社交網站一直都是網際網路相關應用與發展中相當蓬勃的一部分。過去傳統的社交網站主要是提供使用者人際互動的服務平台，然而隨著網路技術的進步，社交網站的型態以及所提供的功能也逐漸出現轉變。例如：近來在台灣引起風潮的微網誌Plurk，以及因為其中遊戲開心農場而引起風潮的Facebook都展現了一些過去社交網站所沒有的特質。不論是微網誌簡單、即時的特點，又或Facebook所展現的遊戲性，其所呈現出來的現象、效應，以及對於使用者的影響，實非過去社交網站相關研究所能良好詮釋，並且不論在學界或業界也都越來越受到關注。 基於過去的研究文獻，本研究分別針對兩種不同型態的社交網站進行實證。針對具有簡單、即時特性的微網誌，本研究從訊息特性的差異切入探討，試著去瞭解個體動機對於其在微網誌中自我揭露、即時資訊分享的行為，並且探討個體的使用行為對於其社會支持、對社交網站的依賴以及社會自我效能的影響。而在針對Facebook的部分，本研究則將個體使用社交網路的行為分為從事網路社交活動以及使用網站內嵌社交遊戲，來探討個體使用動機與兩者之間的關係，並且同樣進一步討論使用後對於個體心理與社交層會產生什麼樣的影響。 本研究使用偏最小平方法（Partial Least Squares）針對實證所回收的樣本進行分析。模式一的部分，研究結果顯示人氣、社交與追求流行會顯著影響個體在微網誌中自我揭露的行為；社交和娛樂需求則會正向影響個體即時資訊分享的行為。而自我揭露行為與即時資訊分享會正向影響個體知覺社會支持，並且個體使用微網誌所知覺到的社會支持也會正向影響其社會自我效能。至於在模式二的部分，研究結果顯示人氣、社交、娛樂以及追求流行四種需求會正向影響個體在Facebook中從事網路社交的行為；而沉浸與成就需求則會正向影響個體使用Facebook中內嵌社交遊戲。此外，網路社交行為與社交遊戲使用都會正向影響個體知覺社會連繫以及對於社交網站的依賴，並且社會連繫的高低也與其社會自我效能有正向的關聯性。

本研究旨在瞭解失戀男性在社會文化導致的傾訴困境裡，如何藉由參與情感 類虛擬社群，與其成員的互動過程重拾自我，逐步踏上復原歷程的寶貴經驗。本 研究將全國最大的 BBS 批踢踢實業坊(PTT)中的 CATCH 板作為觀察對象，首先以參與觀察的文本所得確實呈現感情類看板風貌；並用深度訪談途徑，瞭解 20至35歲、共計8位男性受訪者的網路參與經驗，成果分析如下： CATCH 板的線上社會支持形式可分資訊、情感與社交類型，成員不僅利用看板直接交流（推文），亦可能在較隱微的互動關係（如站內信、MSN）中，逐步積累情感，最後成為對方的現實好友。CATCH 板具備：多元、客觀、專家、媒介特性而利於個人化使用等，利於男性參與之特性；然而，同時亦有：用語過於直接、無法給予當事者後續關心感、缺少女性觀點與物質層面的探討等缺陷。 對於男性而言，其初始參與契機分為三類：情侶分手欲求解惑、單戀無果可望宣洩、瞭解兩性互動的要訣以及自我提昇的技巧。出於對「人肉搜索」的恐懼，男性可能以單純的觀看者作為參與方式，而主動的發文者則是利用多重身份的培養避免身份曝光。最後，男性在參與過程裡所得到的經驗為歸屬感與自我重建、感情觀與個人角色轉化，以及具體的互動或自我提升的策略。 / Men are restricted by the social stereotype that men should be strong even if they were broken-heart. This study tried to draw the experience of those lost men who joined the community of relationship, understanding that how can they recover from the lovelorn affairs. I interviewed eight members come from CATCH, the relational board of PTT which is the most popular BBS (bulletin board system) in Taiwan. They are 20-35 year-old men and have different professions. Besides, I also tried to be a true observer of the board to describe the factual environment. The results show that: Being a critical function of relational community “CATCH”, the types of online social support should be “information” “emotion” and “social activity”. The members not only talk to each other directly, but also adopt "invisible" approaches like mail or MSN to make friends with others. The relation between members could be "real" even if they were just Web friends. “CATCH” has many properties including “plurality” “object” and “user-friendly", opened communication environment and many professional person, well-known as their opinion, also empower men to communicate freely. However, the board do have its restriction just like "sharp criticism"、"short concern"、shortage of women's point of view and material accepts discussion". The initial motivations to be members for those men are: 1. the relation has been finished without causes. Those men are dedicated to finding the answers.2. The end of unrequired love leads men to depression.3. The members want to get the tips of interpersonal relationship and increase self-charming. For fear of “human-powered search”, members could be a potential viewer without posting and speaking; the active one adopts multi-identification to escape from oversee. Through the “CATCH”, men get sense of belongingness to rebuild them from lost. They learn whole new point view of love and shift themselves to a new life. The concrete strategy of interpersonal relation can also increase self-confidence.

本研究旨在探討單親就業家長所面臨之工作與家庭平衡問題，並就性別觀點，針對男女單親家長所具有之正式與非正式支持系統差異進行檢視，以進一步探究影響支持其工作與家庭角色平衡之因素。本研究之方法，係以育有未滿18歲未成年子女之十一位單親就業家長為研究對象，包含五位男性與六位女性，採用深度訪談法進行質化資料分析。主要研究結果如下： 一、工作與家庭平衡概況方面：無論男女單親家長均面臨較高的工作與家庭平衡困境，但女性單親家長因家庭角色影響工作角色之程度較男性單親為高，而男性單親家長因工作角色影響家庭角色之程度則較女性單親為高。 二、工作與家庭平衡支持方面：非正式系統中，男性單親獲得工作與家庭角色平衡支持的程度較女性單親為高；正式系統中，男性單親在企業職場獲得較高工作角色支持，而女性單親則是在政府社會服務與結構性非正式系統中獲得較高的工作與家庭平衡支持。 三、工作與家庭平衡能力之影響因素方面：托顧服務及請休假制度均有助於單親家長取得家庭角色之平衡，工作彈性化措施則有助於單親家長取得工作角色之平衡；此外，傳統父系社會觀念直接影響男女單親家長取得非正式系統對支持家庭角色平衡之性別差異，職業取向則間接影響男女單親家長取得企業職場支持工作角色平衡之性別差異。 　　最後，根據上述研究結果，本文參考歐美先進國家之友善單親相關政策與方案，嘗試對政府之社會與勞動部門、非營利之單親服務機構及企業組織，就政策面與實務面分別提出相關改善建議，以供未來研究政策規劃與執行之參考。 關鍵詞：單親家長、工作與家庭平衡、友善家庭政策、社會支持系統、性別差異 / The purpose of this study is to investigate the work and family balance challenges of employed single parents in Taiwan. From the gender perspective, this study also examines the differences between single fathers and single mothers in formal and informal support systems. Further, this thesis explores the impact of the factors which support the single parents to balance their work and family roles. Adopting in-depth interview, this study interviews employed single parents who raise children under 18, including five fathers and six mothers. The main findings of this research are as follows: 1. Both single fathers and mothers face higher work-family balance difficulties, but single mothers’ family-work conflicts are higher than single fathers, while single fathers’ work-family conflicts are higher than single mothers. 2. Single fathers have more informal support resources to the balance of work and family roles than single mothers, and also get more support on job than single mothers from companies. Instead, single mothers get more resources from government’s social services and structured informal system to balance work and family roles than single fathers. 3. Family care service and leave program are both useful to help single parents to obtain the balances between work and family, and the measures of work flexibility are helpful for single parents to balance their job roles. In addition, under the informal systems, the patriarchal concept of traditional Chinese society affects gender differences directly in terms of single parents’ balance of family roles. On the other side, career orientation affects gender differences indirectly to obtain the balance of job roles in companies. According to the study, this thesis makes some suggestions on policy planning and implementation for government's social and labor departments, nonprofit organizations as well as companies. Keywords: single parent, work and family balance, family-friendly policies, social support system, gender difference

近年來社交媒體發展迅速，以Facebook為代表的社群網站已多次被證實在維繫線上與線下的人際互動上扮演舉足輕重的角色。而誕生至今近六年的時間，Instagram在各大社群數據排行中已擠進前五名。Instagram自身的社交與媒體屬性給用戶多樣的使用方式，使用者不僅可以透過Instagram進行人際互動累積社會資本，更能透過互動中獲得自身心理的幸福感。而近期Instagram新增的「限時動態」功能，更開創出一個新的社交模式，允許用戶更容易進行一對一的社交互動。 本研究將以Instagram限時動態功能為主要的研究對象，檢驗Instagram限時動態使用強度、黏結型與橋接型社會資本與幸福感之間的關係。透過482份Instagram用戶的網路問卷調查發現，Instagram限時動態使用強度能夠顯著預測黏結型與橋接型社會資本。此外，透過橋接型與黏結型社會資本的累積更能顯著預測幸福感。研究更發現，用戶更能透過黏結型社會資本的累積獲得更高的心理幸福感。本研究為Instagram研究開闢新的研究取徑，引介過往文獻將社會資本與幸福感等概念融合至Instagram。 / The rise of social media has changed the way people interact with each other. Literatures have examined social media such as how Facebook could help people maintain interpersonal interaction online and offline. And nearly six years after birth of Instagram, it has topped the first five rankings in major social media. Instagram's own social and media attributes give users a variety of ways in which users can not only accumulate social capital through social interaction via Instagram, but also gain their own psychological well-being through interaction. The new function on “Stories” let Instagram create a new social model that makes it easier for users to engage in one-on-one social interactions. In this study, we will use Stories of Instagram as the main research approach to examine the significance of usage intensity, bonding and bridging social capital, and well-being. Based on 482 internet questionnaire survey, this study finds that usage intensity indicates significance influence to bonding and bridging social capital. Bonding and bridging social capital indicate significance influence to well-being. The study also found that users are more likely to get a higher sense of psychological well-being through interaction with bonding social capital. This study opens up a new avenue for research on Instagram and quotes from past literatures such as Social Capital and Well-being integrating into Instagram.

本研究主要在探討大學生的生活壓力、社會支持與生命意義各層面的相互關係，最後瞭解生活壓力、社會支持對生命意義的預測情形。本研究採問卷調查法的方式，以台灣北部地區576名大學生為研究對象，邀請大學生填寫「生命意義量表」、「大學生生活壓力量表」及「社會支持量表」三種量表。資料蒐集完畢後，以描述性統計、獨立樣本t考驗、皮爾森積差相關、逐步迴歸分析、階層迴歸分析進行資料分析。研究主要發現如下： 一、大學生普遍具有追尋生命意義的動機，但約有四分之一的學生對個人的生命意義主觀感受是欠缺的或不確定的。 二、不同性別大學生的生命意義感、意義追尋動機無顯著差異。 三、有宗教信仰的大學生其生命意義感較無宗教信仰者高，且信仰越虔誠則生命意義感越高。 四、大學生的生命意義感與意義追尋動機為正相關。 五、日常困擾、重大負向生活事件兩者的發生件數、影響程度，分別和生命意義感呈負相關。 六、社會支持、日常困擾影響程度與意義追尋動機為正向關係。 七、大學生的社會支持、日常困擾程度、重大負向生活事件發生件數、是否有宗教信仰，對生命意義感具顯著預測力。 八、大學生的社會支持、日常困擾程度、日常困擾發生件數，能夠顯著預測意義追尋動機。 九、有宗教信仰的大學生，信仰虔誠度對生命意義感預測力高於生活壓力。 十、大學生的社會支持並沒有產生調節生活壓力對生命意義之效果。 根據研究結果，建議可藉由協助大學生探索其生命意義、發展個人的靈性或宗教信仰、建立個人的社會網絡、學習因應日常困擾之能力、嘗試從苦難中找尋生命意義，以獲得較高的生命意義感。最後提出對未來相關研究的建議。 / The study examined the relative contributions of life stress and social support to the prediction of life meaning among Taiwan college students. This study employed three questionnaires to collect data, including Meaning in life Questionnaire, Life Stress Scale, and Social Support Scale. The participants of the study were 576 college students of northern Taiwan. The descriptive statistic, t-test, Pearson’s correlation analysis, stepwise multiple regression and hierarchical multiple regression analysis were used to analyze data. The main findings of this study were: 1. College students generally had the motivation of searching for meaning, but about 1/4 students had deficient or uncertain subjective experience to the presence of life meaning. 2. Male and female students had no significant differentiation in the presence and search for the meaning in life. 3. College students with religious beliefs had higher presence of meaning in life than those who didn’t have religious beliefs. Moreover the higher the dedication in religion a student had the higher meaning in life. 4. There was a positive correlation between the presence of meaning in life and the search for meaning in college students. 5. Daily hassles, number of major life events, and the degree of influence had negative relationship with the presence of life meaning. 6. Positive relationship between social support, degree of influence of daily hassles and the search for meaning in life were found. 7. College students’ social support, degree of influence of daily hassles, number of major life events, and religious beliefs could significantly predict the presence of meaning in life. 8. College students’ social support, degree of influence of daily hassles, and number of daily hassles could significantly predict the search for meaning in life. 9. The dedication level in religion had higher prediction than life stress on the presence of meaning in life among college students who had religious beliefs. 10. The college students' social support had no buffering effect between stress and the meaning of life. According to the findings, researcher suggested that college students could obtain higher levels of life meaning by exploring their meaning of life, developing spirituality or religious beliefs, learning the ability to cope with daily hassles, and finding meaning in sufferings. Finally, suggestions for further research were proposed.

本研究主要目的在探討親子依附關係在兒童知覺雙親衝突與兒童生活適應間扮演中介角色的可能性，並探討社會支持、自我效能在兒童知覺雙親衝突與親子依附關係間、親子依附關係與兒童生活適應間是否具有調節效果。 　　本研究以318名國小五、六年級的學生為研究對象，採用「兒童知覺雙親衝突量表」、「父親依附量表」、「母親依附量表」、「學生社會支持量表」、「自我效能問卷」，和「國小學童生活適應量表」六種量表，以瞭解受試者在各研究變項（兒童知覺雙親衝突、親子依附關係、社會支持，自我效能、兒童生活適應）上的情形。 　　研究結果支持親子依附關係在兒童知覺雙親衝突與兒童生活適應間具有中介效果。至於社會支持的調節效果，只有在兒童知覺雙親衝突與兒童與父親的依附關係間，社會支持的調節效果獲得支持，而自我效能調節效果的假設則未獲得支持。 　　根據研究結果，雙親衝突的確對親子依附關係與兒童生活適應有不良影響，因此父母應避免破壞性衝突，或將衝突轉化成具建設性的；在衝突過程中，不要忘了注意、關心兒童的感受，以維持良好的親子互動。至於社會支持與自我效能在兒童知覺雙親衝突與親子依附關係間、親子依附關係與兒童生活適應間的調節效果，則有待進一步的研究。 第一章 緒論……………………………………………………… 1 第一節 研究背景與目的………………………………………… 1 第二節 研究問題………………………………………………… 4 第二章 文獻探討………………………………………………… 5 第一節 婚姻衝突與兒童生活適應的關係……………………… 5 壹、 婚姻衝突的概念與含意…………………………………… 5 貳、 生活適應的含意…………………………………………… 7 參、 父母衝突對兒童生活適應的影響………………………… 9 肆、 父母衝突對兒童影響的機制………………………………11 一、 模仿…………………………………………………………11 二、 認知情境脈絡架構…………………………………………12 三、 親子間的依附關係…………………………………………15 第二節 兒童的社會支持與自我效能與其生活適應之關係……22 壹、 社會支持與兒童生活適應之關係…………………………22 一、 社會支持概念的起源與定義………………………………22 二、 社會支持的來源與分類……………………………………25 三、 社會支持的測量……………………………………………27 四、 社會支持的壓力調節假說…………………………………28 五、 社會支持的相關研究………………………………………31 貳、 自我效能與兒童生活適應之關係…………………………34 一、 自我效能理論緣起…………………………………………34 二、 自我效能的意義……………………………………………36 三、 自我效能的來源……………………………………………38 四、 自我效能的測量……………………………………………39 五、 自我效能的相關研究………………………………………40 第三章 研究方法…………………………………………………43 第一節 研究假設與架構…………………………………………43 第二節 研究對象…………………………………………………44 第三節 測量工具…………………………………………………45 第四節 資料處理…………………………………………………61 第四章 研究結果………………………………………………63 第一節 受試者之基本資料…………………………………63 第二節 研究變項各向度的描述統計結果……………………64 第三節 研究變項的相關分析…………………………………65 第四節 研究變項的迴歸分析…………………………………68 第五章 結論與討論………………………………………………76 第一節 結論……………………………………………………76 第二節 討論……………………………………………………77 第三節 研究限制與建議…………………………………………82 參考文獻…………………………………………………………86 中文部份………………………………………………………86 英文部份………………………………………………………88 附錄………………………………………………………………95 附錄一 預試量表………………………………………………95 附錄二 正試量表…………………………………………… 106 圖目錄 圖 2 -1 認知情境脈絡架構………………………………………………………13 圖 2 -2 社會支持之主要效果模式………………………………………………29 圖 2 -3 社會支持作為壓力調節器的模式………………………………………30 圖 2- 4 社會支持之調節效果模式………………………………………………30 圖 2 -5 三種互動論………………………………………………………………35 圖 5 -1 兒童社會支持在兒童知覺雙親衝突與父親依附間的調節效果………72 表目錄 表 5 -1 樣本次數分配表………………………………………………………63 表 5 -2 研究變項各向度之平均數與標準差…………………………………64 表 5 -3 各研究變項向度間的相關……………………………………………66 表 5 -4 各研究變項間的相關…………………………………………………68 表 5- 5 兒童知覺雙親衝突對親子依附關係的迴歸分析……………………69 表 5 -6 兒童知覺雙親衝突對親子依附關係的逐步迴歸分析………………69 表 5 -7 親子依附關係對兒童生活適應的迴歸分析…………………………70 表 5 -8 父親依附對兒童生活適應的逐步迴歸分析…………………………70 表 5 -9 母親依附對兒童生活適應的逐步迴歸分析…………………………71 表 5 -10 以父親依附為依變項、兒童知覺雙親衝突為自變項、兒童社會支 持為調節變項的階層迴歸分析………………………………………72 表 5 -11 以母親依附為依變項、兒童知覺雙親衝突為自變項、兒童社會支 持為調節變項的階層迴歸分析………………………………………73 表 5 -12 以兒童生活適應為依變項、父親依附為自變項、兒童社會支持為 調節變項的階層迴歸分析……………………………………………73 表 5 -13 以兒童生活適應為依變項、母親依附為自變項、兒童社會支持為 調節變項的階層迴歸分析……………………………………………73 表 5 -14 以父親依附為依變項、兒童知覺雙親衝突為自變項、兒童自我效 能為調節變項的階層迴歸分析………………………………………74 表 5 -15 以母親依附為依變項、兒童知覺雙親衝突為自變項、兒童自我效 能為調節變項的階層迴歸分析………………………………………74 表 5 -16 以兒童生活適應為依變項、父親依附為自變項、兒童自我效能為 調節變項的階層迴歸分析……………………………………………75 表 5 -17 以兒童生活適應為依變項、父親依附為自變項、兒童自我效能為 調節變項的階層迴歸分析……………………………………………75 / The purpose of this study is to discuss the role of parent-child attachment as a mediator in the relationship between child's perception of interparental conflict and child adjustment , and to investigate whether or not did social support and self-efficacy have buffering effects on the relationships between child's perception of interparental conflict and parent-child attachment, and between parent-child attachment and child adjustment Using 318 5th- and 6th- grade students in elementary school as subjects, researcher adopted six scales- The Children's Perception of Interparental Conflict Scale, Inventory of Father Attachment , Inventory of Mother Attachment , Social Support Scale, Questionnaire of Self-efficacy , and Inventory of Elementary School Students Adjustment- to measure subjects' scores in these variables (child's perception of interparental conflict, parent-child attachment, social support, self-efficacy and child adjustment ). Results indicated that parent-child attachment would mediate the relationship between child's perception of interparental conflict, and child adjustment. The buffering effect of social support was only showed in the relationship between child's perception of interparental conflict and father-child attachment. Self-efficacy didn't show any buffering effects. According to the results, interparental conflict had negative impact on parent-child attachment and child adjustment . Thus, parents should avoid showing conflict in a destructive way or display the conflict in a constructive way; that is, don't forget to be sensitive to and take care of child's feeling when parents are in conflict. There are no obvious buffering effects of social support and self-efficacy on the relationships between child's perception of interparental conflict and parent-child attachment and between parent-child attachment and child adjustment . To learn more on their relationships, further researches are needed.