本研究旨在瞭解青少年的親子關係、自我概念對其壓力因應策略的影響。以臺北市與新北市的國中二年級學生為研究對象，採分層隨機抽樣與自填問卷方式進行資料蒐集，共回收427份有效問卷。透過卡方檢定、獨立樣本T檢定、皮爾森積差相關、單因子變異數分析進行統計檢定，並由迴歸分析與路徑分析建立親子關係、自我概念與壓力因應策略的路徑圖。本研究之主要發現如下： 一、 在背景變項的部分，男女性青少年在自我概念上有差異；父母的教育程度、職業、家庭社經地位對自我概念皆有影響；而青少年居住地區不同，其親子關係、自我概念與壓力因應策略亦有所差異。 二、 在青少年的親子關係中，相較於彼此的支持信任，與父母理性的溝通以及情感上的交流分享較缺乏。 三、 青少年的心理自我概念與生理自我概念普遍偏低。 四、 面臨壓力時，青少年多採正向的因應策略；在正向策略中，最常採取暫時擱置問題策略，最少採取尋求師長的建議策略。 五、 青少年的親子關係越好、自我概念越佳，壓力因應策略越正向，透過迴歸分析預測壓力因應策略發現，親子關係與自我概念可解釋達42.1%的變異量。 據此，本研究提出以下建議： 一、 學校應規劃壓力因應策略的方案課程，使青少年學習更多元的因應策略；並重視青少年期的心理風險與社會適應問題，提升青少年的自我概念。 二、 社會工作實務的部分，可安排親子溝通相關議題的親職教育課程，同時設計親子團體，增加親子互動與學習的機會。 三、 父母應尊重青少年為一獨立的個體，不過度干涉青少年的隱私，避免以權威的態度來管教子女，而是在相互信任的關係中，以開放平等的態度，適時地關懷青少年的生活狀況。 四、 傳播媒體可增加親職教育、親子關係等相關資訊的普及性，但也應對所傳播之訊息嚴格把關，將各類資訊分級以符合各年齡層的閱聽人。 / This study aimed at understanding the effect that parent-child relationship and self-concept has on the coping strategies of adolescents. The subjects of this study were selected from the second grade junior high school students in Taipei City and New Taipei City. In-class survey method with structured questionnaire was employed to collect data for the study. A total of 427 valid samples were collected. Based on statistical data analyses, the study findings are as follows: 1. There are differences between male and female’s self-concept. The education, occupation of parents and social economic status have influences on adolescents’ self-concept. Adolescents of different city present significant differences in parent-child relationship, self-concept and coping strategies. 2. Compared to support and trust, adolescents are lack of communication and emotional interaction with their parents. 3. The mental self-concept and social self-concept of adolescents are generally low. 4. When under pressure, adolescents adopt more positive coping strategies. In the positive strategies, the most frequently used coping strategy is temporary- put-off strategies. The least frequently used one is support- seeking strategies. 5. Parent-child relationship and self-concept are significantly associated with coping strategies. Finally, the research provides suggestions based on the result. First, school should pay attention to psychological risks and social adjustment problems of adolescents. Second, social work agencies can provide parenting education program and group work to increase parent-child interaction. Thirdly, parents should respect that the adolescent is an independent individual and should not excessively interfere his/her privacy. Finally, the media community should ensure the correctness of dissemination of information about parenting education and parent-child relationship.

本研究採用問卷調查法探討網路色情是否會影響青少年對強暴迷思的接受程度，以及對強暴被害人與強暴犯的態度，共訪問1,688位高中學生。 研究結果發現，網路色情的收視頻率，是預測青少年對強暴迷思的接受程度、認為強暴被害人的受傷程度和對強暴犯判刑的顯著變項，愈常收看網路色情的青少年，其接受強暴迷思的程度愈高，且愈傾向認為強暴被害人並未受到很大的傷害，並認為對強暴犯的判刑不需太重。 / This study examines the effects of Internet pornography on adolescents’ acceptance of rape myths, and their attitude towards rape victims and rapists. Data used for this study came from a survey of 1,668 high school students in Taipei, Taiwan. Results of the study show that exposure to Internet pornography were significantly related to increased acceptance of rape myths, decreased perception of rape victim sufferings, and reduced recommended prison terms to rapists.

有感於少年犯罪人數不斷上升，少年犯罪後可能被送到少年輔育院接受感化教育，而管教人員乃實施感化教育之靈魂人物，但目前有關管教人員角色知覺之文獻尚為缺乏。復以，少年輔育院的現有管教人力甚為有限，相對於總是超收的學生尤為見絀。因此，如何在極為有限的人力支應下，協助輔導迷途青少年回歸正軌、重獲新生，進而改善社會治安，著實仰賴管教人員的經驗、智慧與責任感。本研究探討管教人員之角色知覺，望能裨益少年輔育院實施感化教育之成效。 本研究之目的如下： 一、探討少年輔育院管教人員對本身角色的動機、期望與知覺。 二、探討影響少年輔育院管教人員角色扮演的關鍵要素。 三、探討少年輔育院管教人員工作所遇到的困難與因應方法。 四、提出具體可行的建議，使管教人員更能勝任管教工作。 本研究所得重要結論如下： 一、發現 （一）從事管教工作的動機多非出自個人志趣。 （二）管教人員對管教成效大多抱持悲觀保守的態度。 （三）管教人員對本身角色的知覺程度，聘任者為最高，監獄官考試者次之，借調支援者為最低。 （四）具備特定特質為稱職的管教人員的必要條件，能力則為加分要件。 （五）進用方式與穩定性、工作的認同感、管教成效間具有相關性。 （六）管教成效倚賴經驗，經驗漸增，壓力漸減，但可能有副作用。 （七）管教人力配置不足，負責的學生數過多，戒護風險高。 （八）管教職務職責繁重，職缺陞遷誘因不足，造成陞遷序列斷層。 （九）體罰關鍵在於如何實施，而非是否實施。 （十）賞罰分明、處分個別化是管教工作基本原則。 （十一）管教人員間的歧異是管教實務中的風險因子。 （十二）親職教育是管教工作不可或缺的重點。 （十三）感化教育的成敗關鍵，繫於環境的良窳與學生是否具有一技之長。 二、建議 （一）對矯正主管機關的建議 1.重新開放聘任進用管道。 2.改善陞遷誘因，填補正式人力，減少借調支援。 3.增加各班級管教人力配置。 4.遴選管道增加篩選機制。 5.改善同工不同酬問題。 6.訂定體罰實施原則。 （二）對現職管教人員的建議 1.加強學生技能訓練，培養其一技之長。 2.以法治教育為基礎，品德教育為進階，並輔以親職教育。 3.參加法律或心理學相關訓練進修，以減少隔閡或代溝。 4.加強管教人員間的協調一致性、異中求同。 （三）對未來有意任職管教人員者的建議 1.陞任管教職務前，宜整體評估後審慎決定。 2.檢視自身能力，持續提升補強。 3.宜先作好心理建設，配合完整的實務見習與職務歷練。

本研究旨在瞭解新住民家庭青少年台灣族群認同、母親原生國族群認同與自尊在不同人口背景變項上的差異，並探討三者間的關係。 本研究採取問卷調查法，以新北市板橋區、新莊區、三重區為範圍，共抽取八所公立國中之全數新住民家庭青少年為研究對象，最後獲得496名有效樣本。研究者以「台灣族群認同量表」、「母親原生國族群認同量表」、「自尊量表」等為研究工具，經資料分析後本研究之結果如下： 一、新住民家庭青少年對於台灣的族群認同與母親原生國的族群認同感，以及在自尊的表現上皆達到中上程度。 二、新住民家庭青少年對台灣的族群認同顯著高於對母親原生國家的族群認同。 三、新住民家庭青少年的台灣族群認同與人口變項有密切關係： （一）「是否與母親同住」會影響整體的台灣族群認同感、台灣族群歸屬感與台灣族群態度。未與母親同住者的整體台灣族群認同感、台灣族群歸屬感與台灣族群態度顯著高於有與母親同住者。 （二）「母親教育程度」、「父母親總收入」會影響台灣族群知覺。母親教育程度高中以上者的台灣族群知覺程度顯著高於母親教育程度國中以下者；父母親總收入高於四萬元者，其台灣族群知覺程度顯著高於父母親總收入四萬元以下者。 （三）「父親教育程度」會影響台灣族群歸屬感。父親教育程度高中以上者對台灣的族群歸屬感顯著高於父親教育程度國中以下者。 四、新住民家庭青少年的母親原生國族群認同與人口變項有密切關係： （一）「年級」會影響整體母親原生國族群認同、族群歸屬感、族群態度與族群投入。就讀於七年級與八年級者在整體母親原生國族群認同、族群歸屬感、族群態度與族群投入的程度皆顯著高於就讀九年級者。 （二）「是否與母親同住」會影響整體母親原生國族群認同、族群知覺、族群態度以及族群投入。有與母親同住者，其整體母親原生國族群認同、族群知覺、族群態度以及族群投入的程度皆顯著高於未與母親同住者。 （三）「父、母親教育程度」皆會影響對母親原生國的族群知覺。父、母親教育程度為高中以上者，其母親原生國族群知覺的表現顯著高於教育程度國中以下者。 （四）「自覺家庭經濟條件」會影響母親原生國的族群投入。自認為家中經濟條件與其他家庭差不多者在母親原生國的族群投入上顯著高於自覺家中經濟低於其他家庭者。 五、新住民家庭青少年的自尊與人口變項有密切關係：「是否與母親同住」、「父母親總收入」，以及「自覺家庭經濟條件」會影響自尊。有與母親同住者、父母親總收入高於四萬元者、自覺家庭經濟優於其他家庭以及自覺與其他家庭差不多者，其自尊會比未與母親同住、父母親總收入四萬元以下者、自覺家中經濟劣於其他家庭的新住民家庭青少年顯著更高。 六、新住民家庭青少年之「台灣族群認同」、「母親原生國族群認同」、以及「台灣與母親原生國族群認同間的落差」皆與自尊達到顯著相關。 七、新住民家庭青少年「自覺家庭經濟條件」、「台灣族群認同」、「母親原生國族群認同」對自尊具有解釋力。 　　最後，根據本研究之研究結果，提出對教育策略、政策規劃、實務工作者以及未來相關研究之具體建議。 / The purpose of this study was to investigate relationships among ethnic identity and self-esteem of the adolescents from new immigrant families in Taiwan. Three questionnaires -“Ethnic Identity toward Taiwan Scale”, “Ethnic Identity toward Nation of Immigrant Mother Scale”, and “Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale”- were applied for data collection. There were 496 subjects selected from 8 junior high school in Banqiao, Xinzhuang, Sanchong District in New Taipei City. The findings of this study were as follow: 1. For the adolescents from new immigrant families, the ethnic identity toward Taiwan and their immigrant mother’s nation and the self-esteem were all above the average. 2. For the adolescents from new immigrant families, the ethnic identity toward Taiwan were higher than ethnic identity toward their immigrant mother’s nation. 3. There were significant relationship between ethnic identity toward Taiwan and demographic variables in the adolescents from new immigrant families as follow: (1) “Residence with immigrant mother” had significant relationship with the ethnic identity toward Taiwan, ethnic sense of belonging toward Taiwan, and ethnic attitude toward Taiwan. (2) “Educational level of immigrant mother” and “Total income of parents” had significant relationship with the ethnic awareness of Taiwan. (3) “Educational level of father” had significant relationship with the ethnic sense of belonging toward Taiwan. 4. There were significant relationship between ethnic identity toward nation of immigrant mother and demographic variables in the adolescents from new immigrant families as follow: (1) “Grade of adolescents” had significant relationship with the ethnic identity toward nation of immigrant mother, ethnic sense of belonging toward nation of immigrant mother, ethnic attitude toward nation of immigrant mother, and ethnic involvement of nation of immigrant mother. (2) “Residence with immigrant mother” had significant relationship with the ethnic identity toward nation of immigrant mother, ethnic awareness of nation of immigrant mother, ethnic attitude toward nation of immigrant mother, and ethnic involvement of nation of immigrant mother. (3) “Educational level of father and immigrant mother” had significant relationship with the ethnic awareness of nation of immigrant mother. (4) “Economical condition of family” had significant relationship with the ethnic involvement of nation of immigrant mother. 5. There were significant relationship between self-esteem and demographic variables in the adolescents from new immigrant families. “Residence with immigrant mother”, “Total income of parents”, and “Economical condition of family” had significant relationship with their self-esteem. 6. There were significant correlation between “ethnic identity toward Taiwan”, “ethnic identity toward nation of immigrant mother”, and “difference of ethnic identity toward Taiwan and nation of immigrant mother” and their self-esteem. 7. “Economical condition of family”, “ethnic identity toward Taiwan”, and “ethnic identity toward nation of immigrant mother” were elements significantly affected self-esteem. According to above findings, I offered some suggestions to education, policy, and social work administration and other researchers in the nearly future.

本研究旨在建構青少年藥物濫用與偏差行為之影響因素模式，並瞭解復原力如何對青少年藥物濫用與偏差行為產生影響。本研究共分為兩組，在一般組青少年的部份，以台灣地區11所國、高中職（含進修學校）1711 位青少年為研究對象;藥物濫用組則是以台灣地區13所矯治機構中，555位藥物濫用青少年為研究對象。研究工具包括衝動性人格量表、父母依附關係量表、師生互動關係量表、同儕關係量表、偏差同儕量表、青少年復原力量表、青少年偏差行為量表與藥物濫用程度量表。本研究採用描述性統計分析、探索性因素分析、驗證性因素分析、單因子多變量變異數分析、Pearson積差相關與結構方程模式進行資料分析。研究主要發現如下： （一） 藥物濫用組青少年之衝動性人格、與父母之間的疏離感、所接觸的偏差同儕及其行為偏差程度顯著高於一般組。 （二） 兩組青少年和父母、教師以及同儕之間均有良好的依附與互動關係。但一般組青少年之師生互動與同儕關係顯著高於藥物濫用組。 （三） 兩組青少年皆有良好的復原力。然一般組青少年在「同理心與人際互動」及「情緒調節」的得分上較高。而藥物濫用組則是在「希望與樂觀」的面向上得分較高。 （四） 整體而言，藥物濫用組青少年之藥物渴求與藥物依賴程度並不高。 （五） 衝動性人格與偏差同儕是直接影響青少年偏差行為的關鍵危險因子，而父母依附關係則是使得青少年偏差行為下降的保護因子。衝動性人格、師生互動關係、同儕關係以及偏差同儕會透過復原力，提高個體行為偏差的程度。僅有父母依附關係會透過復原力降低青少年的偏差行為。 （六） 藥物濫用雙模式驗證結果皆顯示復原力是直接影響青少年藥物濫用的關鍵保護因子；而偏差行為則是對青少年藥物濫用有直接影響的關鍵危險因子。衝動性人格、師生互動關係與偏差同儕都會透過復原力與偏差行為，而提高青少年藥物濫用的程度。而父母依附關係與同儕關係則是會透過復原力及偏差行為降低青少年的藥物濫用。 最後，根據本研究主要發現提出若干意見，以提供相關單位與人員在教育、犯罪矯正與學術研究上之參考。 / The aim of this study was to construct the factor model of drug abuse and delinquency among adolescent and to explore the influence of resilience on the factor model. The participants in this study were 1711 middle school students and 555 youth drug offenders in prisons in Taiwan. Moreover, the employed instruments included the Inventory of Impulsive Personality, the Inventory of Mentoring Function, the Inventory of Meaning Making, the Inventory of Parent Attachment, the Inventory of Teacher-student Interaction, the Peer Subscale of TRICA, the Inventory of peer delinquency, the Inventory of Adolescent Resilience, Juvenile delinquency Questionnaire, and the Inventory of Drug Abuse. The collected data was analyzed by descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, one-way MANOVA, Pearson correlation, and SEM. The main findings of this study were as follows: (1) Youth drug offenders had high levels impulsivity and engaged in more delinquent behavior than the normal group; they also felt more alienated by their parents; youth drug offenders’ peers engage in more delinquent behaviors than the normal subjects. (2) Both normal subjects and youth drug offenders were perceived high levels of teacher-students interaction, parental attachment, and good peer relationship. Nevertheless, normal subjects had stronger perceived teacher’s influence and better peer relationship than the youth drug offenders. (3) Both normal subjects and youth drug offenders had high levels of resilience; nevertheless, normal subjects outperformed the youth drug offenders on the “empathy and interpersonal interaction” and “emotional regulation”. Youth drug offenders outperformed the normal subjects on the “hope and optimism”. (4) Youth drug offenders didn’t have high levels of drug craving, dependence, and drug abuse. (5) Adolescent impulsive personality and peer delinquency as the risk factors had direct effects on juvenile delinquency; conversely, parental attachment was the protective factors. Moreover, adolescent impulsive personality, teacher-student interaction, peer relationship, and peer delinquency had indirect effect on their delinquent behavior via resilience. (6) According to these two factor models of drug abuse, teacher-student interaction and peer delinquency had direct effect on drug abuse for model 1; and only teacher-student interaction had direct effect on drug abuse for Model 2. Moreover, the results of these two factor models, resilience were the important protective factor against drug abuse; conversely, juvenile delinquency as the risk factor had the direct effect on drug abuse. As the result, impulsive personality, teacher-student interaction, and peer delinquency had indirect positive effect on drug abuse via resilience and juvenile delinquency; moreover, parental attachment and peer relationship had indirect negative effect on drug abuse via resilience and juvenile delinquency. Recommendations for family, school, correctional institution, and future study are discussed.

本研究以復元觀點探討思覺失調症青少年的生活適應，將適應區分初發病、生病後及現況三階段，分析其(1)身、心、社會功能的轉變，以及與環境系統之互動情形；(2)影響生活適應之因素；(3)促進復元之因素；(4)復元結果。本研究採半結構訪談之方式，訪談十位思覺失調症青少年，研究結果如下： 一、思覺失調症青少年之生活適應 疾病初發階段，就罹病青少年而言，疾病因應策略分為五種：「轉移注意力」、「問題解決」、「情緒導向」、「調適」與「無法處理」，並因疾病而從學校撤退，此外，青少年對發病原因傾向自我歸因與內省。家庭系統，在缺少疾病衛教的情形下，家屬與罹病青少年一同經歷混亂與無助，但仍展現出多重求助行為。醫院系統，醫生著重病理症狀控制，缺少疾病衛教與情緒支持，然而，住院經驗並非完全負向，亦具正向影響。 生病後，就罹病青少年而言，疾病對其身、心、社會功能的影響相當廣泛，但也帶給其覺醒與成長的契機。家庭系統，家屬對青少年的互動關係與教養方式會產生正向變化，但家屬之疾病態度與因應策略卻包含正、負向。學校系統，青少年與同儕交往的深淺，易受疾病汙名影響；老師對疾病的態度與因應方式亦可區分為正、負向。復健系統，參與復健可提供罹病青少年場域的轉換，協助其疾病穩定與調適。 青少年與疾病共生的過程，會嘗試運用資源與優勢，與環境達到良好的適配；在疾病因應上發展出更多正向力量，學會使用「問題解決」策略，也從單一因應策略，發展到多重策略。此時青少年仍對未來充滿希望，並展現出他們渴望獨立自主，不讓家人擔心的成熟。 二、影響生活適應之因素 1.個人層面：人格特質與疾病因應策略。 2.家庭及非正式網絡：家人言論、支持、態度與疾病因應策略，以及同 儕互動方式。 3.正式網絡：老師關懷、給予彈性與連結輔導資源、醫護人員互動方式 與疾病衛教、精神復健機構之處遇模式、住院過程。 4.社會汙名：經驗到來自雇主或同學的歧視，影響青少年的自我評價與 疾病接納度。 三、促進復元之因素 1.正式支持：經濟因素、處境改變、參與復健、專業人員協助、穩定就 業。 2.非正式支持：網友支持、休閒娛樂。 3.復元三大基石：症狀減緩、信念與態度、家庭支持。 四、生活適應歷程中的復元 依據復元統合模式之復元指標達成的數量，本研究有五位思覺失調症青少年目前為完全復元型、四位半復元型和一位初學型，分別展現不同的內在力量，呈現出「優遊自在」、「學習與調適」與「挫折與探索」的人生，而激發其改變與成長的轉捩點為「自我覺醒」與「參與復健」。思覺失調症青少年具復元的可能性，不僅是為了克服障礙而發展因應策略，更是超越障礙與追求自主性的展現。 最後，研究者結合上述研究結果，嘗試繪製出思覺失調症青少年之復元統合模式，並提出本研究限制與建議，提供學校、心理衛生醫護人員、服務提供者、青少年病患之家屬與未來研究者參考。 / This study aimed to use perspective of recovery to explore the life adjustment of adolescents with schizophrenia and distinguish the process of life adjustment into the initial, stable and current three stages, discussed (a) the respondents’ bio-psycho-social function changes and the interaction with the environment system；(b) the related factors of life adjustment；(c) the facilitating factors of recovery, and(d)the respondents’ result of recovery. This research adopted a semi-structured interview to interview ten adolescents with schizophrenia. The study results are as follows： 一、The life adjustment of adolescents with schizophrenia In the initial stage, for the respondents, their illness coping strategies can be divided into five types：distraction, problem-focused, emotion-focused, accommodation and unable to handle, and they drop-out of school because of illness. Besides, respondents tend to self-attribution and introspection of the cause of the illness. In the family system, because of the lack of patient education situation, the family experience chaos and helplessness with the respondents either, but also show multiple help-seeking behavior. In the hospital system, doctors focus on the control of symptoms, lack of patient education and emotional support；however, the experience of hospitalization is not completely negative and it also has positive influence. In the stable stage, for the respondents, the illness has a wide range of effects on their bio-psycho-social function, but it also provided them an opportunity to awaken and grow. In the family system, the parenting style and relationship between respondents and their family have a positive change, but the attitudes toward illness and coping strategies of the family included positive and negative types.In the school system, the depth of relationship between respondents and peers are easily influenced by illness stigma, and teachers’ attitudes toward illness and coping strategies also include positive and negative types. Participate in rehabilitation can provide the respondents the conversion of the field to help them stabilize and accommodate illness. For respondents, it is a symbiotic process with illness, respondents will try to use resources and advantages to achieve a good fit with the environment and develop more strength to cope illness. They also learned to use " problem-focused " strategy and from using single strategy changed to use multi-strategies. At this moment, respondents are still hopeful for the future and long for independence, they are mature enough to not let their families worry. 二、There are four types of factors that influenced the life adjustment： 1.Personal factors：characteristics and illness coping strategies. 2.Family and informal network：speech, support, attitude and illness coping strategies from family and peer interaction. 3.Formal network：Teachers provide care, flexibility and connect counseling resources. Interaction with mental health practitioners and patient education. Treatment modes from psychiatric rehabilitation agencies. Hospitalization process/experience. 4.Social stigma：Discrimination from employers or classmates influenced respondents’ self-evaluation and acceptance for illness. 三、There are three types of factors that facilitate recovery： 1.Formal support：financial issue, change for status, participate in rehabilitation, assistance from professionals, employment. 2.Informal support：net-pals support and entertainment. 3.Three cornerstones of recovery：symptom remission, faith /attitude and family support. 四、The recovery from life adjustment of adolescents with schizophrenia According to the recovery target of the unity model of recovery which adolescents with schizophrenia achieved, they were divided into three recovery stages：five are full-recovery, four are semi-recovery, one is novitiate recovery, and they also show different mental strengths respectively which presented " comfort and leisure", "learning and accommodation" and "frustration and exploration" of life. Besides, the turning points which inspired respondents to change and grow are "self-awareness" and "participation in rehabilitation". Adolescents with schizophrenia have the potential for recovery, they not only developed coping strategies to overcome obstacles, but also presented how they transcended obstacles and pursued autonomy. Finally, according to the results, the investigator came up a recovery unity model suited for the adolescents with schizophrenia, and discussed the limitations of this study and the advices for school system, mental health practitioners, service providers, the family and future researchers.

我國於2014年5月20日通過兒童權利公約施行法，並由總統於同年6月4日公布，除了將聯合國《兒童權利公約》內國法化外，也將此公約三個任擇議定書中的其中兩項《關於買賣兒童、兒童賣淫和兒童色情問題之兒童權利公約任擇議定書》( Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography )及《關於兒童捲入武裝衝突問題之兒童權利公約任擇議定書》( Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict )一併國內法化，並因應兒童權利公約施行法之增訂，於隔年大幅度修改兒童及少年性交易防制條例，除將該條例名稱修改為《兒童及少年性剝削防制條例》之外，也增修新條文並將立法目的從單純防制兒童、少年成為性交易對象，擴大兒童及少年的保護範圍，更改為防制兒童及少年遭受性剝削，保護其身心健全發展。 然而在法律對於兒童權利更予以重視之下，就日新月異的虛擬兒童色情物因為科技的進展而有著與過去更多不同形式的呈現手法，然而全然處罰可能造成言論自由受到過多箝制的反對聲浪，但全然不處罰卻也有可能造成兒童成為下一個受害者。從而為了在兒童權利及言論自由之間尋找新的平衡點，本文參考日本判決提出的三個判斷標準─「真實性」、「兒童性」、「同一性」來判斷真假難辨之虛擬兒童色情物，並對於符合三要件之虛擬兒童色情物及不符合者予以不同程度之定性。

隨著入臺工作的移工人數逐年增加，逃逸隱匿、逾期居留的無證移工在臺生育子女的現象屢見不鮮，這些兒童、少年的國籍與身分認定，連繫於父或母的國籍身分與婚姻狀況，或因父母其中一人行方不明導致身分確認困難，從而產生各種錯綜複雜的身分態樣。身分未定的空窗期導致在臺生活的無證兒童、少年（以下簡稱無證兒少）面臨權益空白的困境。 本研究從國籍制度、移民政策與出生通報機制開始探討，針對無證移工在臺所生子女，以「生父為國人，生母為外國籍」、「生父不詳，生母為外國籍行方不明」、「隨外國籍父母在臺隱匿者」三種態樣，分別描述無證兒少身分取得及現況處遇方式；在權益保障方面，以姓名權與身分國籍權、教育權與健康權等相關法制為出發點，評述兒少權益之取得，仍受限於身分認定與基本權益無法脫鉤的規範中。此外，在婚生推定制度的架構下，國人生父認領無證兒少的程序，須由外國籍無證移工生母提具原屬國開立且經駐外館處驗證之婚姻狀況證明方得辦理，惟提證困難導致認領流程延宕，因此，本研究亦分析婚生推定制度對於無證兒少身分取得的影響。 透過文獻分析與深度訪談的方式，深入探究無證兒少面臨的脆弱處境，他們可能遭遺棄、被販賣、或跟著父母在臺四處逃逸、躲藏，成為社會底層的黑戶。本研究嘗試以「兒童、少年」的觀點，以及兒童權利公約規範的最佳利益為前提，就無證兒少的國籍身分與權益困境，提出短期與中長期建議，更期待藉由本研究，讓這些與我們生活在同一片土地的無證兒少受到更多關懷與重視。

University of Macau / Faculty of Education

University of Macau / Faculty of Education