第一章導論：討論研究動機及研究目的，並解釋本論文所運用之研究方法；其次就資 料來源加以說明。 第二章中共對外貿易體制與政策的演變：從經濟制度理論分析中共經濟制度，並討論 三十年來。中共對外貿易體制與對外貿易政策的演變。 第三章中共對外貿易與經濟發展：首先從輸入需要觀點，分析中共經濟建設；其次研 究出口貿易與就業及所得的關係。 第四章中共對外貿易商品結構與國際收支：分析對外貿易商品結構和市場競爭力，並 討論中共的外匯和國際收支的狀況與策略。 第五章中共對外貿易方式與法規：討論對外貿易的實際做法及方式，分析有關商品檢 驗、海關、保險與運輸等貿易業務和貿易法規。 第六章結論與建議。

我國政府審計制度建制迄今已有五十餘年，歷經軍政、訓政害憲政三時期，其間不惟 民主政治的推行已有相當進展，即審計思潮亦有重大變遷，而現行審計制度無論在觀 念上或建構上卻大多仍因襲固有，殊少革新。加以國人對政府審計的功能普遍缺乏認 識與瞭解，未能予以應有的重視，因此現行審計制度是否適合現代民主國家之需要， 令人不能無疑？著者從事政府審計工作多年，根據個人親身體驗及觀察，印證學術理 論，以檢討審計制度之現況，並提出改革研議，期能恢宏審計功能，而有助於匡正政 府財政收支，提高政府施政效能，健全民主政治體制，及維護人民合法權益。全文共 分七章二十五節，約六萬餘字。第一章 現代政府審計理論之探討。第二章 我國審 計制度之沿革。第三章 審計機關的職掌與業務。第四章 審計機關的隸屬與組織。 第五章 審計人員的進用與保障。第六章 審計專題研究。第七章 結論與建議。

隨著中國在國際經濟與戰略地位的竄升，包括利率與匯率在內的中國貨幣當局政策作為不再僅僅只是該國內部事務而已，也會進一步影響到國際經濟的日常運行。本研究通過質性研究與量化研究交互運用的方式，詳盡分析2002年至2007年中國國際收支失衡對其貨幣政策自主性的影響；本研究從三層次分析中國貨幣政策自主性，包括中國外匯占款對其基礎貨幣發行的直接影響、中國貨幣當局各種貨幣政策工具之沖銷基礎貨幣效率、中國行政調控對降低未完全沖銷的基礎貨幣之於總體經濟暨資產市場的影響。本研究發現中國國際收支的持續順差業已嚴重侵蝕到中國貨幣當局所有三個層次的政策自主性；並且，在可預見的未來，只要中國政府不改變當前人民幣匯率體制與外匯管理制度，則中國貨幣當局可能會窮於應付這超額貨幣供給所衍生出的經濟失衡與泡沫化的危機。 / With the rapid rise of China’s international economic and strategic status, China’s monetary policy measures, including interest rates and foreign exchange rates, will not only be merely China’s internal affairs but also further influence international economic daily operation. This study comprehensively analyzes the impact of the disequilibrium of China’s balance of payments between 2002-2007 on its monetary policy autonomy through qualitative methodology and quantitative methodology. This study analyzes China’s monetary policy autonomy in three levels: the direct impact of China’s funds outstanding for foreign exchange on China’s base money supply, the effectiveness of China’s monetary policy instruments on the sterilization of its base money, the effectiveness of China’s administrative macroeconomic adjustment and control for reducing its non-sterilized base money supply on its macroeconomic and asset markets. This study concludes the continuous surplus of China’s balance of payments has seriously undermined China’s monetary policy autonomy in all three levels; in addition, in the foreseeable future, as long as the Chinese government would not change the current exchange rate regime and the mechanism of foreign exchange management, then China’s monetary authorities might be constantly swamped with the crises of economic disequilibrium and bubble stemmed from its monetary oversupply.

依衛生福利部國民健康署指出，飲酒會導致如車禍、家暴、肝癌及肝硬化等事故與疾病，這些都是少量卻有顯著危害。目前臺灣的酒品隨處可購得，但國人及整個社會卻尚未學會到如何正確與「酒」相處；而臺灣特有的拚酒文化更是常拚出一身病來，許多人因酒而失業、家庭失和，甚至喪命。更可怕的是，飲酒還會造成無辜大眾平白犧牲。有鑒於飲酒過量所帶來的危害，酒害的防制已是世界各國共同的議題。 本研究從長時間來回顧臺灣飲酒消費的情況及變化，同時觀察臺灣飲酒家庭戶長與家庭成員的特性，及各縣市飲酒消費的情形，以作為我國未來在制定酒害防制政策時之參考。本文利用行政院主計總處提供之1990至2012年「家庭收支調查報告」資料來進行分析，結果發現飲酒消費支出金額與所得呈現正向關係，惟所得低的家庭，其飲酒消費支出占可支配所得的比重，較所得高的家庭大。另飲酒消費支出較高的家庭，其教育程度及平均年齡相對較低，且男性成員比率偏高，倘若針對教育程度較低者、年輕及男性族群，透過教育及政策行銷，加強渠等對飲酒危害的風險認知，進而減少飲酒量，將有利提升國民健康。 / It is published that traffic accidents, certain social problems or body illnesses are often the results of alcohol drinking events; such as car accident, family abuse, liver cancer or cirrhosis etc., reported by Health Promotion Administration Ministry of Health and Welfare. Such alcohol problems are rare, but serious once happened. Alcohols can be bought everywhere in Taiwan, but still Taiwanese don’t know how to deal with drinking. One of the Taiwanese drinking features, the bottom-up, also adds to the alcohol problems. Many unemployment, family quarrels or even the human lives are caused or jeopardized by over-drinking. Sometimes, even an innocent people could be hurt through a drinking event. Due to the endangerment that is developed by over drinking, that how to prevent it is now a common issue to discuss with all over the world. This essay examines the long-term alcohol consumption changes in Taiwan, observes, at the same time, the characteristics of alcohol-drinking families and the family head of the household, and compares the alcohol consumption situation in different town, county areas in Taiwan. Based on the data form the year 1990 to 2012 in the “Report on the Survey of Family Income and Expenditure in Taiwan Area”, it is found that the expenditure on alcohols and the income of a family are positively related. If we compare the alcohol expenditure to the total disposable income, it is found that the ratio is higher for the poor family than those rich ones. For those families with higher alcohol expenditures, we find their family members are comparatively younger, less educated, and consisted of more male than female members. If we aimed at those classified groups of less educated, younger and male to strengthen their awareness of the alcohol risks through education and policy advocacy to reduce their drinking, our national health will be enhanced.

本文的研究目的為分析台灣菸品消費的特性。本文選擇採取分量迴歸法作為研究方法，探討在0.05、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8和0.95的菸品消費分量下，吸菸家戶的菸品消費特性效果為何。資料來源為行政院家庭收支調查報告。 研究結果指出，在0.2到0.8分量的菸品消費量下，菸品的價格彈性為-0.161到-0.231之間。然而，在0.05分量的菸品消費量下，菸品的價格彈性為-0.363，而當位於0.95分量的菸品消費量時，菸品的消費彈性大幅的提升至-0.701。這代表著提高菸品稅或是菸品健康福利捐的政策是可以有效減少吸菸行為的。 更近一步探討，在0.95分量的菸品消費下，菸品的消費彈性大幅的提升至-0.701，對於此現象可能的解釋為，對於較高菸品消費量的家戶大部分為吸菸成癮者，當價格上漲時，消費者會選擇改變吸菸習慣例如戒菸或購買較便宜的香菸。 而值得一提的是，對於吸菸成癮的消費者而言，也存在一定機率會選擇購買非法的走私香菸，而走私香菸不但無法增加我國菸品稅收收入，也無法達成抑制我國吸菸率的政策目標。因此，政府在推動菸品控管政策時，須將菸品消費者的消費特性列入考量，同時也必須加強查緝非法菸品走私的行為，才能更有效達成政策目標。 / The research purpose of the paper was to analyze the characteristics of cigarette consumptions in Taiwan. The paper had adopted quantile regression as research method to discuss the effect of smoking households’ consumption characteristics to the cigarette consumptions in Taiwan at 0.05, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 0.95 quantile. Data for the research was sourced from the “Report on the Survey of Family Income & Expenditure”, conducted by the Executive Yuan, R.O.C. The results showed up that the price elasticities of cigarettes were estimated about -0.161 to -0.231 from 0.2 to 0.8 quantile of cigarettes consumption. However, the price elasticity of cigarettes was -0.363 in 0.05 quantile and raised significantly to -0.701 in 0.95 quantile. Indicating the policy of implementing cigarette tax or “Health and Welfare Surcharge on Tobacco Products” would decrease the smoking behavior effectively. Furthermore, the price elasticity changed to -0.701 in 0.95 quantile, a possible explanation for this phenomenon was that households with higher cigarette consumption were highly addicted to smoking, when the cigarette price increased, they would try to change smoking habit such as buying cheaper cigarettes or quit smoking. However, it is worth noticed that there existed risks of price sensitive smokers seek out measures to purchase less expensive cigarettes when they were highly relied on cigarettes, such as smuggled cigarettes, which may decrease future cessation efforts, and also lose the tax revenue from cigarette excise tax. Therefore, government should also take the consumption characteristics of smoking households into account and also enhance the prevention of illegal consumption behaviors when implementing the tobacco control policy.

近年來地方財政困難已成眾所關注焦點，當前地方財政困難原因，主要在於實質收入無法配合支出成長，致財政收支差短擴增；且難以稅課收入劃分調整全面解決地方財政問題；在整體財政收入不足，中央財政同屬困難，對地方財政支援受限狀況下，要解決財政困難問題，鼓勵地方財政努力是相當重要的關鍵。 目前有關財政努力的文獻，大多著重於財政努力指標之估測及衡量，而有關分配稅款的文獻則大多著重於分配比例、公式之設計，至於分配稅款對財政努力的影響，目前尚無實證研究論述。本研究以台北市、高雄市及台灣21縣市為研究對象，追蹤資料年度為2001年至2005年；搭配最小平方估計式模型（Ordinary Least Squares, OLS）的估計，探討分配稅款現制對地方「財政努力」的影響。實證結果，分配稅款、財政能力及補助協助收入與財政努力呈顯著負向影響，自有財源則與財政努力呈顯著正向影響；在區域之虛擬變數方面，北區、中區及南區相較於東區而言，與財政努力呈顯著正向影響，至時間之虛擬變數實證結果顯示，2001年、2003年、2004年及2005年相較於2002年而言，與財政努力呈顯著負向影響。 / The origin of the fiscal difficulties of local governments in Taiwan in recent years lies mainly in the fact that revenue has been unable to match the growth of expenditure. It is not possible to adjust the proportion of tax revenue and the central government can only provide limited aid as it is in the same fiscal position as that of the local governments. The key measure in solving the problem is to encourage local governments to tackle their financial problems themselves. Most of the studies of fiscal efforts in this area focus either on the measurement and evaluation of indexes which indicate the extent of the efforts which have been made or how to design a formula to calculate the allotment in the distribution of centrally-allotted tax revenues. Up to this point, there has been no research on the influence of regulations governing the distribution of centrally-allotted tax revenues on fiscal efforts in Taiwan. This research uses data collected for the years from 2001 to 2005 and applies the OLS (Ordinary Least Squares) statistical model to explore how the current allocation system influences the fiscal effort of local governments. The results show that there is a negative relationship between the use of centrally-allotted tax revenues, the fiscal ability of the local government, and the general subsidies provided by the central government in comparison with the fiscal efforts of local governments and a positive relationship between revenue derived from local governments in comparison with such efforts. Also, the use of the dummy variable of regions shows a significantly positive relationship for the northern, central, and southern regions when compared with the eastern region and the use of the dummy variable of time shows a significantly negative relationship for the years 2001, 2003, 2004, and 2005 when compared with the year 2002.

本篇論文旨在開放經濟體系下，以貨幣分析法、資產選擇分析法、國際收支分析法之 三種理論，探討市場匯率之決定及影響之因素；當國際收支失衡時，貨幣當局運用何 種干預政策，使經濟體系達到最適狀況。全文分為五章討論。 第一章為緒論。 第二章乃在貨幣分析法下，探討在基本假設下及放棄某些假設時，匯率之決定；實施 干預時，影響匯率的程度。 第三章乃在資產選擇分析法下，探討匯率之決定及影響的因素；干預政策對匯率有影 響。 第四章是在國際收支分析法下，討論匯率之決定，干預政策對匯率有影響。 第五章則為結論。

我國財政制度是否具有公平性往往是財政學者們注意的焦點，國內只單獨探討租稅面之文章非常多，而同時考慮整體財政收支制度文章較少，而且所採用的方法幾乎皆是「有效稅率」、「有效受益率」及「有效淨負擔率」。這些指標主要是判定財政制度是累進抑或累退，其較無法直接判定所得分配改善效果。因此本文最主要是透過租稅及公共支出歸宿假設將各類政府財政收支分攤至每一十分位家庭之所得，求出吉尼係數，利用比較吉尼係數大小來判斷我國財政制度是否會改善所得分配。利用18年資料作分析，以幫助我們更進一步地瞭解我國財政收支對所得重分配影響，所得出的結論和國內一些文章比較。首先在只考慮租稅面情況之下：直接稅具有改善所得分配效果，而間接稅反使所得分配更加惡化，整體賦稅制度具有所得重分配效果，但並非很顯著。其次再單獨考慮支出面情況下：首先對耗源性支出做家庭人口數調整，並將支出對家庭所得影響區分為三組，均顯示我國移轉性支出具有所得分配效果，而耗源性支出會使所得分配惡化，正的移轉性支出效果大於耗源性負效果，所以我國公共支出會使所得分配改善。再者，作整體考量，亦即同時探討租稅面與公共支出面之相互影響，其結果說明財政收支會改善所得重分配，而改善效果最主要來自於支出面而非租稅面。 第一章 緒論 第一節 研究動機與目的 第二節 研究方法與期間 第三節 研究限制 第四節 研究架構 第二章 文獻回顧 第一節 國外文獻 第二節 國內文獻 第三章 理論介紹 第一節 吉尼係數的概念 第二節 Suits Index 第三節 Kienzie Index 第四節 本章小結 第四章 實證程序與估計方法 第一節 預算歸宿之概念 第二節 資料來源限制與處理過程 第三節 所得之定義 第四節 租稅與支出分類 第五節 預算歸宿模型 第五章 實證結果與分析 第一節 賦稅制度對所得分配之影響 第二節 公共支出對所得重分配效果之影響 第三節 財政收支制度對所得重分配之影響 第六章 結論與未來發展

1999年地方制度法施行以來，地方極力爭取自主權，中央與地方自治團體間衍生多次衝突，爭議之層面涵括地方財政權、立法權及人事權等地方自治核心領域。針對中央地方衝突，司法院大法官作出多號解釋，惟並未定紛止爭，突顯出建立中央地方衝突解決機制之必要性。 本論文選擇五個衝突個案，分別是財政衝突的統籌分配稅款及地方積欠健保政府補助款；立法衝突之行動電話基地台自治條例牴觸案及台北市里長延選案；人事權衝突之縣市警察局長任免案。先以府際關係理論進行鉅觀分析，分析其府際關係網絡圖，突顯其網絡利害關係人，如何進行聯合或對抗。次以賽局理分論析中央地方之賽局策略選擇過程，進而賽局及報酬模擬分析。 期望透過各類型中央地方府際衝突個案研究，提出解決下列問題。一、釐清中央地方府際衝突之影響因素？二、究竟何為中央地方權限爭議解決機制？三、台灣府際衝突之關係網絡圖像為何？四、府際衝突賽局中之博奕過程模式為何？ 本研究提出四項結論。一、法律與制度變遷與府際衝突交互運作影響；二、政黨對立為府際係衝突最關鍵影響因素；三、建立多元之協調解決機制，為解決府際衝突之有效措施。四、提出全觀型府際賽局理論，以詮釋我國府際關係衝突現象。 本研究並提出五項建議，有助於未來我國府際關係正向發展，一、釐清府際衝突深層網絡關係結構，二、擴大跨域合作府際關係，三、追求中央與地方府際之最適效益，四、邁向多層次之地方治理，五、體認「地方自治為憲法制度性保障」之真諦。 / Since the Local Government Act enacted in 1999, local governments strive for local autonomy; therefore some supervisory conflicts aroused between central and local government. Those conflicts related to law autonomous enactment, finance autonomous rights and personnel rights. Despite Judicial Interpretation No.550 and 553 had review above conflicts, disputes still remained unsolved, which proclaimed the importance of constructing the reconciliatory mechanism of conflicts. This study tries to analyze five conflict cases including tax redistribution fund, premium of National Health Insurance, cellular phone base management local act, the prolonged election of Taipei li-chairman and incumbency of police bureau chief. Four conclusions are drawn as below, first, legal and system change will affect the IGR conflicts mutually. Second, parties antagonism is a crucial factor for IGR conflicts. Third, multi reconciliatory mechanism of conflicts would be efficient, a holistic game theory could interpret those conflicts. The last chapter proposes recommendations such as to clarify the IGR networks structure, broaden the cross-boundary cooperation, pursuit the optimal payoffs, work towards a multi-level governance and comprehend the core meaning of “local autonomy as a system assurance”.