大的國家。俄羅斯原本的混合政權在普丁「管理式民主」的治理下,以轉型為某種準威權主義政權。 在普丁「管理式民主」框架下的國家與公民社會關係是:國家承認公民社會的存在,並為公民社會提供制度性的法律保障,同時,國家也要對公民社會進行必要的干預和調節,為公民社會確立人人適用的普遍法律規則、對公民社會自身無力解決的矛盾或衝突進行干預協調;然而在這裡,存在一個國家對公民社會干預的界限確定問題。而二OO一年十一月由克里姆林宮所舉辦的「公民論壇」則是最受爭議也最具有代表性的例子。普丁透過公開的對話正式地承認了公民社會團體在政治和社會上的重要性,但事實上,「公民論壇」只是政府收編俄羅斯支離破碎之公民社會的實質工具。 / Political power and economy were highly centralized under state socialism. Society was intervened thoroughly and overwhelmed by the Soviet state. Civil society was unable to emerge until the final years of the Soviet Union due to Gorbachev’s reform programs of perestroika and glasnost. Since the Soviet Union disintegrated in 1991, Russia’s civil society, democratic institutions, and market economy have to develop simultaneously. Because of Yeltsin’s alienated attitude toward civil society for the sake of smooth reforms without considering social demands, civil society had to develop on its own under the conditions of political chaos and economic depression. In order to end the transition turmoil left by Yeltsin, Putin has been trying to craft a strong state through the “presidential vertical” and the “dictatorship of law.” Russia’s hybrid regime under Putin has been transformed to a sort of quasi-authoritarianism which is caused by the so called “managed democracy.” The relationship between the state and civil society under the framework of “managed democracy” is the following: State recognizes the existence of civil society and provides legal regulations for the latter’s development. The Civic Forum which was held in November 2001 by the Kremlin authorities represented the most controversial case of state’s role in the development of civil society. Putin officially recognized the importance of civil society through open dialogue, but in fact the Civic Forum was just a tool for the government to co-opt Russia’s fragmented civil society.
18

拉丁美洲之民主治理與公民社會賦權–以宏都拉斯為例 / Democratic Governance and Civil Society Empowerment in Latin America: The Case of Honduras

歐玫楷, OSORIO, MONICA Unknown Date (has links)
本研究目的為擴大詳述目前與拉丁美洲相關的文獻,主要重點在於一些相同特性的國家,並可以普遍的將研究發現適用於其他地區。從拉丁美洲中的一般認知中,將宏都拉斯獨立選出,是考慮到能挑戰國家的負面印象,特別是關於2009年後所出現的政治危機。本研究檢視宏都拉斯民主化的過程,與國家和公民社會之間的正向互動。 拉丁美洲的一些主要國家因相同的要素而改變,也因此有很多重要的改變可以在這期間進行研究。因此在這研究中,發現有三個關鍵的要素可適用於相同歷史時間中的宏都拉斯與拉丁美洲一些主要的國家。本研究的重要性在於進一步了解,宏都拉斯公民社會在2009年之前與到2009年時危機發生之間的轉變。在此同時,也能發掘出民主治理的好處。 這三個關鍵的要素為:憲政工程、軍民關係與選舉,且這些要素在本研究中均有對宏都拉斯與其他拉丁美洲國家的公民社會賦權有所影響。另藉由自由之家(Freedom House)所提出的民主治理檢核表,來了解民主治理與公民社會賦權。 在拉丁美洲中此三個關鍵要素的變化,提供了建置良好的民主治理的可行性。然而,本研究也暗示了未來的相關研究,例如地方與區域性的治理,以及會產生直接影響的外部因素。研究發現也暗示了在宏都拉斯2009年政治危機之後透過了民主治理的好處,對公民社會賦權產生了正向的結果。
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「法庭之友」參與WTO爭端解決程序問題之解構—以法律與政策面向為主軸 / Deconstruction of the Controversy of Amicus Curiae’s Participation in the WTO Disputes Settlement Proceeding—From the Perspective of Law and Policy

鄭富霖, Cheng , Fu-Lin Unknown Date (has links)
2001年11月世界貿易組織召開杜哈部長會議,重啟檢討爭端解決規則與程序瞭解書(DSU)之新回合談判,其中「法庭之友」議題頗受注目,已開發國家與開發中國家立場截然不同,幾無共識。DSU之本文與其附件皆未提及「法庭之友」一詞,歷經幾次關鍵性案件之裁決,上訴機構逐漸發展出一套規則,認為DSU第13條、第17.9條與上訴審查作業程序第16(1)條可資引用為小組與上訴機構接受與考慮「法庭之友」書面意見之法律基礎。本文首先從法律面向著手,將現行條文加以適當之解釋,認為目前上開條文之規定並無法為「法庭之友」提供一合理之法律基礎,上訴機構向來有關之裁決並不正確。 本文繼而從政策面向分析,主張未來世界貿易組織應適度突破傳統國際公法之限制,讓公民社會之成員有機會以「法庭之友」的身份,「間接」、「例外」地參與WTO爭端解決程序,以爭取全球民眾對世界貿易組織之支持與認同。為解決「法庭之友」之爭議,世界貿易組織會員應以修正DSU條文或另外做成決議之方式,明確釐清此一高度爭議問題,而非繼續任其模糊不清,徒增紛擾。 / The World Trade Organization (WTO) convened the Doha Ministerial Conference and restarted the review of provisions of Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU) in November 2001. Inter alia, the issue of ‘amicus curiae’ was very controversial, opposite positions were raised during the DSB Special Session between the developed countries and developing countries. Since there are no words about amicus curiae in DSU and its annex, the Appellate Body concluded in some Appellate Body reports that Article 13 and 17.9 of DSU and 16(1) of Working Procedures for Appellate Review could be constituted as proper legal basis for Panel and the Appellate Body to accept and consider the amicus curiae briefs. This article starts with interpreting the existing provisions of DSU from the legal perspective, and concludes that the provisions mentioned above could not be regarded as a legal basis to for Panel and the Appellate Body to accept and consider the amicus curiae briefs and therefore, the Appellate Body’s decisions might not be appropriate. This article then suggests from the policy perspective that the WTO release itself from the restriction of traditional international public law in the future, allowing the members of civil society to present their submission in a ‘indirect’ and ‘exceptional’ way by the name of ‘amicus curiae’ in the WTO dispute settlement proceedings. At last, it also recommends that the WTO members revise some provisions of DSU or make a decision to solve this controversial problem manifestly, instead of leaving it ambiguous for a long time.
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台灣非政府組織參與世界衛生組織之研究

鍾京佑, Chung, Ching-yu Unknown Date (has links)
本文探討近數十年來非政府組織「為何」(why)在國際社會積極參與國際組織的各項議題,其興起的因素與相關的基礎理論。然而,由於世界衛生組織是一個以主權國家為會員組成的政府間組織,台灣至今還未能成為它的會員國;非政府組織「如何」(how)參與此一國際組織,本文從三個面向來進行分析,第一,非政府組織參與WHO的角色定位;第二,非政府組織對於國際政策諸如醫療、人道救援等的參與策略;第三,討論非政府組織在國際參與過程中與政府的關係;此外,並探討台灣非政府組織國際參與的機會與可能的挑戰。 就理論意義而言,學者將非政府組織與全球化的發展趨勢聯繫起來,關注於非政府組織如何在國際參與各項全球議題(Held & Mcgrew, 2002;Peck, 1998;Scholte, 2000)。就現有的非政府組織研究來看,學界少有將全球議題和國家、非政府組織相連結者(Weiss, 1999;Brown. et.al., 2000;CIVICUS, 1998;MS, 2000),此一研究缺口主要與它在國際政策層面的重要性未獲得密切注意有關。目前有若干學術著作把國家與非國家行動者合併在一起探討,Weiss & Gordenker (1996)在「非政府組織、聯合國及全球治理」(NGOs, The UN, & Global Governance)一書中,從UN與NGO的連結試圖解釋全球治理的問題;Fisher(1998)的「非政府組織與第三世界的政治發展」(NGOs and the Political Development of the Third World)一書探討的NGO與第三世界國家政治發展的關係。本文主要為了突顯NGO的參與對國家主導全球議題等鉅觀社會變遷的影響之外,並以中介角色來理解它與政府和政府間組織如聯合國、世界衛生組織的關連。 在資料蒐集與分析方面,台灣非政府組織在國際上從事醫療及人道救援有其長遠的歷史,然關於這方面的學術研究、討論,卻是近幾年才開始興起。本文採用質性研究的文獻檢閱、深度訪談和參與觀察等研究方法。對此一議題的思考、研究,透過搜集、閱讀以世界衛生組織為研究主題或相關的國內外期刊文章,釐清目前世界衛生組織研究領域的內容,以進一步確定計畫研究範圍、研究主軸與訪談對象。針對非政府組織部分的訪談對象,作者選擇了:台灣國際醫學聯盟等共18個民間團體以及2個政府機構做為研究訪談對象。 研究發現茲分為理論層面和實務層面兩方面對照說明: (一)關於非政府組織在國際參與的角色定位,指涉非政府組織在國際社會所扮演的是一種中介角色;還是第二軌道外交功能、或對政府間國際關係的輔助作用。究實而論,台灣非政府組織參與世界衛生組織之行動,其理論意涵意味著上述三種的角色功能,但本文研究發現政府偏好以動員方式鼓勵非政府組織去參與,而此種「動員式外交」活動究竟能夠收到多大的效果,不無爭議,容易造成台灣NGO在國際發展角色的曖昧不明,引發非政府組織角色定位的疑問。 (二)非政府組織在國際組織系統中並不具有政府的合法性,亦不具有治理上的權威,故而它對於國際事務的影響力,所憑藉的僅為一種策略途徑的運用。從台灣參與的個案,本文發現非政府組織除了運用協商談判的途徑,或與政府協商、或國際組織協商之外,國內非政府組織所運用的途徑,主要為倡議導向的途徑、策略聯盟的途徑以及訴諸直接服務的途徑。 (三)台灣非政府組織積極參與政府間國際組織,理論上可以與外交議題進行連結,因此政府與非政府組織在某些政策層面維持良好的互動。本研究發現台灣非政府組織與政府的互動情形,存在下列的問題:1、第二軌道外交價值觀認知之不同,政府急於加入WHO這種國際政府間組織,但大多NGO卻認為政府不應將外交當作唯一考量,希望能夠加強非政府組織實際參與的實質內涵;2、非政府組織與政府參與國際的方式缺乏共識,非政府組織不認同政府對外之參與模式,反而認為政府應該做好整合資源的工作,協助國內NGO從事國際活動,盡量讓NGO可以發揮各自領域之所長,而不只是經費補助而已;3、台灣NGO與政府的關係可區分為:收編、合作、互補和對抗等類型,其中若干非政府組織與政府傾向於一種合作型的「官民策略」(Government-NGO Participant Strategy),就加入世界衛生組織的目標而言,兩者維持相互依賴的關係。 / The paper attempts to explore related issue that Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in Taiwan participating in the activities of ‘World Health Organization’ (WHO). In terms of literature review and theory approach, this paper examines why NGOs involved in global issue, and explores NGOs appearance cause and related basic theory. However, WHO is an inter-governmental organization composed of a number of member state, so far Taiwan couldn’t still be allowed to be a member of WHO. Based on qualitative research it also examines NGOs how to participate in such an intergovernmental organization, there are three main analyzing aspects. First, this paper intends to discuss the role and position of a civil organization concerning how to participate in WHO meeting and activities. Second, some of the NGOs discussed here directly provide strategies to attend international policy in WHO areas such as health, and human aid. Third, the diverse relations between NGOs and government institution may be formed with participating different processes of international action. Furthermore, we discuss the opportunities and limitations on participating actions of NGOs in Taiwan.

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