本論文針對隨機數位網路提出一套可行的計算機制，以提供網路管理者進行資源分配與壅塞管理的分析工具。我們研究兩種利潤最佳化模型，探討在預算控制下的頻寬分配方式。因為資源有限，網路管理者無法隨時提供足夠頻寬以滿足隨機的網路需求，而量測網路連結成功與否的阻塞機率(Blocking Probability)為評估此風險之一種指標。我們利用頻寬分配、網路需求量和虛擬端對端路徑的數量等變數，推導阻塞機率函數，並證明阻塞機率的單調性(Monotonicity)和凸性(Convexity)等數學性質。在不失一般性之假設下，我們驗證阻塞機率是(1)隨頻寬增加而變小；(2)在特定的頻寬分配區間內呈凸性；(3)隨網路需求量增加而變大；(4)隨虛擬路徑的數量增加而變小。 本研究探討頻寬分配與阻塞機率之關係，藉由推導單調性和凸性等性質，提供此兩種利潤模型解的最適條件與求解演算法。同時，我們引用經濟學的彈性概念，提出三種模型參數對阻塞機率變化量的彈性定義，並分別進行頻寬分配、網路需求量和虛擬路徑數量對邊際利潤函數的敏感度分析。當網路上的虛擬路徑數量非常大時，阻塞機率的計算將變得複雜難解，因此我們利用高負荷極限理論(Heavy-Traffic Limit Theorem)提供阻塞機率的估計式，並分析其漸近行為(Asymptotic Behavior)。本論文的主要貢獻是分析頻寬分配與阻塞機率之間的關係及其數學性質。網路管理者可應用本研究提出的分析工具，在總預算限制下規劃寬頻網路的資源分配，並根據阻塞機率進行網路參數的調控。 / This thesis considers the problem of bandwidth allocation on communication networks with multiple traffic classes, where bandwidth is determined under the budget constraint. Due to the limited budget, there exists a risk that the network service providers can not assert a 100% guaranteed availability for the stochastic traffic demand at all times. We derive the blocking probabilities of connections as a function of bandwidth, traffic demand and the available number of virtual end-to-end paths for all service classes. Under general assumptions, we prove that the blocking probability is directionally (i) decreasing in bandwidth, (ii) convex in bandwidth for specific regions, (iii) increasing in traffic demand, and (iv) decreasing in the number of virtual paths. We also demonstrate the monotone and convex relations among those model parameters and the expected path occupancy. As the number of virtual paths is huge, we derive a heavy-traffic queueing model, and provide a diffusion approximation and its asymptotic analysis for the blocking probability, where the traffic intensity increases to one from below. Taking the blocking probability into account, two revenue management schemes are introduced to allocate bandwidth under budget control. The revenue/profit functions are studied in this thesis through the monotonicity and convexity of the blocking probability and expected path occupancy. Optimality conditions are derived to obtain an optimal bandwidth allocation for two revenue management schemes, and a solution algorithm is developed to allocate limited budget among competing traffic classes. In addition, we present three elasticities of the blocking probability to study the effect of changing model parameters on the average revenue in analysis of economic models. The sensitivity analysis and economic elasticity notions are proposed to investigate the marginal revenue for a given traffic class by changing bandwidth, traffic demand and the number of virtual paths, respectively. The main contribution of the present work is to prove the relationship between the blocking probability and allocated bandwidth under the budget constraint. Those results are also verified with numerical examples interpreting the blocking probability, utilization level, average revenue, etc. The relationship between blocking probability and bandwidth allocation can be applied in the design and provision of broadband communication networks by optimally choosing model parameters under budget control for sharing bandwidth in terms of blocking/congestion costs.

「成熟市場的決勝戰場在通路」，通路商是介於上游製造商及下游經銷商間的橋樑，是一個充份運用資訊科技與高度發揮知識運用之產業，但隨著網際網路、低價個人電腦之普及，資訊網路相關產品眾多，市場規模快速成長的同時，同質性、不同規模的資訊通路商紛紛進入市場。近二年來，資訊通路產業邁入高度成熟期，進入了「微利」時代，新產品推陳出新，資訊產品生命週期短暫，毛利率更是逐年下滑，同業競爭激烈，有效的成本管理便成為通路商獲利的不二法則。因此，專業資訊流通業者如何在這丕變、惡性競爭的險峻環境中，找到一套執行策略來有效的管理其客戶利潤及價值，協助其成本管理、找到利基市場與顧客，並將有限的資源投注於目標顧客之上，除可提昇企業的獲利外，亦是各專業資訊通路業者未來賴以存續及致勝的關鍵。 本研究擬以個案公司之實際營運資料，透過實地的觀察、親身的經驗及實地訪談相關經辦人員與部門主管，依作業基礎成本制度的作業流程，正確界定內部的作業、找出作業動因及成本動因，精確估算顧客利潤，並由顧客屬性構面試圖找出影響顧客利潤之因子及個案公司利潤顧客的屬性，同時將其研究之結果，運用策略性作業基礎管理制度來協助個案公司的管理者作為管理目標顧客、建立市場區隔、擬訂策略目標時之參考；此外，再針對顧客的不同屬性與實際需求，提供各種不同的產品及組合，發展以顧客為導向的行銷策略，提供有市場差異化的價格及服務予客戶，提高客戶的貢獻度。

第一篇文章係利用Meltzer and Richard (1981)所建構之中位數投票者模型，衡量政府進行所得重分配產生公共基金邊際成本大小。有別於過去研究公共基金邊際成本的文獻，假設租稅制度之現況為任意的或是在最適的均衡下，文章的主要貢獻在利用現存租稅制度本身代表著一個政治均衡的前題，推導出公共基金邊際成本之公式，故可以視為是將實證經濟學的特性應用在規範經濟學的領域之研究。有趣的是公式中以標準化後平均所得與中位數所得差距所衡量的所得不均度，可以用來衡量租稅的效率損失及重分配水準是否足夠。 第二篇文章係利用 Laffont and Tirole(1986)的最適廠商管制機制模型，加入Raith(2003)誘因給付契約模型，建構較符合實際社會狀況的雙層不完全資訊模型。文章的貢獻在發現廠商最適管制機制，除Laffont and Tirole（1986）指出受廠商工作努力誘因及資訊淨租之影響外，還受到員工風險厭惡程度、生產成本風險及工作努力邊際負效用增加速度等因素的影響。當生產成本風險愈高，或是員工風險厭惡程度愈大及工作努力邊際效用增加速度愈快，使得廠商與員工間道德冒險的成本愈大時，廠商最適管制機制愈偏向成本加成契約，而非Laffont and Tirole(1986)指出偏向固定價格契約。此結論可廣泛應用於包括國防採購、政府部門與公有、公用事業之管控等問題，例如，航太、軍火、高速鐵路等生產成本風險較高產業，廠商最適管制機制愈偏向成本加成契約；但電力、自來水等生產成本風險較低產業，廠商最適管制機制愈偏向固定價格契約。 第三篇文章討論過去文獻未分析的廠商最適利潤稅問題。廠商的實際利潤除有生產技術的差異外，還受員工工作努力及隨機變數等因素的影響。一方面，政府僅能觀察廠商事後利潤，並無法觀察其生產技術差異；另一方面，廠商也無法觀察員工工作努力及隨機變數等，兩者均存在不完全資訊的問題，因此，建構政府與廠商之間，以及廠商與員工之間的雙層不完全資訊架構，分析不同生產技術廠商的最適利潤稅對逆選擇、道德冒險及風險分攤的影響，是一個有趣且重要的課題。 本篇發現廠商最適利潤稅有兩種情況，當政府觀察廠商事後利潤不會產生替代效果下，應課徵定額稅(lump-sum taxes)；除此之外，若存在逆選擇的問題，透過模擬數值分析結果發現，廠商最適利潤稅邊際稅率與員工風險厭惡程度及生產風險成正比。此外，隨著廠商生產技術愈高，利潤稅邊際稅率則逐漸下降，而且廠商生產技術愈高，不同風險厭惡程度及風險下的利潤稅邊際稅率差異也逐漸減少。 當生產技術分配為柏拉圖(Pareto)分配時，最適廠商利潤稅邊際稅率較均等(Uniform)分配及對數常態(Lognormal)分配為低。當工作努力邊際效用與工作努力間為凸函數時，最適廠商利潤稅邊際稅率較兩者間為線性函數時為低。

在全球化的趨勢之下，國際分工不可避免地成為跨國公司運作的趨勢。2013年2月，OECD發布《處理稅基侵蝕及利潤移轉》的報告表示，跨國公司利潤移轉策略的採取被認為是稅基侵蝕的主要原因。基於BEPS已經成為各國非常重視的議題，世界各國也為了保全稅基及防杜利潤移出，紛紛訂出反制措施。這些反制措施是否能遏制利潤不當的移動，是一個值得重視議題。惟目前學術文獻上並未有一篇全面盤點這些反制措施及地主國租稅制度對利潤移轉的影響。 故本篇研究以2005年至2012年台灣電子工業作為研究對象，利用橫斷面及時間序列的追蹤資料 (panel data) 之隨機模型做估計，探討台灣跨國公司之電子業海外子公司的利潤移轉是否會受到租稅規避行為的影響。結果顯示，利潤移轉會受到以下四種國際租稅規避工具所影響，分別是地主國是否有移轉訂價的規範、是否有預先移轉訂價規範、是否有反資本弱化條款以及地主國是否為租稅天堂。

企業面對高度競爭的市場環境，必須透過企業轉型尋求成長的機會。相關文獻指出，高度競爭的市場往往會出現供過於求的現象，產品導向的商業模式難以脫穎而出。客戶導向的經營模式，以客戶需求為中心，從服務出發，容易獲得客戶的青睞。 　國內銀行業面臨銀行過盛的高度競爭環境，惟仍缺乏銀行業採行客戶導向商業模式的實證分析。本研究提出「整合式服務利潤鏈（integrate service-profit chain）」，並以個案銀行「整合式客戶經營專案」進行實證研究。採用「實驗性研究方法－控制群設計」，以「整合式客戶經營專案」為實驗組、「事業單位經營模式」為對照組，進行經營成效的量化分析，並針對企業轉型的理論與實務進行質化分析。 　本研究發現：（1）客戶導向經營模式可創造客戶價值、提高競爭優勢，可做為企業轉型策略參考。 （2）客戶導向經營模式仍需考慮客群差異，並非所有的客群皆可適用相同的經營模式。 （3）企業轉型充滿挑戰，考驗管理智慧、決策品質，必須在創新與風險間取得平衡。 　本研究取得初步的成果，證實企業轉型客戶導向經營模式確實可創造效益，轉型的過程與內容仍值得深入的探討。

本研究的個案是系統單晶片企業，系統單晶片是電子系統的核心，因此該企業對於下游電子產品的發展扮演著舉足輕重的角色，是積體電路產業價值鍊最高價值的一環。本研究的主要目的是藉著一個極為成功的系統單晶片設計公司的成長軌跡與其相關的產業歷史，透過還原當時的時空環境了解並分析其經營策略的本質，以建立適合系統單晶片設計公司之經營策略本質的分析架構，同時實證其分析的結果，藉以尋求其研究問題「後進者的成功經營策為何?」的解答，並從個案企業的歷史中找出常被忽略的寶貴的經營智慧，而另一目的是能夠藉著收集具有時間標記的經營事件，提供豐富的研究素材給有興趣系統單晶片設計產業做更進一步或其他主題的研究。 一開始的動機是為了解答「後進者的成功經營策為何?」這個問題，但研究之後發現這是一個很有可能沒有通用解的問題，因此本研究轉從「策略本質的思考」出發，試著從個案公司的各個不同系統單晶片產品及其下游相關的產業的事件中，進行分析、推理、歸納與實證所關心的議題，其中個案分析主要包括四個產業：（一）光碟機產業；（二）DVD播放機產業；（三）數位電視機產業；（四）手機產業。其中每一個產業的故事都以某一個案的企業發展為中心，以時間的先後呈現，描述當時的產業環境、企業狀態、決策的因果關係，以及如何執行與執行結果。為了解答「後進者的成功經營策為何?」這個的大問題，同時從個案的分析與理論推論研究，從不同方向的思考並嚴謹的歸納與分析提出以下的研究發現：（一）從行銷理論分析策略本質；（二）以利潤方程式分析策略本質；（三）SOC晶片訂價策略；（四）從動態能耐的架構分析策略本質；（五）後進者的經營策略；（六）成長與新產品選擇的策略；(七)經營智慧的闡述。希望能提供企業經營者策略思考的架構，而建構出適合自己的經營策略。 本研究藉著邱志聖「行銷理論」中產品的「外顯」與「內隱」之價值分析方法，發展出「（一）從行銷理論分析策略本質」之研究發現中一系列的理論，並以此為基礎，輔助論證其他的研究發現，再根據「利潤彈性」的定義，提出可以以嚴謹的數學証明的一系列有關訂價的創新的理論，以此為基礎進而提出「（三）SOC晶片訂價策略」，再藉著「（四）從動態能耐的架構分析策略本質」的個案研究，發現組織的能耐與低成本優勢有的強烈的相關性，整合以上相關的研究發現，進而提出「（五）後進者的經營策略」，以創新「先進者支援的兩難」理論為切入點，並根據以上研究的結論，提出「後進者的成功經營策為何?」的參考解答。當企業成功之後，必然會面臨成長的困境，因此本研究從個案的深入分析，提出所應採取的「（六）成長與新產品選擇的策略」，以及最後提醒經營者一些知易行難的「(七)經營智慧的闡述」。 根據TEEC的「動態能耐」的理論，企業的策略深受「路徑相依性」的影響，且當不同企業的內部狀態或外部環境不同時其所需的策略也不一樣，因此後進者僅採用模仿的策略是不易成功，所以企業必需要思索適合自身的策略，並透過策略本質的分析，檢驗其策略是否有效，然而任何策略分析的方法都有其盲點，因 此分析或擬定策略時要依據競爭對手與產業特性選數種適合分析的架構進行分析，才能夠互相印證與互補，並思考其矛盾之處以避免致命的盲點，因此本論文提出專為系統單晶片設計企業策略本質的思考之架構以檢驗其策略有效性。 / The System on Chip (SOC) is the core of the electric system of an electric end product. Therefore, the firms that design and produce the SOC play the critical role in the development of the end product and contribute the most valuable part in the IC industry chain. The purposes of this paper are to develope the strategies and wisdoms of management as well as the frame structure for analyzing the essence of management strategies for the late comer. In the case study, there are the companies have been very successful in the world. In the cases, there are a lot of time-marked traces of the growth of the successful firm and its related industry history so that we can clarify what and why the strategies were executed at that time by analyzing the sequences of the management decisions and their consequences. Additionally, I hope the case stories can be utilized for the further research or another related research. Initially in this research we focused only on the topic of the question“What are the effective management strategies for the late comer”. However, after further studies we found that the general answers for the big question might not exit; therefore, we adjusted the research direction and converted to focus on the topic of the essence of the analysis of the management strategies. In the studied case, there are four different kinds of SOC products including optic storage chip, DVD player chip, digital TV chip and handset chip and their related industries. In the story of each product case, the main stream of the story keeps close track of the situation of the management decisions making, the status of the execution by the studied firms and their consequences in timing sequence so that the evolution of the environment of the firms and the industries can be shown clearly. To study for the answer of the big question “What are the effective management strategies for the late comer”, firstly we analyze the cases and simultaneously study the related theories. Secondly we transform the big question into the following seven research subtopics: (1) Analyzing the essence of the management strategies based on the marketing promotion theory, (2) Analyzing the essence of the management strategies by the net profit, (3) Pricing strategies for the SOC products, (4) Analyzing the essence of the management strategies by the perspective of the“Dynamic capabilities”, (5) Management strategies for the late comer, (6) Strategies for the growth and new products selection, and (7) Wisdom of management. Finally, we hope this thesis can provide managers with the frame structure for both thinking and analyzing the strategies so that managers can develop the best strategies for themselves. There are some kinds of logical relation among the theories developed in the above subtopics. The foundation of theories of“Analyzing the essence of the management strategies”is the value proposition that bases on the analysis of the explicit value and implicit value in the marketing promotion theory. Theories of“Analyzing the essence of the management strategies”are one of the most fundamental pillars that support the other theories in this thesis. According to the definition of elasticity of net profit in this thesis, we can deduce some innovative and valuable theories by the rigid mathematical reasoning. Furthermore, we can develop the innovative theories “(3) Pricing strategies for the SOC product”. In addition to developing the above theories, we apply the theory of “Dynamic capabilities” to analyze the strategies in the case stories to find the effective cost advantage is supported by the capabilities of organization with effectiveness and efficiency. We integrate the above theories to propose “(5) Management strategies for the late comer”. A firm will eventually confront the saturation of the growth after its successful startup. To solve this issue, we base on the deep investigation of the cases and some theories developed in this thesis, we propose “(6) Strategies for growth as well as new products selection”. Finally from the case stories, we abstract some both valuable and critical wisdoms that are easy understood but they are hard to be practiced due to the human natural weakness. According to “Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management” by TEECE, the strategies for a firm strongly depend on the path that the firm has experienced, thus the imitative strategies from its rival is usually not effective just because their paths they passed are different, not to mention that neither their environments nor the conditions of the firms are totally different. Therefore, a firm works out any strategies and then its managers have to carefully check the effectiveness of the strategies by analyzing their essence of the strategies and then modify them before they are executed. However, any framework for analyzing strategy has its blindspots. To avoid the strategic blindspots, we have to use several different and suitable frameworks to analyze the strategies, and then check if there are any conflicts among the results from different frameworks analyzing, we have to deliberate to find why and how to solve the conflicts. Therefore, we develop a new frame work that appropriately analyzes the strategies of both the SOC firm-level and their products with a totally different perspective

金融監理制度影響一國商業銀行經營績效的相關議題，一直受到學者與政府當局的重視，為瞭解亞洲地區銀行業在中央銀行與監理單位不同管理下的利潤效率，找出最適的制度設計，本研究根據Huang、Huang與Liu（2014）提出之隨機共同利潤邊界（stochastic meta-profit frontier），採用兩階段估計法，蒐集中國大陸、香港、印度、日本、韓國、馬來西亞、巴基斯坦、菲律賓、新加坡、斯里蘭卡、泰國以及阿拉伯聯合大公國等十二國商業銀行資料，分成開發中和已開發國家兩個群組，將環境變數納入無效率模型中，進行實證分析，比較不同群組的利潤效率差異，發掘影響效率的主要變數與方向，從而獲得重要政策意涵。 根據實證分析結果，中央銀行介入銀行監理程度越高，商業銀行利潤效率越低；金融監理單位整合程度越高，商業銀行利潤效率越高；中央銀行獨立程度越高，商業銀行利潤效率越低；已開發國家群組的平均技術缺口比率與共同邊界技術效率值皆高於開發中國家群組，符合預期。共同利潤效率最高的是日本，最低的是韓國。平均而言，各國若在共同利潤邊界上從事生產，能提升41.9%至75%的利潤。 / The effects of degrees of financial supervision on performance of commercial banks have long been important issues and drawn much attention to academic researchers and government authorities. This study applies the stochastic meta-profit frontier, recently developed by Huang, Huang, and Liu (2014), to estimate and compare profit efficiencies of commercial banks from 12 Asian countries, i.e., Mainland China, Hong Kong, India, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and United Arab Emirates. We divide the sample countries into two groups, i.e., developing and developed countries. This enables us to further investigate the effects of different supervisory systems, enforced by central banks (CB) and supervisory authorities, on commercial banks’ profit efficiencies, as well as to make a suggestion about the optimal supervision regimes in the area. Note that a set of supervisory indices are considered as environmental variables that explain profit inefficiency. Using the two-stage estimation procedure, the empirical results are summarized as follows. First, it is found that bank’s profit efficiency decreases with the increase in a CB’s supervision sectors. Second, the unification of supervisory authority has positive effect on bank’s profit efficiency. Third, the more independent is the CB, the less profit efficient the commercial bank is. Fourth, banks in the group of developed countries are found to have higher technology gap ratios and meta-profit efficiencies than those in the group of developing countries, as expected. Fifth and finally, Japan and South Korea has the highest and the lowest level of meta-profit efficiency, respectively. Evidence is found that if an average commercial bank were adopting the best technology, it can earn roughly 41.9% to 75% more profits than otherwise.