雲端技術在各產業發展迅速，在汽車產業，特別是豪華車廠也進入雲端應用的戰國時代。豪華車輛的功能，因車身區域網路CAN-BUS的廣為應用，車上系統與系統之間能以封包方式的溝通，不僅速度加快、可以儲存紀錄，更可以依人性化需求，給予程式上的軟性調整。豪華車廠的服務體系，在維修車輛的同時，已有別於一般尚未大量使用車身區域網路的車廠。而隨著無線通訊的發達，車上工程程式的存取，也可以經由3G及無線網路來進行，這個動作，成為改變了服務廠體系的關鍵，車輛不需一定要回到服務廠，才能進行相關的維修或診斷動作，也因為這樣雙向溝通的能耐，雲端服務人員可突破區域性限制，對車輛進行服務（如遠端解鎖、搖控發動等）。 進一步可預期，更多的應用程式可經由無線通訊，被安裝在車上，想像在不久的將來，我們只需記住自己的鑰匙編碼，到任何一部具有車身區域及無線網路的車輛上，就可以馬上使用你的電子信箱，你的Car App store，也可以將你個人化的設定做轉移，如：你習慣的乘坐的位置、習慣收聽的電台，甚至是你的駕駛模式等，這些都可以透過隨機存取功能的應用程式來實現。 本論文透過行動研究員的身份，採用質性研究方法，經過長時間的田野調查，從汽車雲端技術的組織、雲端技術在服務廠的維修應用、相關人員的工作形態與技能、使用者的行為模式等，做一全面性的資料搜集與整合，並逐一追溯每一細節，分析服務體系創新的元素為何，並透過進一步推論，找出對於其他豪華車廠、其他產業公司之間的啟示，並由此發現，經由雲端維修的應用，可以預見從汽車產業打開的新事業服務平台。 / The fast development of cloud computing has enabled applications in different industries. For the automotive industry, the competitions for cloud computing is particularly intensive in the luxury car sector. This is due to that CAN-BUS local area network specifically designed for in-car communication is widely implemented and utilized for data recording, transmission and management. A lot of services provided by the car manufacturers and dealers can be integrated with this system for more user friendly approaches. For example through the connectives of 3G and wireless network, related maintenances and diagnoses can be carried out over a distance, therefore the cloud network service providers do not need to be on-site for supports. This breakthrough also diminishes the location barrier, and improves the service efficiencies (e.g. remote unlock service and remote engine start service). A peek into the future, there will be more applications enabled by the wireless connectives between the vehicles and the cloud networks. Imagine that by simply remember a set of P-I-N number, the user will be able to access personal email accounts, on-line Car App store accounts, frequently used GPS maps, and preferred driver setting such as seat positions, favor radio channels and engine driving models in the near future. All these are independent of which car the user is actually driving. This thesis is developed through qualitative researches over a long period of field studies from a leading luxury car manufacturer in the industry. It has in-depth discussions on the organization infrastructures, technologies and service flows required to enable cloud computing services related to the after-sale supports and maintenances in the automotive industry. The skills and on-job awareness particular to the front-line staffs and back-end supportive staffs are highlighted, and will be analyzed with different users’ use scenarios. Over these step-by-step examinations, the key elements for service innovation will be identified. To take one step further, these findings will also be related for their implications to other luxury car manufacturers and industries. This is to justify that through the applications of cloud services in the vehicle maintenances, it opens the way for service innovation in service network platform.

在現代外科實務中，我們今天認為是標準作業程序的手術，追溯到初期可能是激進創新。多年來，外科技術雖然已經有頻繁的修改，但往往是漸進式地。心臟和血管外科領域中的大多數創新並沒有導致日常實踐劇變。然而，在過去的幾年中，在我服務的醫院和全世界，我看到了治療腹主動脈瘤 (AAA) 的典範轉移，亦即主動脈腔內修復 (EVAR)。 相對於傳統開腹手術修復 （OSR），主動脈腔內修復較傳統開腹手術修復有顯著較低的手術死亡率。不過，長遠來說，總死亡率或動脈瘤相關死亡率並無差異；而主動脈腔內修復有較高的植入物相關併發症和必須再次手術的機率，且成本更高。然而，主動脈腔內修復還是成為腹主動脈瘤治療的支柱。這是為什麼？ 除了是激進的技術創新，主動脈腔內修復也是技術頓悟。傳統上，醫療服務是典型的技術輔助服務情境，其中包含兩個單獨的、然而是密切相關的溝通系統： 一個是產業與醫師之間，另一個是醫師與病人之間。醫師居於樞紐地位，不僅確保治療之執行，而且還要評估結果。由於現代資訊與通信技術的發達，病人可以方便地搜尋輔助醫療文獻資訊、線上資訊和個人社會網絡的意見。這就像是詮釋者的作用。這詮釋者的解釋對病人、外科醫生、和醫療產業界產生了實質上重大的影響，反之亦然。以前在這服務體系中互相分離的部分現在可以緊密地互相配合了，這與服務導向邏輯中價值共同創造的概念是不謀而合的。 總之，對多重利益相關者之意義提升是臨床醫療服務典範轉移的原因。在醫療行業中引入服務導向邏輯的概念的重要性，不論是在日常實務和創新策略上的意義都是不容忽視的。醫療服務中，多重利益相關者比以前更涉及共同創造價值的過程。未來的創新者除了專注在技術和科技上，更必須考慮該創新對多重利益相關者之意義提升。 / In modern surgical practice, what we consider as standard procedures today may be radical innovations dated back to the early days. Over the years, there has been frequent modification of surgical techniques, often incremental though, and most innovations in the field of cardiac and vascular surgery didn’t result in drastic changes in the daily practice. However, during the past several years, I have been witnessing a paradigm shift in the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) in my hospital and worldwide towards endovascular aortic repair (EVAR). In comparison to the traditional open surgical repair (OSR), EVAR was associated with a significantly lower operative mortality than OSR. However, no differences were seen in total mortality or aneurysm-related mortality in the long term, and EVAR was associated with increased rates of graft-related complications and reinterventions and was more costly. Nevertheless, EVAR is becoming the mainstay of AAA treatment. Why is this? Except for being a radical technology innovation, EVAR is also a technology epiphany. Traditionally, medical service is a typical technology-assisted service encounter, consisting of two separate, however, closely inter-related communication systems: one between the industry and the physician, and the other one between the physician and the patient. The physician is of the pivot role that not only ensures the execution of treatment but also evaluates the results.With modern information and communication technologies, patients caneasily search information from paramedical literatures, online information, and opinions from personal social network. This serves the emerging role of an interpretor. This interpretors’interpretation has substantial influence on patients, surgeons, industry, and payers and vice versa. Previously separated parts in the service system now can be closely inter-related. This is in concordance with the concept of co-creation of value in service-dominant logic. It is concluded that newly defined meanings to multiple stakeholders are the reasons for paradigm shift in clinical medical service. The importance of introduction of the concept of service-dominant logic into the medical industry, both in daily practice and in innovation strategy can never be over-emphasized. Multiple stakeholders are being involved much more than before in the process of co-creation of value in medical service.Future innovators must concentrate on meanings to multiple stakeholders as well on techniques and technologies.

本研究旨在探討並驗證國民小學教師知識管理、教師組織公民行為與學校創新經營效能之關係。 本研究主要目的為： 一、修訂教師知識管理量表、教師組織公民行為量表以及學校創新經營效能自評量表。 二、了解教師知識管理、教師組織公民行為與學校創新經營效能之關係。 三、探索教師知識管理、教師組織公民行為與學校創新經營效能之現況，並探索增進學校創新經營效能的可行策略。 四、根據教師知識管理、教師組織公民行為與學校創新經營效能的相關文獻與國內的實證研究，提出可供參考的建議。 本研究主要採取「調查研究法」，以新北市與臺北市公立國民小學教師為研究對象，研究工具為研究者修編之「國民小學教師知識管理、教師組織公民行為與學校創新經營效能之關係調查問卷」。發出正式問卷870份，回收可用問卷517份，回收問卷可用率為59.4%。 問卷調查所得資料以SPSS for Windows 12.0版電腦統計套裝軟體進行平均數及標準差統計分析、T考驗、單因子變異數分析及多元逐步迴歸分析等統計方法處理分析。 本研究之研究結果如下： 一、國民小學教師普遍認同學校創新經營效能之效能，且對教師知識管理及教師組織公民行為有正向的知覺。 二、不同職務、不同服務年資、不同學歷的國民小學教師在「教師知識管理」、「教師知識管理」、「教師知識管理」層面的知覺有顯著差異。 三、國民小學教師知識管理、教師組織公民行為與學校效能有直接正相關。 四、國民小學教師知識管理、教師組織公民行為對學校創新經營效能具有正面預測力。

臺灣文具產業發展至今超過一甲子歲月，環境局勢已經不同以往。各國特色文具來臺競逐池城，大陸東南亞低價文具搶食外銷市場；少子化與電子化縮減市場機會，環保意識加深品質要求；衣食無虞的現代消費者，追求心靈層次滿足。臺灣文具業者下一步該怎麼走？文具強國日本的發展可供借鏡。日本文具業者賦予文具產品新的意義，讓消費者使用意義創新產品打造新生活風格。 本研究探討臺灣文具業者開發意義創新產品的思考想法，從如何賦予產品新的意義，以及如何設計產品樣式，到如何運用意義創新產品打造新生活風格。以Verganti提出的設計力創新為理論基礎，融合Brown的設計思考，以及劉維公的生活風格定義與風格競爭力描述，整理成研究架構。本研究採取解釋性個案研究法，選取偷花（歲時紀）、Micia美日手藝館（Mini Cute印章）、好幫手彩藝（UBook）三家企業個案進行深入訪談，了解企業個案設計意義創新產品的整體歷程。 分析比較企業個案資料所得之結論如下。於構思創新方案階段，企業個案以產品設計團隊親自觀察產品的極端使用者，探尋產品隱藏需求；並以企業的價值理念做為首要評估項目，揉合產品原始意義與特殊用途，構思產品新的意義。於產品樣式設計階段，為了維持意義創新產品之產品意義與價值理念於開發過程前後一致，企業個案掌握設計自主權；為了獲得市場認同，選擇消費者偏好的生活文化題材開發產品內容，並提供產品原始意義觀點下的實用功能。於生活風格提案階段，企業個案以意義創新產品、周邊商品、互動場域構成各種美學體驗形式，讓消費者在體驗過程理解意義創新產品的產品意義與價值理念。意義創新產品開創認同產品價值的消費新市場，但若通路欠缺解說過程，則銷售成績較不好。 最後依據結論給予臺灣文具業者開發意義創新產品的建議，臺灣文具業者宜多研究文具產品於各種生活脈絡中的使用情形，挖掘產品潛在的新意義；在產品樣式設計過程，宜擁有設計自主權，並招募擁有設計管理與行銷管理的跨領域人才，控管意義創新產品的開發流程；宜發展各種美學體驗形式，宣傳意義創新產品，但也必須設想意義創新產品在無人解說的實體通路該如何因應。 / The The Taiwanese stationery industry has developed over more than 60 years, and both the market and the competition have changed a lot in that time. Many foreign stationery companies began operating in Taiwan, and companies in China and Southeast Asia are getting into the world market with lower-price stationery. Due to the decrease of birth rate and the trend of computerization, the market opportunity for physical stationery has decreased by 30% within the last five years. Consumer demand for sustainable products and packaging forces the industry to think innovatively about their products. After being satisfied with the basic needs in life, consumers are looking for a higher level of emotional and spiritual satisfaction from their non-essential purchases. What is the next step for the Taiwanese stationery industry? Recent developments in the Japanese stationery industry provide a good example of how innovation within an industry can lead to increased customer satisfaction by creating New-Meaning Products. A New-Meaning Product is realized when a well-known product with a specific function is integrated with additional form and function in a new way. For example, a video game console which can encourage kids to exercise is a New-Meaning Product. In many cases, the New-Meaning Product can have a powerful effect on the customer's lifestyle. This thesis discusses the process of developing New-Meaning Products by The Taiwanese stationery industry. This process ranges from how to redefine the stationery, design the prototype, and create a new lifestyle for the customer with New-Meaning Products. The research structure is based on Verganti’s design-driven innovation theory, Brown’s design thinking, and Wei-Gong Liu’s definition of lifestyle and the description of the magic power of style. This thesis applies the method of Explanatory Case Study and chooses three business cases – Flowerthief (Chronology Schedule Book), Micia (Mini Cute Stamp), and UBook (UBook) – to do further research and discussion to understand the innovation process of New-Meaning Products. The conclusions of the business cases analysis are as below. At the step of innovation program planning, the product design team would observe the extreme users, and search for the valuable insights and ideas. In addition, they list enterprise value as the main assessment to derive New-Meaning Products. At the step of product design, in order to keep the consistency of the concept of the new meaning and core value of the products before and after manufacturing, the company holds the decision-making power of design. To gain market recognition, they develop the product content based on the life cultural topics the consumers like, and provide the practical functions behind the product original meaning. At the step of lifestyle proposal, they construct variable types of aesthetics experience based on the New-Meaning Product, peripheral products, and interactive field to help consumers understand the New-Meaning Product and enterprise value. The New-Meaning Products has developed new consumer market for product recognition. However, the lack of product exposition will have negative impact on sales performance. This thesis sums up by giving advice to the Taiwanese stationery industry on the development of a New-Meaning Product. First, the Taiwanese stationery companies should research more about the usage of stationery in all aspects of life, and explore the potential meaning in the existing products. To maximize the potential to create New-Meaning Products, the companies should retain decision-making power during the product design process, hire talent with design and marketing management experience, and prudently monitor the sustainability of their products. Lastly, they should pioneer marketing techniques to establish an emotional and spiritual link between the potential consumers and the new-meaning products, enabling customers to visualize the lifestyle benefits that the New-Meaning Products can provide.

台灣半導體業自1970年代發展至今，垂直分工完整，從上游的IC設計、製造，到下游的封測與配銷，都有眾多企業投入。本研究著眼於台灣半導體產業中，最上游的IC設計公司之競爭策略與經營模式，主要有幾個原因： 1.台灣有超過300間IC設計公司，吸納了眾多理工相關人才。 2.在全球範圍內，近年的產業結構劇變導致IC設計公司消長迅速。 3.IC設計可靠著正確的產品崛起，但也容易後續乏力，是高風險高獲利的產業。 4.經20餘年發展，世界前20大IC設計公司中，台灣企業已佔到5席。此時回顧IC設計公司的發展歷程，探究其成長策略，當可做為未來其他新進業者參考。 企業成長的策略模式是多樣化的，本研究整理相關文獻與個案發展歷程，針對四家台灣不同領域的IC設計公司所做分析，提出IC設計公司成長策略的擬定，可以由「市場面」、「技術面」，和「策略面」出發。目的在於，探討台灣IC設計業在成長過程中，面對外部競爭環境如何擬定競爭策略以建立、維持競爭優勢。 本研究實證結果摘要以下幾點： 1.技術面：新創IC設計公司資源不足，專攻特定技術可盡速累積經驗與未來發展資源。為了補足資源缺口，可以考慮緊跟產業標準制定者，進行產品規劃。 2.市場面：透過挑選指標型客戶，建立穩定的訂單來源，以及市場聲譽。 3.策略面：引進重要客戶或業界龍頭入股，加深合作關係。 關鍵字：IC設計、競爭模式、創新策略、成長策略、競爭優勢。 / Since 1970s, the semiconductor industry in Taiwan has formed a complete vertical specialized system which consisted of numerous companies from the upstream IC design, manufacturing, assembly & testing to the downstream IC distribution. The reasons why this study focused on the competitive patterns and business models of IC design includes: 1.There are more than 300 fabless IC design house in Taiwan and the whole industry attracted lots of young engineering talents and became remarkable to Taiwan economy. 2.Significant structural transformations changed the whole industry recently. 3.IC design house can rise rapidly by just one right product and fall even faster if they missed the right timing. So the industry is about high operation risks with high return on investments. 4.To learn the successful stories of Taiwanese IC design could be reference classes for the coming start-ups. The growth strategies of corporations are quite diversified, therefore, this study induced the related documents and generalized the history of four case companies to find how they develop growth strategies. This study proposed the growth strategies could be formulated out of three dimensions: the market orientation, the technology orientation and the strategy orientation as below: 1.Technology orientation: In order to accumulate necessary resources for future growth, IC design start-ups may concentrate on core technologies and keep in step with the industry standard setters to plan their product line. 2.Market orientation: Collaborate with key clients to gain stable purchasing orders and reputations. 3.Strategy orientation: Leverage key clients or industry leaders to do market development. Keywords: Fabless IC Design, Competitive Patterns, Innovation Strategy, Growth Strategy, Competitive Advantage.

台灣為了提昇總體的競爭力，將精緻農業訂為重要的經濟發展策略，期望由政府帶頭，創造下一波的產業契機。台灣的農業技術世界聞名，農民平均的栽種面積約一公頃，屬於小農制的國家，目前藉由成立區域性產銷班組織的方式來整合農戶，雖然可以降低成本及擴大產量，但並無法有效的解決產銷問題，因此導致農業的發展受到限制，產銷問題的發生在於產銷雙方缺乏企業化的整合者而導致資訊的不對稱，本研究希望能藉由對國內外蔬果類農產品產銷組織個案與國內農產品創新個案的分析，研擬台灣蔬果類農產品建立產銷商業創新營運模式的可行性及其策略。 本研究利用企業網絡關係 (S, Stakeholder Network)、關鍵資產 (P, Property Right)、活動能力 (A, Activity Capabilities)、市場結構 (M, Market Structure)，四個層面來分析國內現行蔬果類農產品的產銷體系個案，專業有機生產班、綜合經營班、集運中心，歸納出目前台灣農業發展的機會點與問題點，再與國外內產銷創新個案，包括：南加州果農合作社、紐西蘭奇異果營銷局、美國都樂公司、金三角蔬果運銷合作社、微熱山丘、佳美食品公司，進行個案綜合比較與分析，找出適合台灣蔬果類農產品的商業創新營運模式。 本研究發現：(1) 產銷組織之產權網絡關係會影響產銷市場的結構，透過產權的鏈結可以擴大農企業的競爭優勢；(2) 農企業的以整合者的定位有助於解決產銷雙方資訊不對稱的問題；(3) 農企業必需要行銷為導向來建構生產管理系統，能有效解決產銷問題；(4) 農企業必需以品牌與附加價值來增進企業獲利營運模式。 / In order to enhance Taiwan's overall competitiveness, let exquisite agricultural become an important economic development strategy. Hoping the government to take the lead, create the next wave of industry opportunities. Taiwan's agricultural technology is world known; farmers planted an average area of one hectare, considered small-scale farming system. Currently organized by the establishment of regional production and marketing approach to integrate farmers, although it could reduce costs and expand production, but not effectively solve production and marketing issues, therefore the development of agriculture is limited. Production and marketing issue occurs when both production and marketing were the lack of integration of enterprise which led to information uncoordinated. This study hopes by analyzing domestic and international produce production cases and marketing organization innovative. Develop Taiwanese produce production and marketing of agricultural products to establish the feasibility of commercial and business model innovation strategies. In this study, enterprise networking (S, Stakeholder Network), the key assets (P, Property Right), activity (A, Activity Capabilities), market structure (M, Market Structure), four dimension to the analyze domestic produce production and marketing system individual case, the professional organic production class, integrated management class, Cargo Center, summed up the current point of Taiwan's agricultural development opportunities and issues. within the production and marketing innovation with foreign cases, including: California Fruit Growers Exchange & Sunkist, Zespri International, Dole Company ,Goldern Triangle Company, Sunnyhill Incorporated, Chia Meei Food Group to conduct a comprehensive comparison and analysis of the cases, identify suitable business innovation business model for Taiwan's agricultural products.. The study found that: (1) network marketing organization of the property sales market will affect the relationship between the structure of the network can be extended through the property the competitive advantage of agricultural enterprises; (2) agricultural enterprises to integrate the positioning of both production and marketing to help solve the problem of information uncoordinated (3)agricultural enterprises must market build production-oriented management system, it can effectively solve the sales problem; (4) agricultural enterprises need to brand and value-added business model to enhance corporate profits.

本研究旨在瞭解目前臺北市立公立國民小學校長知識領導、教師工作壓力與學校創新經營效能的現況；探討不同背景下，校長知識領導、教師工作壓力與學校創新經營效能之差異情形；並探析三變項彼此之相關與預測力；檢定三變項的結構方程模式之適配情形及變項間之影響力。本章依據上述研究目的進行文獻探討，提出研究架構，編製「國民小學校長知識領導、教師工作壓力與學校創新經營效能量表」以進行實徵調查。本研究以臺北市之公立國民小學教師為對象，共抽取76所國民小學之912位教師為樣本，回收828份有效問卷，可用卷回收率為90.79％；蒐集的資料以描述性統計分析、t考驗、ANOVA分析、積差相關、多元逐步迴歸、結構方程模式等統計方法進行分析與處理，獲致如下的結果： 一、 臺北市公立國民小學校長知識領導表現為中高程度，以「充實領導知能」得分最高，「展現創新行動」得分最低。 二、 臺北市公立國民小學教師對其工作壓力感受為中低程度，以「工作負荷」壓力感受最高，「人際關係」壓力感受最低。 三、 臺北市公立國民小學學校創新經營效能表現為中高程度，以「環境設備創新效能」得分最高，「行政服務創新效能」得分最低。 四、 臺北市公立國民小學以男性、41歲以上、研究所以上學歷、年資26年以上、擔任主任職務之教師，知覺「校長知識領導」的程度較高。 五、 臺北市公立國民小學以師資班或師大、師院、一般大學教育系大學部畢業學歷、擔任組長、副組長或教師職務、身處學校規模在61班以上之教師，知覺「工作壓力」的程度較高。 六、 臺北市公立國民小學以51歲以上、服務年資16年以上、擔任主任、組長（或副組長）職務之教師，知覺「學校創新經營效能」的程度較高。 七、 臺北市公立國民小學校長知識領導與教師工作壓力、教師工作壓力與學校創新經營效能具低、中度負相關，而校長知識領導與學校創新經營效能具有高度正相關。 八、 臺北市公立國民小學校長知識領導與教師工作壓力對學校創新經營效能具有顯著預測作用，以「校長知識領導」與其層面「整合知識資源」的預測力最佳。 九、 臺北市公立國民小學校長知識領導、教師工作壓力與學校創新經營效能的結構方程模式之適配性檢定獲得支持，能解釋主要變項之關係。 十、 臺北市公立國民小學校長知識領導對學校創新經營效能之影響以直接效果為主。 依據研究結果，本研究在臺北市公立國民小學校長知識領導、教師工作壓力與學校創新經營效能的相關研究上，提出如下的建議： 一、 成立校長知識領導社群，以利校長間領導知能的分享與傳承。 二、 強化學校行政服務與課程教學的創新，以利學校創新經營均衡發展。 三、 降低學校規模、暢通學校溝通管道、營造校內合作氣氛，以利校長知識領導、降低教師工作壓力，提升學校創新經營效能。 四、 透過減課的激勵方式，協助教師減輕工作壓力，以利從事學校創新經營。 五、 鼓勵教師參與校內外或是學位進修，以利教師本職學能的提升，促進行政與教學間互信互助。 六、 提供充裕的時間與空間發展創新，以提升學校創新經營成效。 七、 協助輔導年輕教師，全面提升教師教學成效。 八、 將研究範圍擴大至其它地區或全國，並考慮擴大問卷調查對象至不同層級的教育人員。 九、 可配合採用訪談法、個案研究、德懷術、焦點團體座談等方法，來進行較深入的探討，使研究結果更具有參考價值。 十、 可透過階層線性模式（HLM）來對各變項內之向度做進一步的觀察多層次變項間的關係。 依據研究結論，上述相關建議，俾供教育行政機關、國民小學及未來研究之參考。 / The purpose of this research is to advance understanding of the relationship among public elementary school principals' leadership in knowledge management, teachers' work stress, and effectiveness of schools' innovative management in Taipei city. I analyzed these three variables in different backgrounds of their relationship and prediction. I assessed the adjustment and effects of the structural equation model among three variables. To achieve the purposes, the research involved literature review, proposing a research model and adopting a questionnaire survey: “The investigative questionnaire of relationships among elementary school principals' leadership in knowledge management, teachers' work stress, and effectiveness of school innovation management.” The survey consisted of 912 teachers from 76 elementary schools in Taipei city, and among them, 828 distributed copies were returned as valid. The return rate was 90.79%. The data which were collected underwent statistical treatments such as t- test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson product-moment correlation, multivariate analysis of variance, and structural equation model in order to obtain the results for the stated objectives of the study. The conclusions of this research are as follows: 1. Taipei public elementary school principals have medium-high performance on their practice of leadership in knowledge management. Score the highest in the dimension of "building professional expertise" and the lowest in the dimension of "showing innovative actions." 2. Taipei public elementary school teachers have low-medium work stress. Score highest in the dimension of "work loads" and the lowest in the dimension of " interpersonal relationship." 3. Taipei public elementary schools have medium-high performance in terms of innovative management. Evaluate highest in the dimension of "Innovative performance on school's facilities" and lowest in the dimension of " innovative performance on administrative services. " 4. Among Taipei public elementary school teachers, those who are male, over the age 41, master's degree or above, working more than 26 years, and working as director, have significantly greater awareness of principals’ leadership in knowledge management. 5. Taipei public elementary school teachers, who graduated from Teachers' college with a bachelor's degree, working at a school of over 61 classes, have higher level of work stress. 6. Taipei public elementary school teachers, who are over the age 51, work more than 16 years, serve as director and section chief (or vice section chief), have significantly better awareness of the effectiveness of school innovative management. 7. Taipei public elementary school teachers’ work stress has low-negative correlation to principals’ leadership in knowledge management and effectiveness of school innovative management. Principals’ leadership in knowledge management is high-positively related to effectiveness of school innovative management. 8. Both principals’ leadership in knowledge management and teachers’ work stress serve a predictive function on the effectiveness of school innovative management, especially in the variable of principals’ leadership in knowledge management and the dimension of " integrating knowledge resources " 9. The result of assessment of proper fit on the structural equation model among principals’ leadership in knowledge management, teachers’ work stress, and effectiveness of school innovative management supports and explains the co-relationships of these three variables. 10. The Influence of Taipei public elementary school principal's leadership in knowledge management on schools' innovative management is mainly via direct effects. Based on the findings, the research investigation offers several suggestions for helping school teachers, principles, as well as administrators to implement for a better organizational practice: 1. Establish Leadership community for school principles to exchange and share the knowledge 2. Strengthen the innovation in administrative service as well as course design for a balanced development of school's innovative management. 3. Reduce school scale, open up communication and create cooperative atmosphere within the school for the better leadership, less work stress and to promote the efficiency of innovative operation. 4. Mitigate work stress by reducing school teachers' teaching hours to benefit schools’ innovative operation plans. 5. Encourage teachers to pursue further education. It will not only improves teachers' professionalism but contributes mutual trust between administrators and teachers. 6. Giving sufficient time and space for innovation to benefit the effect of schools’ innovative operation. 7. Provide guidance to young educators to improve teaching quality in all-round manner. 8. Expand research scope to other areas or nationwide and consider expanding the target of questionnaire survey to educators in different levels. 9. Proceed further investigation on the topic with various research methods such as Interview Survey, Case Study, Delphi Technique, Focus Group Interview, etc, which makes the findings more worthy referenced. 10. Using hierarchical linear model to have an empirical research among principals' leadership in knowledge management, teachers' work stress and effectiveness of schools' innovative management. I hope the authority, elementary educators will find the suggestions of this research beneficial to the better organizational development. Key words: principals' leadership in knowledge management, teachers' work stress, effectiveness of schools' innovative management

Evolution of the global economic system has significantly impacted on customer behaviors. The service economy era has accompanied rapid growth of the service industry. This work focuses on service innovation enhancement for cluster SMEs, which play important roles in the global economic system. These SMEs, which have specific knowledge and capabilities, are keys to improving customer service experiences. However, the entire service system has evolved, as have customer behaviors. In addition to understanding how service value is created, interactions between economic, social, and environmental systems during value creation are also crucial for the sustainable development of service industries. For service systems consisting of SMEs, the design of a value network for clustered SMEs still faces huge challenges in finding key value propositions and assessments for value creation. To assess service value, relationships, and customer feedback from both economic and social psychology perspectives, this research proposes a novel service ecosystem for value creation in service dominant logic and customer-driven and imagery-based value network design approach (CIVNDA) grounded in service dominant logic and image theory. The CIVNDA (1) provides a framework for designing and configuring a service value network that can identify the roles and value propositions of each partner; (2) provides a novel service imagery representation to characterize services of businesses from a customer psychological perspective; and (3) generates appropriate partners for specific cooperation goals and service journey designs. Due to the importance of information technology in service innovation, integration, and provision, this research also implements an ICT-based service platform—uVoyage using color image scale and metaphor theory. Tourism is selected as the study industry to evaluate the effects of the CIVNDA and the uVoyage service platform. Interview and focus group results (1) show that four different evolutionary stages of tourism SMEs exist when adapting to the current service economy era; (2) indicate how the CIVNDA and uVoyage platform facilitate value co-creation for tourism SMEs during different evolutionary stages; and (3) demonstrate how the features of service imagery differ from brand images and can be utilized to bridge gaps between product design and customer-driven service design. This research can contribute to our understanding of service system ecology and service value evaluation in service value network designs consisting of SMEs in the tourism, design, cultural, and creativity service industries. The proposed concept of service imagery also guides future innovative research and outcomes of service value network design.

根據2011年統計資料，我國服務業生產毛額占整體國內生產毛額（GDP）比重從1981年的49.99％增長至2011年的65.50％（統計資訊網，2012），由此可見服務業已成為台灣未來經濟成長的主要關鍵。隨著各種服務的興起，吾人不能再以製造業的思維來看服務業的經營管理，業者必須強化自己的知識並不斷地進行創新，才能擁有競爭優勢。 創新的基礎在於知識，然而以往有關知識管理和服務創新的論文，大多只單獨研究知識管理或者服務創新的部分，即使有探討兩者的關聯性者又多為量化研究，內容上並無具體作為的論述。基於上述的研究缺口，本研究採取質性多重個案研究法，選擇四家在服務創新方面具有優越成效的服務業者進行深入的研究，探討其知識管理活動和服務創新作為，以及其知識管理活動對服務創新的影響。 本研究所得到的結論如下： 1.服務業者在服務創新相關之知識創造與擴散上會採用電子匯集平台、正式會議、口頭、師徒制、個案分享等多元方式。 2.服務業者進行服務創新時，會以人員、文件和物件等三種方式儲存知識，且會考量知識的品質、完整性和即時性，決定是否成立專職機構來蓄積和整合知識。 3.服務業者在服務創新相關之知識加值上會將累積的知識應用到其他服務上。在知識保護上則會使用權限和密碼的方式，並考量知識的機密性程度來決定是否使用統一監控的方式來管理。 4.服務業者擁有許多創新的來源，其內部會設置創新提案系統，使員工提出創新的想法。此外，也會根據其服務創新的合作網絡需求，決定與外部商業夥伴合作的頻率。 5.服務業者的組織文化會影響其服務創新的作為，且業者會透過會員工訓練和組織結構改變的方式來回應服務創新的內涵。 6.服務業者的知識建構與取得管道具多元性，且這方面對新服務概念的產生有所影響。同時，持續的知識創造與擴散和有效的知識蓄積與整合，都有助於新服務概念的產生以及高服務品質人員的培育。 7.服務業者因知識的高變動性，使得其知識保護程度的高低並不會影響其服務創新產生的頻率。 本論文最後提出本研究的學術貢獻、實務建議與後續研究之建議，使本研究更為完整。 / According to the National Statistics of Taiwan in 2011, Taiwan’s production in service industry was 49.99％ in 1981 and rose to 65.50% in 2011, which shows that the service industry plays a decisive role in Taiwan economic growth. Service industry should have its own knowledge management and innovation in order to create its own competitiveness. Most of the former studies of knowledge management and service innovation focus on single case or High-Tech industry. The past studies of the relationship between two of them are almost quantitative research. Due to the research gap, this research adopts the qualitative method and selects four service companies which are famous for their service innovations. This research explores the knowledge management activities and service innovation in these four companies, and aims to find the relationship between them.The conclusions of this research are listed bellow： 1.The general methods of knowledge creation and diffusion are electronic platform, formal meetings, oral, mentoring, and case sharing. 2.Service companies store knowledge in three way：personnel, documents and objects. 3.The same knowledge of operation can be used in different services. The common way of knowledge protection is password. 4.Customers are important source of innovation. The service companies set up the innovative proposal systems to allow employees to bring up innovative ideas. 5.The companies’ culture has a high degree of support for service innovation. The training of staff and the structure of organization are changed due to the service innovation. 6.The construction and acquisition of knowledge have impacts on new service concepts. 7.The creation, diffusion, accumulation, and integration of knowledge contribute to the generation of new service concepts and new delivery system：Personnel. 8.The extent of protection on knowledge doesn’t affect the generation of new service concepts.

創新於本世紀中為各大企業爭相研發或追求的珍貴資產，但此珍貴資產之所以致能領先市場、使企業居於永續的市場領導地位則是各個產業所致力研究的範疇。如何能達到永續的市場領導而居於市場不敗之優勢 ? 是須要透過具有符合市場劇變的創新?而其創新又須要具有如何的特性或是與時代性相關的演化性 ? 另，市場劇變的因素是否又與使用者以及代表新科技的載體有著密不可分的關係 ? 本研究將以一個現今仍居領導地位的網站實例來分析其致勝的原因，並且以質性研究的方法進行層層的頗析，揭開網路服務的神秘面紗。 網路服務的世界，豐富且多樣化，因此本研究將創新的研究範圍聚焦於新聞自製性內容的｢話題新聞」為主軸，透過｢話題新聞」的守門人:話題製作人，並且對應於創新三大構面：內容、載體與商業模式，進而探討其不斷創新是須要具有調適性的特質。而若以創新理論的精神為內涵，又同時須結合網路之｢使用者為大」的雙重考量下，研究則以Henry教授的開放式創新與von Hipple教授的使用者創新，並為核心理論的依據。至此，本篇研究的架構清晰易見。 經由親身參與的田野調查與近期的資料蒐集，本研究將透過網路服務的特性與使用者溝通的互動方式，整理後發現其特殊的共創過程與調適性的特質。研究中更將揭露自製性內容的共創對於載體的影響，並且對應於資訊傳播模式的演化，爾後延伸至商業模式的多所變化。最終，希望透過本研究能提供台灣傳統新聞媒體及企業界創新的具體參考，不僅在理論面向得以印證及延伸，更於實務面提供操作的執行方向。 關鍵字：使用者創新，開放式創新：內容、載體與商業模式，調適性，新聞製 作，資訊傳播，經濟活動，話題新聞，製作人，行動研究，質性研 究。 / Innovation is the precious asset in this century for all the companies to seek, study or develop as it is the way to win or sustain the leading position where the enterprises are eager to reach. However, how to continue the innovation so as to retain the leadership? Or which attributes or evolutions the innovation should have to react to the market change? How the factors of market transformation correlate with the users and high-tech (electronics) devices? This study will use a global leading website as a sample and explore the elements of its success through the qualitative research method. The internet contains the diversified services. Thus the research selects the news reproduction as the main study subject. By observing the daily operation of the “Topic News” gatekeepers, Topic News producers, and analyzing three dimensions of innovation: contents, devices and business models, the study figures out the fact that the constant innovation should possess the characteristic of Adaptability. Furthermore, considering both the essence of Innovation theories and the internet user behavior, the study cites Open Innovation by Prof. Henry and User Innovation by Prof. von Hipple as the core theories to support the whole research. By participating in the field investigation and collecting the recent data, the study discovers the particular procedure of co-producing contents as well as the characteristic of Adaptability through researching on the internet service and its communication and interaction with the users. The study further reveals the impact which the reproduced content makes on the devices themselves, evolution of the information dissemination and even the types of the business models. The ultimate objective of the study is not only to prove the truth of the theories but also to contribute several suggestions and references towards the traditional news media and the enterprise innovation on the execution and operation directions. Key words : User Innovation, Open Innovation, Content, Devices and Business model, Adaptive, News re-production, Dissemination of information, Economic Activity, Topic News, Topic News Producer, Action Research, Qualitative Research.