第一章：係以討論核子時代，蘇聯如何利用海權，以實現戰略嚇阻，有限戰爭，商業 擴張，以及國家威望四項國家利益目標為重點。 第二章：就蘇聯對印度洋政治、經濟、軍事與文化環境之理解，試圖探討蘇聯在印度 洋積極從事海權擴張的動機。 第三章：以討論蘇聯在印度洋海權擴張的特徵為主題，並刀別就蘇聯在印度洋區域的 「友好國家之爭取」、「戰略基地之建立」、「司期艦隊之駐泊」、「海洋貿易之開 拓」、「遠洋漁業之投資」五個子題，加以探討。 第四章，探討印度洋在蘇聯戰略思想中的地位，闡述蘇聯在印度洋的「圍堵中共」與 「海上阻絕」的戰略思想，並論及蘇、印友好合作條約之簽訂及影響。 第五章：專論蘇聯對美國在印度洋建立第西哥力加西亞島基地的反應與抨擊。 第六章：析論「印度洋和和平區域」運動在第三世界、聯合國、與美、蘇強權間的發 起與推動，以圖瞭解該和平區運動成功的機率。 第七章：結論，係就前述各章節的假設、推斷與討論作重點剖析，並大膽蠡測蘇聯印 度洋海權擴張的未來可能發展，以及提出西方國家所應採取的對策。

近年來，印度經濟快速成長，加上原本印度便擁有廣大的領土與人口，又是核武國，使印度在國際政治上日漸受到矚目。因此，在亞洲區域，出現了中、日、印三個勢力共存的情況。身為本區重要行為者之一的日本，面對此種區域結構的變化，外交政策亦做出調整。這種調整明顯地體現在日本的對印政策上，相較於冷戰時期日印關係的冷淡，以2000年8月森喜朗首相拜訪印度為分水嶺，日本改變從前的態度，開始積極與印度進行交往。對身處亞洲的我國而言，了解同區其他大國的關係變化與發展具有重要性，值得持續觀察。 本文一開始首先闡明研究動機與目的、研究範圍與限制、文獻回顧與架構安排。接下來主要想回答幾個問題：(1)日印關係在先前為何冷淡，又為何展開積極交往，時間點是受到哪些因素影響？在此將從第二章對日印傳統外交政策的特徵與近年來的變遷，以及第三章美國與中國的因素來進行分析；(2) 日印在雙邊互動上，其外交優先議題是否不同？又有哪些共同利益？這也是從第二章日印傳統外交政策的特徵與近年來的變遷，以及第三章就日印21世紀以來的互動所做的敘述中來回答；(3) 從近年互動的軌跡來預測未來日印夥伴關係的走向，在此將由第四、五章日印在安全、政治與經貿等議題上的合作，加上之前分析的結構性因素，來做探討。最後於第六章對本文的研究做歸納及日後研究主題的建議。 關鍵字：日本、印度、日印關係、印日關係 / India is growing fast during these years. Besides, India owns a broad territory, large population, and also nuclear weapons. Therefore, the whole world looks at India more and more intensively. It hence leads to a new situation in Asia region, that is, the co-existence of three powers (China, Japan, and India) in the same region. Facing such kind of shift in regional structure, Japan, as an important actor in Asia, also adjusts its foreign policy. This kind of adjustment reflects clearly on Japan’s policy toward India. In contrast with the indifference between Japan and India in the Cold War era, taking Prime Minister Yoshiro Mori’s visit to India as a watershed, Japan has changed its attitude and starts to engage with India actively. As a member in Asia region, knowing the transition and development of the relations between great powers in this region is important for us and worth further observation. The first part of this thesis composes research motives, purposes, scopes, limits, methods, literature review and the whole structure. Afterwards, it focuses on several questions: (1) why Japan-India relation was low in the past and why in recent year they engage with each other more actively? What has influenced them to choose this time point? Regard to these questions, this thesis makes an analysis from the traditional characteristics of both countries’ foreign policy, and then from the shift of their foreign policy direction, and also from the USA factor and the China factor. (2) What are the common interests of Japan and India? And what are their priorities respectively? The thesis also tries to find out the answer from the changed and unchanged characteristics of both countries’ foreign policy, combining with the description of Japan-India relation since 21st century in Chapter 3. (3) This thesis tries to make a prediction of the future Japan-India partnership in the light of the trajectory of their interaction in recent year. Finally in Chapter 6 it sums up the research findings and makes some suggestions for further research. Key words: Japan, India, Japan-India Relations, India-Japan Relations

過去幾年，聯合國的維和任務因為不當的行為常常遭受抨擊，特別是維和人員所犯下和性有關的事件。由於聯合國對於犯罪者的懲罰並沒有發揮任何影響，而且例如零容忍政策的實施並不完全成功，所以相關決策者一直嘗試尋找其他方法來防止戰爭衝突中性剝削和性虐待的發生；其中有一種觀點認為，增加女性維和人員的人數將會對男性維和人員的行為產生正面的影響。然而，這一個觀點受到嚴厲的批判，主要是因為它依據傳統的性別刻板印象建構而成。本論文以2007-2016駐在賴比瑞亞的全印度女性的單位為例，旨在分析女性維和人員的增加是否有助於防止性侵害事件的發生。儘管研究結果無法充分證明女性維和人員有助於防止性暴力事件的發生，但作者主張更多的女性參與維和行動是正當的、也是一種平等權利而且不需要任何其他理由。

廣義而言，「殖民旅行」是指殖民者在從事各類殖民活動時，往返於殖民地與本國之間的旅程。殖民旅行（及各種旅行）最明顯的特徵為「自我」與「他者」的相遇。因此，佛斯特的《印度之旅》處理自我／他者和殖民者／殖民奴的遭遇，充分展現殖民旅行的特色。本論文嘗試援引德勒茲和伽塔利於（千高臺：資本主義與精神分裂》中所提出的旅行理論以解讀這本小說。其中的幾項概念，如靜止與游牧、條紋空間與平滑空間、固著路徑與可彎路徑、再現與遭遇，為本論文的主要論述基礎。同時，以勒維納斯的倫理學中自我對他者的無限尊重及責任為輔，本論文歸納出兩類旅行模式：靜止式及游牧式。 《印度之旅》中，殖民地官員、費爾亭與何德蕾是靜止旅行者。他／她們皆以「再現機器」強化自我／他者和殖民者／殖民奴間的疆界。她／他們遵循條紋空間／殖民地之固著路徑，明顯欠缺對他者／印度人民的責任感。職是，她／他們不可能停止挪用及消除他者，並真正與他者相遇。相反地，摩爾太太是小說中唯一的游牧旅行者。她沿著可彎路徑漫遊平滑空間，培養對他者／印度人民無窮的責任心。她不但僭越自我／他者的藩籬而進化為他者，更於殖民旅途中與無盡他者相遇。 本論文的貢獻在於試圖探究佛氏《印度之旅》中游牧旅行的深義及其存在的可能性，與靜止旅行對旅行者的危害。 / Broadly put, clonial travel refers to the geographical movement between the colonizer's arrival at the colony and return to Empire as they are engaged in various activities with respect to colonialism. In colonial travel(and all travels), one of the most remarkable features is the self's encounter with the other. In this light, E.M. Forster's A Passage to India(1924) manifests the conspicuous traits of colonial travel for it manages to deal with the self/the other, the colonizer/the colonized confrontations. This thesis takes a stab at applying Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari's theory relating to travel in their collaborative work, A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia(1987), to read the novel. Such concepts as the sedentary and the nomadic, striated space and smooth space, rigid lines and supple lines, representation and encounter delineated in their book are the paramount focus of critical attention. Moreover, Emmanuel Levinas'ethics championing the self's undiminished respect and responsibility for the other is employed to proffer a model for colonial travel. As a result, this thesis propounds that due to their distinct responses to the other, two different sorts of travel, the sedentary and the nomadic, consist in the colonial travel of the novel. In A Passage to India, the Anglo-Indian administrators, Cyril Fielding and Adela Quested are sedentary travelers who strengthen the self/the other, the colonizer/the colonized boundaries in thier dependence on the representational apparatus. They travel along rigid lines in striated space/the colony and lack a responibility for the other/Indians. They are thereby prohibited from a genuine self/the other encounter without appropriation and sublation. Conversely, Mrs. Moore in the novel proves to be the sole nomadic traveler who journeys across smooth space replete with supple lines and fosters an unlimited obligation for the other/Indians. She traverses the self/the other barriers to “become-other”and further encounters the infinite other in her colonial peregrinations. The contribution of this thesis is to explore the profundity and possibility of nomadic travel in all travels and the damaging results of sedentary travel in A Passage to India.

《薄伽梵歌》是以婆羅門教為主、廣納與修改印度流行的宗教修行方式與觀念、且重新解釋吠陀傳統的新婆羅門教，此一「新」讓婆羅門教不再只是遵循吠陀傳統、以婆羅門為中心的宗教，而是以種姓制度內所有人為本、以專意向著Krsna為本、使凡人都能得到解脫的「印度教」。 文中將從《薄伽梵歌》的基本 – karma為始，首先瞭解《薄伽梵歌》中的karma為何，其次是《薄伽梵歌》不斷強調的dharma(種姓職責)，第三是karma的細部分類 – guna，第四是《薄伽梵歌》將印度宗教修行方法統合至一的瑜伽。 從上可見得《薄伽梵歌》如何回應西元前七世紀到西元後三世紀婆羅門教面臨的問題，包括佛教與耆那教的產生、種姓制度的嚴峻與瓦解。 / Bhagavad Gita is based, in the main , on Brahmanism. However, as an important Hindu scripture, it synthesizes yet remodifies the previous religious practices and thoughts. It is neo-Brahmanism in a sense that it reconstructs the Vedic tradition. However, the Gita does not totally succumb to the authority of the Veda and Brahmanic orthodoxy. On the one hand, it addresses to the general audience under caste system; on the other hand, it declares that any devotee of Krsna, irrespective of the position in caste system, has the chance to attain moksa. The first part of the thesis is on the meaning of karma in the Gita. The second part is on dharma, or rather svadharma. The third part is on the details classification of karma, that is , the idea of guna. The last part is on the encompassing idea of yoga in the Gita which embodies different yogin traditions. The above description also gives us an idea that from the 7th century BCE to the 3rd century AD Brahmanism faced many troubles within and without. Among others, the dissemination of Buddhism, Jainism and the rigor as well as possible disintegration of the caste system pose formidable challenges.

印度自獨立以來，極力想要成為世界大國，但一直受到不穩定的國內政治與國際局勢影響，以及世界強權在南亞競逐，對印度的發展產生巨大的制約力。冷戰後在全球化的影響下，促使印度實施經濟對外開放改革策略，與全球化經濟接軌。經濟力的持續擴大，同時也全力展開其延遲的三軍現代化建設，積極擴展軍備，致力實現軍事大國的目標。 蘇聯的解體，對一向依賴其軍備的印度產生巨大的衝擊，促使印度擴大尋求軍事合作對象及範圍。近代戰爭與世界軍事科技進步的影響，以及空權在現代戰爭中所扮演的關鍵性角色，啟發了印度在戰略思想的轉變。印度空軍也因此建立了有史以來第一個空中武力準則(APD：Air Power Doctrine)，提出「戰略性威懾防空」作戰指導，以及制定「2020年遠景規劃」，要積極建立一支攻防兼具的戰略空軍。 一般對印度綜合國力的提升、軍事力量的擴增、三軍武器裝備現代化、以及印度空軍發展的研究報導頗多，而這些研究報導絕大部分都來自中國大陸。國內對印度軍事研究者不多，尤其是尚未出現對印度空軍現代化有系統的分析論著。本論文企圖從空權理論的概念探討印度空軍的發展歷程，在歷次戰爭中的所扮演的角色。進一步探討印度空軍在冷戰後的現代化歷程及策略，並以現在兵力情況與過去及鄰國戰力作比較，了解其階段性的成效與困難問題。歸納整理印度空軍現代化已具有引人注目的成果。但仍然存在有一些困難及制約因素，其未來發展仍值得觀察與注意。

中國生產瓷器的歷史悠久,品質聞名世界,作為一種代表性的外銷商 品,幾世紀以來海內外商旅不遠千里前來中國購買瓷器,正是在這種熱絡的國際貿易中誕生著名的青花瓷。十七世紀時,荷蘭東印度公司主宰遠東 貿易,瓷器正是亞洲貿易的重要商品,荷蘭人大量採購瓷器帶回歐洲,瓷 器也開始穩定地進入歐洲。中國瓷工根據荷蘭東印度公司的要求,特別燒 製外銷歐洲市場的瓷器,此種瓷器被稱為克拉克瓷。長期地貿易過程中, 瓷器款式漸漸固定下來,也展現出更多的歐洲特色。當中國因戰亂無法向外輸出瓷器時,荷蘭東印度公司轉向日本尋求穩定的瓷器生產,直接地促 使日本發展本國的燒瓷業。起初日本根據荷蘭東印度公司的要求,仿製生 產克拉克款式的瓷器,但日本最終發展出新的瓷器風格:伊萬里瓷。十七世紀末時,中國解除海禁,重新對外輸出瓷器時,憑著價格低廉的優勢, 國際市場再度重回中國的懷抱,此時中國瓷工反倒開始生產伊萬里風格的 瓷器,形成中式伊萬里瓷。瓷器款式的演變與瓷器為外銷品的身份息息相 關,本文欲從歐洲的遠東瓷器貿易開始,分期討論瓷器貿易對瓷器演變款式的影響。

本篇論文的研究目的在探討國際衝突解決中的調停理論及其適用性，主要分為兩個部份探討，第一部份就國際調停的定義、動機、角色、權力和成功條件作文獻回顧，並試著將各學者的研究作歸納和比較；第二部份為案例分析，以美國調停印巴衝突的過程與結果為例，探討其調停過程及結果。 本論文的研究問題有以下數點： 一、 在衝突解決的研究日益受到重視的現今，如何藉由第三方來降低緊張、平息衝突甚而解決衝突的研究也愈顯重要，筆者藉由權力的角度研究調停理論，探討調停者權力與角色的轉換、戰術、介入時機、調停成功的條件和調停者介入的優點缺點等。 二、 印巴關係的特點是緊張與緩和情勢交互出現，時而舉行對話採取一些具體協議改善關係，時而劍拔怒張。主要就是兩方在許多問題上的立場對立，從引進第三方來調停雙方衝突角度來看，印度堅決反對第三方的介入，而巴基斯坦則主張將喀什米爾的問題國際化，由美國調停。但不論雙方的意願為何，美國的介入是個事實，並有一定的成效。九一一事件之後，隨著國際現勢的發展，印巴關係有了重大突破，使綿延半個世紀的衝突有了重大突破，筆者探討了冷戰後印巴關係出現緩和的內外重要因素，並以美國調停印巴衝突的角度來做時間上的切割與分期。 三、 印巴衝突可說是歷史遺留下的問題，錯綜複雜，解決起來不可能一蹴可幾，但不管怎樣，印巴雙方願意坐下來認真談判，即是很好的發展。儘管印度不願承認，但大多數的觀察仍肯定美國的壓力是促成印度伸出「友誼之手」的重要原因之一。筆者擬研究美國與印巴的關係，美國介入印巴衝突的動機是本身的選擇還是因核武或恐怖主義等考量而不得不為的結果、介入的程度、時機和權力與角色的轉換及美國是否在印巴問題上有足夠的權力或稱影響力而使之可在印巴問題上扮演足夠重要的角色等，來看調停理論在印巴關係中的適用及其限制。

誠如North所言「制度將過去、現在和未來連在一起，以致於歷史大致上是制度逐步演變的故事」，臺灣在荷據時期土地墾佃之相關制度對於其後臺灣土地制度史的發展可說是深具意義。關於荷蘭東印度公司在臺期間之內部檔案與史料，近年來在國內歷史學者致力研究與譯註下，已有豐富的成果發表，惟其中有關此一時期土地利用以及地權型態變遷情形之論述，似尚屬少數，且仍瑣碎散見於荷蘭東印度公司內部檔案及以教會傳教史為主題之相關譯註及研究論述中。有鑑於此，本文以赤崁一帶包括臺灣西南部之麻豆至二層行溪（二仁溪）之間為範圍，經由相關史料及研究論述的歸納整理，透過對荷蘭人、原住民、以及漢人三者間互動關係的分析，為臺灣在荷據時期這段目前普遍為臺灣土地制度史或土地相關問題之研究所忽略的階段，填補上歷史影像。 荷據時期臺灣赤崁一帶之墾佃制度為一制度結構的概念，係為當時期荷、原、漢三者間的互動以及各種與農業發展有關之正式與非正式制度安排的總和，包括荷蘭東印度公司由上而下所強加施行之原住民封建領地制度、地方會議制度、漢人首領制度、財產權界定、徵稅措施、對漢人移民及從事農作之激勵措施等有助於農業發展環境建構之正式制度的安排，以及漢人移民土地拓墾方式、租佃習慣及意識型態等非正式制度的安排。經由本文之研究獲致四點結論如下： 一、1624年至1662年期間，荷蘭東印度公司在臺灣逐步於其勢力所及的範圍內，界定財產權、行使徵稅權、並提供保護與治安的服務，可視為一準政府組織，在土地墾佃制度形成的過程中，該公司係立於強制性制度供給者的地位。 二、荷據時期臺灣原住民在部分土地之利用轉向定耕農業發展的同時，其地權型態已有脫離氏族公有而朝向個人私有制發展之趨勢，除赤崁地區蕭壠、麻豆與目嘉溜灣等村社外，大部分原住民對農業生產仍不熱衷，荷蘭東印度公司基於稅收等利益考量，藉宗教及政治因素之理由，將部分原屬於封建領地範圍內之原住民村社土地出售予漢人，臺灣原住民地權流失之現象，自荷據時期已經發生。 三、漢人移民是荷據時期臺灣農業發展的主力，當時期臺灣土地墾佃制度是與荷蘭人所施行之治理與激勵措施、漢人移民（包括移民原鄉之租佃習慣）、以及荷、原、漢三者間的互動息息相關，在資源、技術、文化與制度的交互作用下，臺灣糖、米經濟之興盛可說是從荷據時期開始。 四、荷據時期臺灣的地權制度是「王田」制與私有制併存之型態；漢人對於土地拓墾之方式主要沿襲原鄉之土地租佃型態，「結首」制之拓墾方式並非起源於荷據時期。 / Exactly as the North, D.C. said, The connect the past with the present and the future so that history is a largely incremental story of institutional evolution. The institutions of farmland cultivation in Dutch Formosa, had important significance to the further development of land institutions. The interior records during A.D.1624-1662 of V.O.C had been studied and translated by historians, but among the achievements, concerning of the change of utilizing and the rights of the land seems only a minority and dispersed in the theme of missionary work. For this reason, this thesis study on institutions of farmland cultivation in Saccams area of Taiwan in the Dutch Era, in order to fill up the historical image of this stage, which had been ignored by the historical institutions of Taiwan land research, by way of analysis the interactions of the Hollander, the aborigine and the emigration of Hahn people. The institutions of farmland cultivation in Saccams area is a conception of institutional configuration, that are the aggregation of the interactions of the Hollander, the aborigine and the emigration of Hahn people, as well as the arrangement of formal and informal institutions of agricultural development, including the institutions of feudal tenure, landdag, cabessa, definition the property right, apply for receiving farmland to cultivate, distribute the certificate of land dominium, tithe taxation, encouraging measures etc, which theV.O.C enforced top - down on the Hahn emigration and Aborigine. Besides the formal institutions the Hahn emigration also transplant customs and habits from their country, base on the congenial ideology, their customs and conventions formation the informal institutions of the farmland cultivation. The conclusion is described as follows: 1.During A.D.1624-1662, the V.O.C manipulated its comparative advantage in violence to stake the property rights between the Hollander, the aborigine and the emigration of Hahn people in Taiwan. That company can be regarded as a emergence government-to-be organization, in the process of institutions of farmland cultivation in Saccams area, the V.O.C is a formal institutions provider. 2.Beside Mattau, Soulang and Bakaloan villages, mostly aborigine had not fallen overboard for farming, because of the benefit of revenue from tax, the Hollander under the cloak of political and religious reason, offer for sale the aborigine land to the Hahn people. 3.The emigration of Hahn people was the backbone of agriculture development, due to the interaction of resource, technology, culture and institution; the prosperous of agricultural economy was from the Dutch Era. 4.In the Dutch Era, the types of right to land besides the「wang-tian」system, part of Hahn emigration who in cooperation with the Tayouan Hong, acquire the management right of the farmland. The statement about the「jie-shou」system originated from the Dutch Era is fallacious.

This study investigates the cultural identity of Chinese overseas in Sweden, especially the identity of Chinese culture. A Hakka family in Sweden from Kolkata, India was a target of a case study in this thesis from the viewpoint of life history research and semi-structured interviews for the three female members in this family.The Indian Hakka Chinese, though spending more than 100 years in India, emigrate to other countries commonly. During the migration, this family well sustain their Chinese culture.This research reveals the following findings. Firstly, the identities in the family of this case show the differences between generations. The main deciding factor of their identities is based on both the ethnic identity of Chinese and Chinese culture. The second generation of immigrants in Sweden reveals the dual identities of Chinese culture and Swedish culture, which is consciously decided by them under the social and cultural background of the country of residence.Secondly, this case's family demonstrates a strong atmosphere of Chinese cultural identity in their daily life. The most significant symbol is that family members use Hakka to communicate at home. Furthermore, their cultural values follow a Chinese tradition of family-centred and ethical cultural values. However, in this case, Chinese culture is not as complete as the Chinese mainstream society. It also includes foreign elements in the country of residence. This clearly shows the process of Chinese overseas adapting and integrating with the country of residence.Thirdly, the influencing factors to this case's Chinese cultural identity include the Chinese community in Kolkata India, usage of Chinese language, Chinese education, intermarriage, and the external environment of Swedish society based on democracy multi-culturalism and popularization of internet information under globalization. The key factor in constructing and maintaining the Chinese cultural identity, in this case, is that the elders consciously insist on preserving Chinese tradition in this family.To sum up, this study's results contribute to the knowledge and understanding of Chinese overseas' cultural identity in Sweden. / 本论文以瑞典一个来自印度加尔各答的客家华人家庭进行个案研究，采用生命史研究的视角、半结构式的深度访谈法访问三位家庭女性成员，探讨瑞典的海外华人的文化认同，尤其是中国文化的认同。在海外延续百年的印度客家华人再度从印度移出已是常态，而此个案家庭中国文化的传承未曾中断。个案研究结果发现：首先，个案的身份认同呈现出世代的差异，身份认同以中国人的族群认同及中国文化认同为最主要的决定因素，移民瑞典第二代显示出中国及瑞典文化的双重文化认同，是历经所处的社会文化环境选择的文化认同。其次，此个案展现出浓厚的中国文化认同形式，以客家话的使用最为显著，也展现出以家庭为中心、注重伦理的文化价值观，然而不像中国主流社会文化的完整，而是包含了居住国的外国元素，显见海外华人在居住国适应、融合的过程。最后，影响个案维护中国文化认同的因素，包括：印度加尔各答的华人社区、世代的传承、中文的使用、中文教育、族内通婚、以民主为基础的多元文化瑞典社会的外部生存环境、全球化下网际网络资讯的普及等因素，而家中长辈有意识地传承与坚持，是文化认同建构及维护最重要也是最主要的因素。总之，本论文的研究结果可为瑞典海外华人的文化认同增添知识与理解。