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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

中國大陸青年知識分子政治參與模式之研究─幾個突出個案之分析

吳雪珍, Wu, Xue-Zhen Unknown Date (has links)
第一章 導論─理論、概念與方法 第一節 政治參與的概念及其在中共研究上的應用 第二節 政治行為的驅力─政治社會化 第三節 青年知識分子的角色界定 第二章 文革前知識青年的政治參與分析 第一節 社會主義革命與建設時期─系統環境分析 第二節 政治社會化的手段及目標 第三節 知識青年的政治參與─案例研究與分析 第三章、第四章分別以文革期間、文革之後為研究範圍,研究方向同第二章。再於第 五章綜合所論而做總結。
22

九十年代中國大陸基層政治參與之研究-村民自治分析

吳大平 Unknown Date (has links)
本論文從「後社會主義中國」發展的框架下以「村民自治」來研究九十年代大陸基層政治參與,從制度層面及非制度層面探討大陸農村村民「政治參與權」發展情況,並分析對大陸未來政治發展可能產生的積極影響及消極影響。制度層面指涉的範圍是在「村民自治」的正式制度規範設計對於人民政治參與權利以及管道上的影響,主要包括「民主選舉」、「民主決策」、「民主管理」、「民主監督」、「村民小組」等等;非制度層面指涉的是包括內外部政治環境、傳統文化、經濟環境、社會環境等因素對人民政治參與的影響。從「村民自治」的制度層面和非制度層面的因素探討中,發現九十年代「村民自治」的政治參與呈現出一種嚴重的不平衡發展狀態。在制度面上,<組織法>比<試行法>在「四個民主」的機制設計比較進步,但是在選舉的競爭機制改善上成就不是很大;在非制度面上,經濟發展、仲介社團的產生及資訊的進步等因素對於民眾參與的意願有所促進,但是宗族、黨幹部的心態、傳統文化以及政府對傳媒的管制等因素卻使民眾的政治參與受到限制。九十年代大陸基層政治參與情況,由於制度變遷「路徑依賴」的選擇及自我強化的結果,使「後社會主義中國」政治參與的轉型發展,朝著「部份民主化」的方向前進,形成「接近自主型」、「部分自主型」、「被動型」三種不同的「政治參與權」型態。照目前「村民自治」發展情況來看,中共政權朝民主化方向發展是侷限性大於可能性。以漸進、溫和的方式由下而上的推動制度變革、經濟的發展、社會多元化、公民意識及參與政治文化的建立,來作為大陸推動民主化的策略選擇,雖然目前看來成功機會不大,但可作為未來大陸政治轉型之一種轉形發展策略。 / This paper attempts to look into the local political participation in Mainland China during the 1990s. The analysis on the villagers’ self-government under the framework of the post-socialism and the transitional development of Chinese Mainland and the analysis on the villagers’ “political participation powers and rights” from the formal and the informal systems of villagers’ self-government will be used to find the positive and the negative influences on the future of Mainland China’s political development by local self-government political participation. The scope of the formal system of villagers’ self-government includes democratic election, democratic decision-making, democratic management, democratic supervision and villagers’ subcommittee. The scope of the informal system of villagers’ self-government includes the interior and the exterior political environment, traditional culture, economic factor, and social environment. From the gathered data, we find the local political participation on the Mainland China during the 1990s is seriously unbalanced in rural areas of PRC. Because of the effect of path dependence, the transitional path forms three different types of “political participation powers and rights.” From the indications of current local political participation, the democratization of PRC in the near future will be limited. However, the strategy for gradualism reform still can be viewed as one possible path for transitional development of Chinese Mainland.
23

兩岸大學生民主意識之比較研究

張裕華, CHANG YU HUA Unknown Date (has links)
儘管民主政治是一種不夠完美的制度,但仍係人類社會迄今為止最能尊重與保障個人平等自由生活方式的一種政治制度,故而在廿世紀下半葉廣獲世界各國青睞。透過政治文化的觀點,我們瞭解到民主政治的建立與發展,一般人民是否具有民主的精神與素養,往往要比政治制度或典則是否完善,更具有決定性的影響。因此,本研究將「民主」定義為一種生活方式,希望從人們對民主內涵之覺察與認識,從蘊含於其日常行為價值觀中的表現,探討民主價值成為個人生活方式的可能影響。 東亞大陸上的華人社會,不論是中國大陸或台灣都肯定民主的價值,也都朝民主的方向邁進,然而二者選擇之路徑不同,歷經之階段亦不相同。台灣已成功地從威權體制轉型為民主政治,大陸則在改革開放的驅動下,著手施行有中國特色的社會主義民主建設。民主轉型能否成為兩岸未來和平對話的契機?值得我們關注。 兩岸青年雖然生活於不同的教育環境,但是資訊時代為他(她)們的成長提供了日益趨同的國際舞台。在現代化民主潮流的衝激下,他(她)們習得怎樣的民主內涵,對兩岸關係未來的發展,勢必會有重要的影響。因而本研究關切兩岸大學生政治學習的內容如何,其民主意識的內涵有何異同,兩岸大學生會有怎樣的政治參與意向,以及社會化媒介對其民主意識和政治參與意向所可能的影響。 經由內容分析法比較兩岸大學生高中時期政治學習的內容,發現兩岸的教育重心都在強化政治知識和政治策略,但本質意涵仍有顯著差異:其中各自對「政治社群」的認同對象不同、「政治知識」的來源不同、「政治策略」的性質不同,猶有甚者,彼此教科書對「民主價值」的認知與詮釋差異甚大。大陸方面的政治教科書對意識形態的強調與堅持比台灣遠甚。 本研究同時以態度量表進行經驗調查,以立意取樣的方式,在兩岸選取政治大學、成功大學、東吳大學和北京大學、人民大學、(廣州)中山大學等六所學校共1100餘位學生作為對比分析。經過冗長的統計分析與論證,本研究所提出的各項假設獲得了部分的驗證。 根據本研究發現,兩岸大學生影響其民主意識與政治參與意向的原因容或有所不同,但從調查結果可知,雖然兩岸在政治、經濟體制上分離了五十餘年,但本研究所調查的兩岸大學生在許多方面都呈現了相同之處,並且對於民主仍充滿了肯定,甚至大陸大學生對於民主的渴望猶勝生活在自由風氣中的台灣大學生。筆者認為,這樣的共識讓兩岸有了對話的平台,在未來的兩岸關係中,這群政治與社會的菁英勢必能由此發展出新的出路。 / Democratic political system which has been widely accepted in the second half of the 20th century all over the world has played the best role in respecting and guaranteeing individuals’ equal and liberal lifestyle so far, though it might not be the most perfect. Though the view of political culture, we acknowledge that in the establishment and development of democratic politics, whether the ordinary people have democratic spirits usually has more crucial effects than whether the political regimes and norms are flawless. Therefore in this research, the writer defines ‘democracy’ as ‘a lifestyle’ and tries to discuss the possible effect of democratic lifestyle through people’s awareness and understanding of democratic connotation and their daily behavior reflecting their values. In the Chinese society on the Eastern Asia continent, both the Mainland China and Taiwan approve the democratic value and move toward the democracy. But they chose different ways, either the developing stages. Taiwan has successfully changed from the authoritarian system to democratic politics while the Mainland China has been performing the China Style Socialist Democracy Construction in the motivation of the market-oriented Reformation. Can the democratic transition create a peacefully conversational opportunity? It’s worth paying attention. The youth of both sides are living in the different educational environment, but the Information Age provides them an international stage more and more similar. By the wash of democratic wave, what democratic connotation they have learned will make a big impact on the cross-straight relationship in the future. So this research concerns on the undergraduates’ political study contents, the differences between their democratic connotation, their political participation wills and the probably effects of socialization media on their democratic conscious and political participation wills. After comparing the political study contents in high school by content analysis method, it is found that the educational cores of both sides are political knowledge and political policy, but they have distinct essences in who the political community identifies, where the political knowledge comes, what the political policy means, and the most different, how the democratic value is explained. The political textbook of the Mainland China enhances the ideology more often than Taiwan. Meanwhile, in this research the scaling method was adopted to execute the experience survey. With the purpose-sampling method, more than 1100 students of National Cheng Chi University, National Cheng Kung University and Soochow University in Taiwan and Peking University, Renmin University and Sun Yet-san University in the Mainland China are chosen. Through the tough statistic analysis and demonstration, the hypotheses of this research have been large partly proved. According to the research founds, in both sides the factors which effect the undergraduates’ democratic conscious and political participation wills are different. This survey also tells us that the undergraduates in both sides has a lot in common although have been politically and economically separated for more than 50 years. They both feel very positive towards democracy, further more, the Mainland China undergraduates are more eager to democracy than Taiwan undergraduates who are living the liberal atmosphere. The author believes that this common opinion constructs the talk bridge between the Straights. In the future, these political and social elites will develop a new peaceful path to change the present vague relationship between both sides through the democratic way.
24

電子布告欄中的政治意見呈現——以台大批踢踢實業坊政治類看板為例

黃楷元 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究以台大批踢踢實業坊(PTT)政治類看板為例,企圖評估電子布告欄(BBS)系統是否為承載政治意見的理想論域。 在文獻探討的過程中可知,「政治參與」對於民主發展至為重要,而其中透過網際網路進行的政治意見表達,在數位時代來臨後的重要性與日俱增。因此本研究以哈伯瑪斯的公共領域與溝通行動理論為核心,建立「理想意見論域」的三項標準:開放性、公共性、理性。並據此三項標準,對研究場域PTT政治類看板進行評估。 本研究以量化的內容分析法為主,輔以直接觀察,對研究場域及其中政治意見的性質,進行客觀的描述與分析。研究結果發現,PTT政治類看板進入和參與的門檻低、互動熱絡頻繁、討論規範也並未限制理性發言空間,在「開放性」上表現佳;至於「公共性」的部分,在討論規範與看板管理者的約束下,討論的議題多能與公共事務相關;然而在「理性」面向上,論證嚴謹程度普遍不足,亦僅有半數的發言能完全保持冷靜平和。 另外,在把政治意見的各項性質進行交叉分析後,可歸納出「理想網路論域」中的「理想政治意見」,應該具有的條件包括:沒有明顯的政黨傾向、篇幅充實、切合討論主題、以事實陳述輔助個人意見、不純粹批評而是褒貶參半或持平而論、情緒冷靜平和、論證深入而嚴謹等。
25

退出、呼籲、忠誠: 中國城市基層選舉參與的效能與行動 / Exit, voice, and loyalty: how grassroots elections reshape urban Chinese citizens' political efficacy and political actions

蔡儀儂, Tsai, Yi Nung Unknown Date (has links)
對於比較政治領域,威權政體的「選舉」開放,是否真的會使公民出現自主性參與,一直是學界極為關注的命題。檢視當前中國城市基層選舉,可以發現,參與帶動的「有限政治改革」,其效果仍難以預料。因此,本研究主要探討,轉型中政權選舉的制度效應,會對選民個體的「政治功效意識」與政治行動帶來何種影響。我們並嘗試從政治功效意識的研究範疇,提出「防禦性」與「認同性」兩種概念分類,「防禦性」功效意識是由於選民的維權心態激發的投票參與意願,「認同性」效能感是由選舉動員浮現的群體認同投票意識。我們假設,個體同時經歷過「認同性」與「防禦性」兩種功效意識的形塑過程,但又受到個人的「政權支持」程度影響,不可能出現兩種功效意識同時上升的情形。而個別心態傾向會影響後續的政治行動,會有「退出」、「呼籲」、「忠誠」三種行動抉擇。「退出」是不再進場參與投票,「呼籲」走向過激的政治反抗,「忠誠」則是向黨國輸誠。 針對上述假定,本研究以上海2006、2009年兩次居委會換屆選舉為研究個案。根據作者田野調查發現,經過選後,防禦性功效意意識較高的選民,最終採取「抗議」的政治行動;認同性功效意識較高的選民,雖部分仍表態黨國「忠誠」,但多數參與者卻由於選舉過程無法滿足,浮現「失望」,呈現參與「退出」的情況。因此,「『高認同性』功效意識選民退出-『高防禦性』功效意識選民呼籲」,構成了社區基層選舉存在著普遍的「集體行動困境」,但值得注意的是,這種選舉失望走向從「退出」的行動選擇,卻也可能最終又走回「呼籲」的過激行動。就此觀之,中國的基層民主發展,或許會是面臨集體行動困境之後,走向突發轉折的非預期性後果。
26

俄羅斯婦女的政治參與─以國家杜馬為例 / Political participation of Russian women: the case of state Duma

曾冠綸 Unknown Date (has links)
以學者Pamela Paxton對於「女性參與民主」的形式作為本研究的主軸──依照參與程度劃分了「正式的代表性」、「書面上的代表性」、「實質上的代表性」這三種層次。作者藉由Paxton的研究成果作為研究途徑,並參考文獻資料、統計數據、新聞報導,及國際組織之研究報告,對俄羅斯婦女參與國家杜馬運作的情形進行分析與研究。 本論文的內容劃分成三大部分:首先概括性從全球各區域及後共歐洲國家的國會女性代表現況作為開頭,再以Paxton對於「女性參與民主」的形式來檢視俄羅斯國家杜馬當中的女性代表參與程度。第二部分將以「微觀」的角度來探討歷屆國家杜馬女性代表的背景研究,包含:當選年齡、教育程度及職業背景、委員會的選擇,以統計數據及表格的方式來探討其特性及變化趨勢。最後的部分,探究了國家杜馬女性代表的貢獻與困境,當中以提升婦女權利的法案制定與列出表現傑出的女性代表以肯定女性代表的貢獻;再由「選舉制度與政黨」與「政治文化」兩種面相來探討俄羅斯婦女投身於國家杜馬選舉時所面臨的困境。 整體而言,俄羅斯國家杜馬當中的女性代表需要更積極性的替廣大的俄羅斯女性制訂出對她們有益與利的相關法案,並且也需要積極地改變父權觀點,進一步改變傳統的角色定位,以能發揮影響俄羅斯政治圈及社會的力量。 / The main approach of the thesis is Pamela Paxton’s research for “women's representation in democracy”. In Paxton’s view, there are three levels of different degrees of representation: formal representation, descriptive representation, and substantive representation. With the purpose to analyse the the contempoary situation and trend of Russian women’s political participation in State Duma, so this thesis is composed of literatures, statistics, Russian news websites, and reports from international research institutions. This thesis is divided for three main topics: At first, the article starts from general introduction of global and Post-Communist Europe women political participation in the parliaments. The second part is with “microcosmic” way to review the background of female deputies of State Duma from the first convocation (in 1993) to the sixth convocation (in 2011), inclusive of age, the educational level, occupation before being elected, and committees choosing. The final part discusses contributes and predicaments of Russian female deputies of State Duma. Generally speaking, the female deputies of State Duma have to be more positive to legislate for bringing benefits to a large number of Russian women. Moreover, they also have to be more positive to overcome the viewpoint and redirect the gender role from traditional political culture of patriarchy society. Therefore, the female deputies of State Duma will have more influences on the Russian politics and society.
27

學校對大學生政治態度與行為的影響─社會化觀點與分配觀點的分析 / The influence of schools on political attitudes and behavior of college students in Taiwan : the analyses of socialization perspective and allocation perspective.

張經瑞 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究的主要目的,在探討學校因素對於大學生政治態度與行為的影響,兼採「社會化觀點」與「分配觀點」,並比較兩者解釋力的大小。 社會化觀點認為學生在學校當中所學習到的各種知識與價值影響其政治態度與行為,本研究以學生的學習經驗作為測量變項,包含「討論公共事務」、「學校民主模式」、「學校功效意識」、「參與校園活動」與「修習政治課程」這五個面向。分配觀點則認為學校在外部社會系絡中的評價與地位引導了學生的政治態度與行為,本研究即以隱含社會定義的大學類型作為測量變項,包含「公立/私立、「研究型/非研究型」、「地理區域」與「創校年代」這四種類型。研究變項包含「民主價值取向」、「政治功效意識」與「政治參與」。 本研究所運用的資料為陳義彥教授主持的「我國大學生政治社會化之研究─二十五年來政治價值與態度的變遷」國科會研究計畫。資料分析包含兩個部分,首先運用相關分析、t檢定與變異數分析,探討學校因素以及諸項政治態度與行為兩兩之間的關聯性,其次建立迴歸模型,比較兩項學校因素對於大學生政治態度與行為的相對影響力。主要發現如下: 1、在學習經驗方面,大學生平均修習近五個學分的政治相關課程,然而討論公共事務的頻率偏低、學校民主模式偏低、學校功效意識偏低、參與校園活動亦偏低。 2、在政治態度與行為方面,大學生的民主價值取向偏高,且較為一致,而政治功效意識偏低,政治參與亦是偏低。 3、相關分析的結果顯示,除了學校功效意識與政治參與呈現反向相關之外,大學生五項學習經驗與其三項政治態度與行為兩兩之間具有正向的相關。 4、t檢定與變異數分析顯示,就讀於不同類型大學的學生在多項學習經驗以及政治態度與行為上呈現出差異。其中大學創校年代的不同,在所有項目上呈現出差異。 5、在迴歸模型當中,多項的學習經驗構成民主價值取向、政治功效意識、政治參與的重要影響因素,然而只有「創校年代早於一九四九年」構成民主價值取向的重要影響因素。因此有關學校因素對大學生政治態度與行為的影響,社會化觀點為主要的解釋,而分配觀點只提供有限的解釋。 6、t檢定與迴歸模型均顯示,大學類型對學習經驗的影響較多,而大學類型對政治態度與行為的影響較少,且學習經驗以及政治態度與行為兩兩之間多數具有顯著相關,因此推論大學類型對於政治態度與行為具有較多間接的影響。亦即大學類型先影響到大學生部份的學習經驗,學習經驗再影響到學生的政治態度與行為。換言之,學校本身的招牌提供一個框架,框架引導學生的學習情況,然而真正直接影響學生政治態度與行為的主要因素還是學習經驗。因此,分配觀點在整個大學生政治社會化的過程中仍有其價值。 綜上所述,在學校對大學生政治態度與行為發揮影響力的整個過程當中,社會化觀點與分配觀點的解釋各自佔據不同的位置。社會化觀點直接解釋學習經驗對於學生政治態度與行為的影響。而分配觀點說明學校框架引導學生具體的學習內容,然後間接影響學生的政治態度與行為。
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態度決定行動: 政治效能感對於政治參與的影響效果之實證分析 / Attitudes Determine Actions: Effects of Political Efficacy on People’s Political Participation

翁定暐, Weng, Ting Wei Unknown Date (has links)
本研究有感於近年來台灣社會政治活動的參與情況,與往年相較起來熱絡許多,從以往只能透過數年一度的選舉活動,來表現個人的政治參與;到目前有許多人能夠從網路發表自身意見,討論時事議題,進而與政府、官員們接觸,甚至透過大型的集會活動來表達個人的立場以及訴求,企圖影響,並改變當前政治環境。在眾多參與政治的過程當中,個人心理因素對於投入與否的影響效果十分重要。政治態度的種類繁多,筆者在本文以政治效能感的角度出發,探討民眾對於政治參與的動機。是否會因為個人能夠理解政治,同樣能夠感受到政府官員對於個人的關心與重視,進而擁有認為自身能夠影響政治的這項心理態度,使得個人願意力行不同種類的政治參與。 本研究運用2013年「台灣選舉與民主化調查研究」資料,探索政治效能感對於政治參與的影響效果。除了檢證過去理論中:政治效能感愈高,愈會參與政治活動之外,區分了政治效能感的內在與外在的不同面向,以及政治參與的不同種類,探討政治效能感對於不同種類的政治參與是否具備不同的影響效果。研究結果發現,內在政治效能感較容易影響純粹表達意見的政治參與,而外在政治效能感較容易影響企圖改變現況的政治參與,此一發現提供與以往不同的理論觀點,認為政治效能感對於是個人政治參與的影響,是一項重要心理因素。 / Over the past few years, political participations in Taiwan have been flourished. Indeed, a democratic society, like Taiwan, should allow people to have various ways to participate in politics beyond simply casting their votes, including demonstrating on the street to show what they stand for. By examining public opinion data in Taiwan, this study aims to explore the relationship between political efficacy and different types of political participations. Specifically, this study use the 2013 Taiwan’s Election and Democratization Study (TEDS) data to examine the extent to which one’s political efficacy could influence his/her political participations. The conventional wisdom suggests that the higher the political efficacy, the more political activities one may participate in. Additionally, previous research also posits that the linkages between political efficacy and participation vary, depending on different components of political efficacy as well as various types of political participations. The empirical results of this analysis show that the respondents who have higher internal political efficacy are more likely to participate in “opinion-expression actions”. On the other hand, those who have higher external political efficacy are more likely to participate in “changing the status quo action”. In short, political efficacy should be regarded as an important psychological element that may influence different dimensions of political participations.
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婦女參與中國精英政治 / WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION IN CHINESE ELITE POLITICS

施元敏, Sissokho, Oumie Unknown Date (has links)
婦女的政治參與是促進性別平等的重要條件。中國的經濟改革帶來了在該國的社會和經濟部門大量的改進。然而,權力,政治文化和經濟的原因與其他社會文化因素相結合的政權的壟斷,導致婦女在中國的政治生活中連續的統治。本研究結合使用的輔助研究方法與合理的數據量涵蓋1977至2013年的婦女在選擇的最高政治機構的存在。該研究發現,女性在整個政治委員會代表性不足,但最糟糕的政府高層官員(精英)和黨的機構。這意味著,在國家層面,政治仍然是男性領域,有超過黨的機構也存在著一個嚴峻的陽剛壟斷。婦女被真正發現,如議會,他們的存在只是作為在中國共產黨的利益高於性別平等或行使平等權利的真正意義上滿足全球重要的還是國內需求的來源(男人之間和女性)在確定他們的社會事務。 / Women’s participation in politics is an important requirement for gender equality. China’s economic reform has brought massive improvements in the social and economic sectors of the country. However, the regime’s monopoly of power, political culture and economic reasons in combination with other socio-cultural factors has resulted to continuous domination of women in China’s political life. This study has employed a secondary research approach in combination with a reasonable data quantity covering 1977 to 2013 on the presence of women in selected top political institutions. The study finds out that women are under-represented across the political board but worst in top government (elite) and party institutions. This means that, at the state level, politics remains a domain for men and there exist a stern masculine monopoly over party institutions also. Where women are genuinely found, such as the parliament, their presence only serves as a source of meeting an important global or domestic requirement in the interest of the Chinese Communist Party than a true sense of gender equality or exercise of an equal right (between men and women) in determining the affairs of their society.
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制度變遷、社會資本與政治參與間關係 / The Relationships among Institutional change, Social Capital and Political Participation

張芳華, Jhang, Fang Hua Unknown Date (has links)
台灣民主轉型的成功除執政菁英的主動變革外,公民參與政治和支持改革亦有其重要性。有鑑於逐年下滑的投票率和工具性社團參與率,本研究主要從制度變遷與社會資本論點來進行探討,以縣市層次制度變項為自變項,三類型社會資本為中介變項,投票與競選活動參與為依變項,目的在了解於民主鞏固時期前後,社會資本的分佈狀況和影響社會資本、政治參與的因素,以提升民眾的社會和政治參與。中介變項與依變項資料來自1993年與2005年台灣社會變遷調查資料(TSCS),自變項資料整合自臺灣地區社會意向調查、各縣市社福資訊與政大選研中心資料庫,主要採用多層次迴歸與邏輯迴歸分析模型來分析資料。 在社會資本分布變化上,結合式社會資本與工具性社參未有顯著改變,情感性社參則顯著增加。相較於情感性社團參與,工具性社團參與的比例較高,在兩個年代中,民眾參與工具性社團比例約在22%左右。在社團內異質性資源分佈上,不同社團的年齡異質性與性別異質性隨不同時期而有所變化。相對地,各類社團在成員的教育、收入與族群組成上反而較為穩定。由於在2005年,民眾教育與收入顯著較1993年為高,意謂著在民主鞏固時期,團體參與者可接觸的社團內異質性資源較多。 並非所有社會資本皆受外在制度所影響,研究結果顯示出國家制度較難影響立基於儒家文化的結合式社會資本。在民主鞏固時期前,縣市執政評價氛圍與生活扶助資源如理論所預期,可影響民眾的情感性社會參與,但其影響力似乎亦有減弱情形。一致性社福資源雖對工具性社團參與有跨期影響力,但卻產生資源排擠效果,而非是資源溢注效果。 政治態度論與社會資本論皆能部份說明為何民眾要參與兩類傳統政治活動,但相較於投票,參與競選活動屬於較耗費成本的參與行為,因此個體資源論較能解釋競選活動的參與。以多層次中介分析步驟檢視縣市制度變項對政治參與的作用後,證實了制度論的作用。在制度變項可能透過社會資本影響政治參與的三條中介路徑,僅一條路徑得到實證上支持。在2005年,縣市急難救助資源可透過工具性社團參與進而影響競選活動參與。 制度變遷的觀點能說明不同時期情感性社團參與和投票的變化。傳統文化價值觀的現代化改變了縣市執政評價氛圍對情感性社團參與的作用。隨著非正式制度環境的改變,情感性社團參與對競選活動參與的作用亦可能隨之改變。而隨著社會福利政策綱領的施行,人均生活扶助資源量的提升,則促進個人的投票行為。總言之,中央政府應注意自身的施政效能,並透過社福資源的適度分配,來促進民眾的社會參與與政治參與行為。 / The success of the transition to democracy in Taiwan should attribute not only to the active reform of the ruling party' cadre, but also to citizens’ participation and political support for the political reformer. In view of the gradual declining turnout rate and instrumental group participation rate, the study tends to describe the distribution of social capital, and explore the potential factors influencing social capital and political participation before and after democratic consolidation period. The paper’s framework from the perspective of institutional change and social capital treats institutional change as the independent variable, three kinds of social capital as the mediated variable, and voting and electoral campaign participation as dependent variables. The study mainly applies the multilevel linear regression and logistic regression model to analyze the mediated and dependent variables from the Taiwan Social Change Survey in 1993 and 2005, separately. As for independent variables, the data is integrated from the Social Image Survey, the social welfare report across counties, and online database of election study center in national Chengchi University. As far as the distribution of social capital is concerned, the results show that the distribution of bonding social capital and instrumental group participation do not have significant change between 1993 and 2005. Compared with participation in 1993, in 2005, the increase of this emotional group participation is apparent. In both year, the instrumental group participation rate is about 22% and is higher than the emotional group participation. In the distribution of diverse resources within groups, age diversity and sex diversity change a lot as the time went by. In contrast, education diversity, income diversity and ethnicity diversity stay stable between groups. In comparison with 1993, people in 2005 have higher education and income level, resulting in the increase of group members’ education and income level. It means that in the democratic consolidation period, it is probable for group participators to approach more diverse resources existing within groups . The effect of institutional variables on the three kinds of social capital is not as same as previous literatures report. Bonding social capital based on confucianism is difficult to be enhanced by the national institutions. Before the democratic consolidation, the effect of living assistance resources, and the atmosphere where people are satisfied with the central government performance which is consistent with theoretical prediction affects people’s participation in the emotional group. However, the effect seems to weaken gradually at the later period. Universal social welfare resources influence the instrumental group participation across different periods, but the negative effect belongs to the crowing out effect rather than the crawling back effect. Political attitudes theory and social capital theory both can partly account for why people participate in these two kinds of traditional political activities. Individual resources theory is suitable for explaining the participation of electoral campaign in that it takes people much more time and cost to engage in the electoral campaign participation than in voting. After examing the effect of institutional variables at the county-level on the political participation through the procedure of multilevel mediation analysis, the findings proven the argument of institution theory. Among the three potential mediation paths in which the institutional variables impact on the political participation through social capital, just one path is supported by the data. In 2005, emergent assistant resources can affect the electoral campaign through the instrumental group participation. The perspective of institutional change can explain the change of the emotional group participation and voting between 1993 and 2005. With the modernization of individual’s traditional attitudes, the county-level effect of evaluation of the central government on the participation in the emotional group is abated. It is probable that the effect of the emotional group participation on the electoral campaign participation differs according to the different environment of the informal institution The increase of living assistant resources per capita, because of the execution of the guiding principle of the social welfare policy, promote people’s voting significantly. In sum up, the attention should be paid by the central authority to strengthen the efficiency of the administration and distribute the social welfare resources appropriately based on the contemporary social condition, in order to improve people’s social participation and political participation.

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