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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
111

年輕成人與老年人之資源流失、控制策略使用對其憂鬱之影響

劉僥斐, Liu,Chiao-Fei Unknown Date (has links)
本研究在探討年輕成人與老年人之資源流失、控制策略使用對於憂鬱情緒之影響;主要希望了解資源流失對憂鬱具有直接之影響性,或者需透過控制策略間接影響憂鬱;同時,透過年輕成人與老年人之比較,了解各種資源流失的影響途徑以及各種控制策略對憂鬱的影響是否會受到個體所處發展階段的影響。 本研究採用問卷調查法,以台灣地區260名成人為對象,年輕成人組共132人(30-46歲,M=37.2歲),老人組共128人(60-86歲,M=68.7歲)。施以「資源流失調查表」、「控制策略量表」及「貝氏憂鬱量表」,調查所得資料以描述性統計、單因子變異數分析、皮爾森積差相關及路徑分析等方法進行資料分析。 本研究之主要發現如下: 一、 物質資源流失不論在年輕成人或老年人,對於憂鬱均不具顯著預測力。 二、 在年輕成人組,家庭支持資源流失對憂鬱具最強的預測力,且透過直接的路徑影響憂鬱;能量資源流失則透過積極因應策略間接影響憂鬱,即能量資源流失越多者越少使用積極因應的策略,而增加了個人的憂鬱程度。 三、 在老人組,家庭支持資源流失會透過直接與間接兩種路徑影響憂鬱,即家庭支持資源流失越多者越少使用積極因應與降低要求兩種策略,進而影響個人的憂鬱程度;能量資源流失則是對憂鬱具直接的預測力。 四、 在控制策略對憂鬱的影響部分,積極因應策略不論在年輕成人與老人組均對憂鬱具顯著的預測力,使用越多積極因應策略則憂鬱程度越低;但降低要求策略僅在老人組才對憂鬱具顯著的預測力,且使用越多降低要求策略的老年人,憂鬱程度越高。 本文最後根據研究結果進行討論,並根據研究結果對年輕成人與老年人之心理衛生工作以及未來之研究方向提出建議。 / The purposes of this study were: (1) to investigate the influence of lost resources and control strategies for depression in young adult and old adult. Furthermore, to explore that the relation between lost resources and depression was direct or mediated by control strategies. (2) to find out whether the way that different kinds of lost resources and control strategies influence depression will be varied from different developmental stages or not. Subjects of 260 Adults in Taiwan (132 young adults and 128 old adults) were evaluated by the instruments, including resources evaluation scale, control strategy scale, and Beck Depression Items (BDI). The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, Pearson product-moment correlation, and path analysis. The main findings were as follows: 1. Losses of material resources could not predict depression in both age groups. 2. In young adults, losses of family support resources predict depression directly; but the relation between energy resources and depression was mediated by active coping strategy, which means the more energy resources lose, the less active coping strategies were used, and the more depression were reported. 3. In old adults, losses of family support resources predict depression directly and indirectly, which means the more family support resources lose, the less active coping and lowering aspiration strategies were used, and the more depression were reported. 4. As to the relation between control strategies and depression, active coping strategies could predict depression in both age groups, which means the subjects using more active coping strategies had less depression. Lowering aspiration strategies could predict depression only in old adults. In other words, the old adults using more lowering aspiration strategies had more depression. According to the findings, some suggestions for the mental health of young adults and old adults, as well as for further study were provided.
112

檔案控制層次在歷史檔案編排之應用

葉美珠 Unknown Date (has links)
檔案控制層次分為管理、全宗、系列、案卷、件等五個層次,是由美國國家檔案暨文件署之學者Oliver Wendell Holmes在1964年提出「檔案編排-五種不同的控制層次」一文的說法。 從2001年起,國內各典藏歷史檔案機構已就其重要的歷史檔案,引進採用最新發展之「檔案描述編碼格式」(Encoded Archival Description,簡稱EAD)及「國際檔案描述標準」(General International Standard Archival Description,簡稱ISAD(G))等標準,進行數位典藏計畫,使檔案控制層次在歷史檔案編排之應用,成為數位典藏計畫執行期間及本研究階段之重要研究課題。 本研究採用「個案研究法」與「深度訪談法」進行研究,對5所典藏歷史檔案機構進行個案研究,包括:國立故宮博物院、國史館、國史館台灣文獻館、中央研究院歷史語言研究所及近代史研究所,以了解檔案控制層次之應用成果;另深度訪談法則是對機構內檔案編排人員進行訪談,以搜集參與數位典藏計畫前後,檔案控制層次在歷史檔案編排之應用情形資訊,及檔案描述有關之控制層次內容。 根據本研究,有下列結論:一、各機構均會參酌最新理論與應用先例進行檔案編排;二、對於檔案控制層次除運用在實體歷史檔案編排外,並也已逐漸延伸到數位檔案影像編排上;三、後設資料需求規格書中之控制層次名稱更為明確;四、控制層次邏輯可以作為製成檢索工具基礎及應用在數位檔案之檔名命名上;五、層次關係以樹狀結構呈現;六、多數機構著重在較低層次的描述;七、彙整出各機構檔案編排之層次圖表。 最後對前述研究結論提出建議:一、未將檔案控制層次運用在歷史檔案編排者,應加以調整;二、控制層次之名稱與內涵應一致;三、運用檔案控制層次方法後,應加以彙集出版或作為網路上瀏覽檔案的輔助索引;四、建立描述計畫時,應著重在較高層次的描述;五、各機構應加強訂定檔案描述規則與多層次描述規範。 / The levels of control in archival arrangement can be classified by depositories, fonds, series, files and items ,etc. This concept had been proposed by Oliver Wendell Holmes in 1964, in his article: “Archival Arrangement -- Five Different Operations at Five Different Levels”. Since 2001, many public archive institutions which are major holders of historical materials in Taiwan, early or late participated in the “National Digital Archives Program” (NDAP). They have adopted “Encoded Archival Description” (EAD) and “General International Standard Archival Description” ( ISAD(G)) as the standards of archive digitization. Therefore, the levels of control applied in the arrangement of historical archives have become the main topics of NDAP and relative studies. This study has adopted the “case study method” and the “in-depth interview method.” We make case studies of five major historical archive institutions in Taiwan -- the National Palace Museum, the Historica Academia, the Taiwan Historica, the Institute of History and Philology and the Institute of Modern History, especially regarding the levels of control applied in the arrangement of historical archives before and after these institutions participated in NDAP. On the other hand, we interviewed the archivists of the above institutions, in order to understand their work of archival description based on the levels of control. We reached the following conclusions: 1. The above-mentioned institutions adopt the newly theory and practice in archival arrangement every now and again. 2. The levels of control not only have been applied in the arrangement of physical archives, but extended to digital archives. 3. The levels of control have become more definite in the specification of metadata requirement. 4. The logic of the levels of control can be utilized as the basis of finding aids and : the naming rule of digital files. 5. The hierarchical model of the levels of control has been presented in a kind of tree structure. 6. Most institutions focus their efforts on lower level descriptions. 7. For further research, we establish a summary table of the levels of control adopted by the above-mentioned institutions. Finally, we do have some suggestions: 1. For every historical archive holder, it is a wise choice to adopt the levels of control to arrange the historical materials 2. The naming on the levels of control and its contents must be consistent. 3. The levels of control applied in the arrangement of historical materials should be available on-site to user as auxiliary index. 4. We’d better concentrate more efforts on higher level description while planning for archival description. 5. Each public archive institution should make every effort to enhance the establishment of Chinese archival description rules and multiple description specifications.
113

台灣小型IC設計公司創立新事業之個案研究

陳清宏, Chen, Ching-Hung Unknown Date (has links)
台灣地區的IC設計產業,近幾年來的發展十分蓬勃,總產值排名全球第二,僅次於北美,全球市場佔有率約22%左右;截至2005年底,台灣IC設計業者總數已達268 家,其中有8家業者擠進全球前30大IC設計公司排行榜。 除了一些規模屬中、大型的IC設計業者有機會站上國際舞臺,且生命力相對穩定,其他小型台灣IC設計業者若無創新技術以及經營策略做為武器,很難在競爭激烈的市場中存活。 本研究嘗試分析台灣IC設計業的現況,找出其全球競爭的優勢,並以一台灣小型IC設計公司的創業實例,結合吳思華教授的策略三構面以及Scott A. Shane科技創業聖經的分析,試圖找出小型IC設計公司的成功之道,供其他新創IC設計公司做決策時的參考。 本研究旨在回答下列三個問題: 一、 探討台灣新創小型IC設計公司如何選擇公司創立時的產品方向。 二、 台灣新創小型IC設計公司因各項資源短缺,如何選擇適合的營運模式。 三、 小型IC設計公司沒有市場知名度,如何做上下游的合縱連橫,才能成功銷售產品。 本研究得到下列結論: 一、 組成有較高技術能力的研發團隊,找出有技術門檻的產品,可擺脫與其他小型IC設計公司直接競爭的可能性。另外,應找出市場規模不大但穩定成長的產品,因為這種市場的需求量不符合大公司的經濟規模,大型IC設計公司比較不想進入相同的市場。而且因為市場規模不大,產品單價較高,毛利率可相對提高。雖然市場需求量不是非常大,但是小公司的營業費用較低,若產品的毛利率高,且市場穩定成長,公司獲利的機會就高。 二、 小型IC設計公司的資金以及人員不足,無法自行完成所有前後段IC設計,需要外包後段IC設計以及生產安排;而且如果增加後段IC設計的人員,會造成整個公司的營業費用變高,若市場規模不大,獲利的機會將會降低。 因此,小型IC設計公司應利用台灣IC產業完整的供應鏈supply chain做互補性資產,慎選供應商以快速切入市場。 三、 小型IC設計公司應利用台灣製造業王國主導關鍵零組件選擇權的優勢,並利用Local Support達成Time to market的優勢,與大企業合作共同尋找潛在產品,並以利潤分享模式,確定顧客願意使用以及推廣,保障基本營收,借力使力克服其他客戶對小型公司的疑慮,進而開拓市場知名度,增加長期競爭力。 / The development of IC design industry has been prosperous for the recent years in Taiwan. The total production value ranks the second in the worldwide, and the entire production value takes up 22% share among the worldwide market, only being inferior to that in North America. The number of IC design companies has been increasing to 268 ones in Taiwan, up to the end of the year 2005; eight of which even squeezed into the worldwide top 30 companies at the ranking chart. It is only the medium and large companies that stand a fair chance to sparkle themselves on the international stage, and they fill with steady vitality as well. As for other small ones, it will be hard for them to survive in the keen competitive market if they are deficient of the innovative technology and managerial strategy as their weapons. The gist of this research focuses on analyzing the current situation of Taiwan IC design industry and exploring its superior advantage against the global competition. A real case is taken from a Taiwan small start up IC design company with which combined Dr. Wu’s “three aspects in strategy” in his “The nature of the Strategy” and “Finding Fertile Ground” by Scott A. Shane. It is the purpose to try to find out a road leading the small start up IC design companies to achieve success and to hope that can be a strategic reference for the new start up IC design companies. The object of this research is to answer the questions listed below: 1. Discussing how a small start up IC design company sets his direction in defining their product during the initial period. 2. How can a small start up IC design company choose a proper business model under the limited company resources. 3. Being lack of the market prestige of a small start up IC design company, how to jointly and coordinately cooperate with his strategic customer to have their products enjoy a steady and successful sale? This research concluded the followings: 1. Composing R/D team with greater inventive ability and inventing some products with more difficult threshold in order to get rid of the directly competitive possibility with other small IC design companies. Moreover, they should find out the product without huge market demand while it owns stable growth rate. Since the demand at the market does not meet the economy scale of big companies; thus, the big companies would rather not get into the same market. And since the market demand is not big, the products selling price can be higher, the more gross profit they can get in this kind of small market. Although there is not a great demand for the product, the small companies can still get better profit from the lower business expense, and the small company can be profitable due to the steady growing market demand. 2. Small start up IC design companies might be lack of sufficient capital and employees, so they can not complete both the front end and the back end IC design process alone. Thus outsourcing the back end IC design process and production arrangement are necessary. Otherwise, the business expense will be too high if they increase the labor force of the back end engineering. The overall profit will get worse if the market demand is not big. So, small IC design company should make good use of the sufficient supply chain in Taiwan IC industry as a supplementary asset, and select the suppliers by higher criteria, then penetrate the market timely. 3. Taiwan electronic manufacturing industry has occupied a dominant position in key components, so the small IC design companies should take advantage of that, and use the strength of “local support” to achieve the advantage of “time to market”. Cooperate with big firms in order to find out the potential products. Small companies can take profit sharing business model to ensure the strategic customers have the willingness to use and promote their products. Then the other customers can spontaneously eliminate their concern toward a small start up company. In this way, the small start up company can assure to gain a basic income first; furthermore, they would enjoy a positive increasing market reputation and a stronger long term competitive capability.
114

3D遊戲中智慧型角色的互動式運動控制 / Interactive Motion Control for Intelligent Characters in 3D Games

陳俊傑, Chen,Chun Chieh Unknown Date (has links)
在3D遊戲中,讓虛擬角色能夠在場景中自主的和使用者進行即時互動,一直是一個非常有挑戰性的問題。過去在此方面的相關研究雖然為數不少,但大多數的研究不是用效能來換取角色動作的規劃品質,就是屈就於效能而決定犧牲品質,能妥善的在兩者之間取得平衡的系統並不常見。本論文所提出的系統,便是一個能在兩者之間取得不錯平衡的角色動作規劃器。我們的規劃器會根據使用者的操作命令來預測角色未來可行的行動空間,並搭配時間預算的概念,將這些預測結果儲存在一種稱為可行動作樹的資料結構,從這些預測結果中搜尋出最符合使用者操作要求的角色動作。我們利用這個規劃器實作了兩種不同的應用,並測試了它們的效能。我們相信這個運動模組能實用在一般如遊戲的即時動畫環境中,提昇動畫角色的互動性與動畫品質。 / Allowing a virtual character to interact with the user autonomously in a 3D game has been a challenging problem for long. There has been much research in this direction but most of them have to trade interactivity of control with the quality of the generated motions or the other way. It is rare to see a system that can find a good balance between these two factors. In this thesis, we propose an interactive system consisting of a motion planner aiming to find a good balance between these two factors. Our planner attempts to predict the feasible motion space in the near future according to user commands. We use the concept of time-budgeted computing to maintain a data structure called Feasible Motion Tree representing the feasible motion space. This tree is maintained in an incremental fashion and is used to select the most appropriate motion clip when the current motion clip comes to the end. We have used this motion planning module to implement two different applications and verify its efficacy and efficiency. We believe that this motion planning module can be used in a real-time virtual environment, such as a game, for the improvement of the interactivity and the quality of motion control.
115

再生能源發展政策工具之獎勵基礎 / A Study of Policy Base to Promote Renewable Energy Production

王馨珮, Wang, Hsin Pei Unknown Date (has links)
本文以最適控制理論證明,獎勵再生能源產出之政策,應以再生能源淨能源產出做為獎勵的基礎,而非現行以再生能源總能源產出做為獎勵基礎之模式。這裡的淨能源產出,指的是再生能源廠商生產出之再生能源,減去生產再生能源時所用的能源投入。本文首先將社會最適情況下的總能源產出分別與以淨能源產出和總能源產出為獎勵政策基礎之價格與數量政策下之總能源產出作比較,提出獎勵再生能源產出的政策,需以淨能源產出做為獎勵的基礎,而非現行以總能源產出作為基礎的政策,接著,在以淨能源產出為基礎的政策下,探討環境外部性與防治成本以及研究發展的議題。 / By the optimal control theory, this paper proves that policies on encouraging the production of renewable energy should be based on its net output or net energy instead of on its gross output or gross energy. Here net energy is defined as the surplus of renewable energy output minus energy input from its production. This paper first compares the optimal gross output of the renewable energy under the social optimal condition with the gross outputs under the price-based policy instrument and the quantity-based policy instrument based on net energy output and gross energy output, respectively, suggesting that policy instruments used to encourage the production of renewable energy should be based on its net output instead of on its gross output. Finally, it probes the cases of environmental externality and R&D based on the net output of renewable energy.
116

資深新聞工作者的處境分析

蔡莞瑩 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究目的在探討台灣商業電視新聞,1996-2006年十年間,受收視率和置入性行銷影響,媒體如何形塑其下工作者,工作者的工作樣貌有什麼樣的轉變,以及如何自處和抵抗。 本研究以深度訪談和個案研究二種方式進行,訪談十位分屬六家衛星新聞台不同階層工作者,研究發現在收視率的部分,媒體從收視率數字開始即以一種近乎暴力的形式控制工作者,並透過採訪會議控制採訪組,收視率會議控制編輯系統和主播,使得其下工作者,從1996年前的政治力操控,轉變為收視率數字控制,精彩和收視數字凌駕一切規範,八卦娛樂和視覺感官化獲勝。 所幸,新聞工作者並不將自己囿於這樣的控制之下,開始有資深工作者努力在收視率之下,開創仍有新聞價值的題材,或者以品牌形象﹑外界力量﹑個人知識﹑影音技巧來抵抗收視率。 置入性行銷部分,因為收入來的最直接,所以媒體的控制往往來自最高階層的壓力,而沒有達到目標值的處罰控制力道往往大於獎勵,但是有不少媒體工作者為了躲避收視率的壓迫,仍然選擇留在置入性行銷的部門之中。 在這樣的控制力之下,媒體人漸漸學會置入性行銷大於一切的原則,不能得罪廣告主,廣告主負面新聞碰不得,不過資深工作者仍沒有放棄,他們發現因為正當性的問題,外界的力量會讓置入性行銷退縮,或者是做到領導品牌,讓廣告主臣服於專業之下,可以爭取到較大的操作空間,至於負面新聞,則可以以模糊原則偷渡。 收視率和置入性行銷這十年來,讓不少優秀媒體人打退堂鼓,期待從這些資深工作者生存下來的方式之中,為媒體人找到一條在離去與妥協之間的第三條路。 關鍵字﹕資深新聞工作者﹑收視率﹑置入行銷﹑市場導向﹑新聞產製﹑控制抵抗 / The purpose of the study is to investigate how audience ratings and placement marketing have influenced the commercial cable news in Taiwan and how news workers are molded by the media from 1996 to 2006.The present study further discusses the transitions of job trend among news workers, as well as how these workers place themselves and make a resistance in the job field. The research was conducted by in-depth interviews and case studies. Ten different news workers at different job levels, who belonged to six satellite news stations, were interviewed. From the perspective of viewership, the study indicates that news workers are violently manipulated by media through the ratings. The cover groups are restrained by pre-interview meetings; and the editing desks and news anchors are also controlled by meetings for ratings.Replacing the manipulation of political power before 1996, news workers are thus constrained by the ratings. Excitement and ratings figures override all standard norms. Gossip, entertainment and visual stimulations are the key factors. Fortunately, news workers do not wish to constrain themselves under such circumstances.Senior news workers began to seek valuable news topic and intended to resist the ratings by creating a leading image, seeking strength from the external, and increasing individual knowledge and audio-visual techniques. Placement marketing, the most direct profits for the media, often generates media control as the pressure from the staff of highest level. When the goal value was not achieved, the controlled strength through punishment was often stronger than rewards. To avoid pressure from ratings, many media workers have chosen to stay at the division of placement marketing.Under such controlling force, media people gradually learned a principle that placement marketing is greater than all others.They did not want to offend the advertisement host, nor would they want to cover any negative news against them. However, senior news workers had not given up. They realized the legitimate problems would retreat the placement marketing by means of public strength.It is possible to submit the advertisement host under the achievement of brand leadership. Thus a wider freedom of manipulation could be gained. As for the negative news, it is possible to sneak across blurredly. Within the last decade, ratings and placement marketing has discouraged many outstanding media people.The study anticipates to search the survival patterns from these senior workers and a third choice besides leaving and submitting for all media workers. Keywords : senior news workers, ratings, placement marketing, market-driven, news production, controlling resistance
117

多國籍企業對外投資之動機、進入模式及管理-以台商在大陸、越南為例

黃顯捷 Unknown Date (has links)
本文旨在探討多國籍企業決定前往海外市場投資時的動機、進入模式以及管理,以台商在大陸及越南為例。筆者透過友人介紹以及親自尋訪個案公司,對兩位分別曾外派大陸及越南的主管進行深度訪談,進而了解一多國籍企業進行海外投資的考量要點以及子公司控管方式。   透過個案訪談分析,發現個案公司在前往大陸及越南投資時,都是地主國正實施經濟開放、政府決心改革的時期,且當局提出各種獎勵優惠,經濟正快速起飛,未來發展前景看好,因而前往投資。而前進一個全新的投資環境,個案公司善用合資、獨資、併購的進入模式,初期與熟悉當地的夥伴或國營企業合資,待熟悉當地環境後,便開始以獨資方式進入或是直接併購當地現有的經營不善的公司,進而讓公司發展更迅速。而在管理方面,海外分公司採當地化策略,僱用、栽培當地人,母公司也十分將權力下放,日常營運皆交由外海分公司主管掌握。   以個案公司為例,本研究分析一多國籍企業海外投資成功之原因,除了正確的進入時機、正確的投資地點之外,進入模式的運用、正確的產品線選擇以及企業經營理念是否成功傳達,都對多國籍企業在海外投資是否能成功產生十分關鍵之影響。
118

父母教養、自我控制、自我韌性與自尊對青少年壓力因應方式之影響研究 / A Study of the Influence of Parenting, Ego-Control, Ego-Resiliency and Self-Esteem on Adolescents' Stress Coping

郭蘊忻 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究旨在瞭解青少年子女壓力因應行為的成因,除了以Maccoby & Martin(1983)的父母教養方式為獨變項之外,還引入Block & Block(1980)提出的自我控制與自我韌性再加上自尊做為中介變項,以探討父母教養方式與青少年子女壓力因應方式的關連影響,以及自我控制、自我韌性、自尊的中介效果。 研究對象為台北縣市之日間部高中學生,共計8所高中653位學生,施以父母教養方式量表、自我控制量表、自我韌性量表、自尊量表、壓力因應策略量表,並將調查所得資料以描述統計、推論統計、結構方程模式等統計方法進行分析。 研究結果顯示:(1)受試者知覺到父母親在反應向度和要求向度上都偏高,其中父母要求又多於父母反應,若父母要求高反應卻低時可能對自尊有不利影響。(2)受試者使用最多的因應策略是情緒取向積極因應,次之為問題取向積極因應,再次之為問題取向消極因應,最少使用的是情緒取向消極因應。高反應高要求的父母教養方式有助於讓子女使用較多的積極因應、較少的消極因應。(3)父母反應對子女的積極因應有直接影響,也會透過自我控制、自我韌性、自尊為中介歷程而間接影響,父母反應對子女的消極因應則是完全透過自我控制、自我韌性、自尊為中介歷程來間接影響。(4)父母要求對子女的積極因應有直接影響,但對子女的消極因應則沒有直接影響,也都無法透過自我控制、自我韌性、自尊為中介歷程而間接影響子女的積極因應或消極因應。(5)模式的契合度指標大部份都在可接受的範圍內,但模型不夠簡約無法完美描述觀察資料,且父母教養的要求向度在模式中並非一個理想的預測變項,將來需要更進一步修改模式,使模式更精簡更能契合資料。 最後,本研究依據研究結果進行討論並提出建議,做為未來研究與親職教育、學校教育之參考。
119

台灣地區旅行業風險管理與保險之研究

陳淑娟, Chen,Shu Chuan Unknown Date (has links)
企業處於現今的經濟環境,其所面臨之風險是多變的,若無防範於未然,倒閉危機將可能發生之結果。尤旅行業屬於高度競爭之產業,業者為求永續經營與維護消費者之權益,更應對可能衍生之風險,落實風險管理。 本研究以風險管理觀點出發,分析旅行業如何辨識並衡量其可能面臨之風險,選擇其風險控制之工具,後續進一步針對旅行業者倒閉風險之風險分散機制探討。旅行業除了投保商業履約保證保險外,另外研究自我保證之可行性。 本研究認為若旅行業採用自我保證方式來取代商業性履約保證保險,將可解決旅行業、銀行與保險公司三方爭議,並享有低費率之履約保證,且同時兼顧消費者之權益。實務上,若要將自我保證付諸實行,仍是有待主管機關、業者、學者研議解決有關法源依據、自我保證基金不足以因應賠款之情事及監督管理辦法等問題。 / Under the current economic environment, enterprises face capricious type of risks. In the absence of preventive measures, enterprises might face the risk of insolvency. This is especially true with the travel business because it is in a highly competitive industry. In order to achieve sustainable operation and protect consumers’ rights and interests, the travel business is advised to implement risk management concept for the risks it is likely to derive. From the point of view of the risk management, the study analyzes the method to identify and measure the risks that the travel industry is likely to face, and it also helps to choose the risk control tools. Furthermore, the study discusses the risk diversification mechanism for insolvency. Besides purchasing the commercial performance bond, the study also analyses the possibility of self-insurance. The study believes that by implementing self-insurance instead of the commercial performance bond, the travel industry will not only solve the tripartite dispute among the industry, banks and insurance companies would also benefit from the lower rates. At the same time, it also takes account of consumers’ interests. In order to put self-insurance into practice, we still require the regulator, industry and academics to resolve the legal issues, insolvency problem of self-guarantee fund, management issues, and the supervision measures to such problems.
120

一般偵查措施的合憲控制--從偵查程序之自由形成原則出發

吳梓榕, Wum, Tzu Jung Unknown Date (has links)
一言以蔽之,本論文的研究重心,在於探討並確認以下命題:即,現今刑事偵查實務所廣為運用的各種一般偵查措施(如長/短期監視、運用監視錄影器資料、自他機關取得或比對資訊、以衛星定位追蹤器追查犯嫌所在地、臥底偵查員或線民的設置等),若對人民基本權造成干預,則應與傳統的強制處分相同,在憲法法治國原則的誡命下,受到法律保留原則、法明確性原則及比例原則等之合憲性控制;而且,這與偵查程序所適用的「偵查程序自由形成原則」並無衝突。 在第二章中,本文將先介紹「偵查程序自由形成原則」的形成背景、內涵及其與其他刑訴重要原則間的關聯/折衝;第三章分析一般偵查措施「為何亦有干預基本權之可能」並詳細說明各種一般偵查措施所可能干預之基本權;第四章則以德國法制現況為比較基準,分別探討法律保留、法明確性及比例原則應如何構成一般偵查措施運用上的界限,並同時討論對「越線違法偵查」的監督/控管問題;於第五章中,再回過頭來分析我國現行法制層面,就上述議題所面臨的困境,並思考可能的解決之道。

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