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專利聯盟所涉及專利權濫用問題之研究 / The research of patent misuse issues in patent pool licensing何曜任, Ho, Yao Jen Unknown Date (has links)
專利聯盟(patent pools)可以創造龐大的促進競爭效益,但是同時也可能產生妨礙競爭與創新之疑慮,若法律完全不對專利聯盟之運作進行規範,專利權人將得以利用專利聯盟制度作為提昇自己市場獨占力量,抑制市場競爭,甚至是濫用專利排他權的工具。為了畫下專利權人正當行使權利之界限,維護專利制度的政策目的,以規範專利聯盟所產生之專利權濫用問題,美國的法制上遂逐漸發展出以專利權濫用原則(patent misuse doctrine)與競爭法(即美國之反托拉斯法),對專利聯盟進行管制的結構。美國法上之專利權濫用原則創設之初係為了限制輔助侵權理論之適用,此理論最初與競爭法制並無交集,判斷的重點在於專利權人是否逾越其權限,之後隨著1988年美國專利法之修正,以及學理實務的改變,現今專利權濫用原則的認定已牽涉競爭法「合理原則」之判斷,然而,許多爭議也逐漸浮現,例如應如何判斷專利權人在專利聯盟中所為之限制競爭行為是否成立濫用,專利權濫用原則與競爭法之間之關係為何,甚至專利權濫用原則本身是否仍有必要存在,這些問題都尚待解決,因此現今正是對專利權濫用理論進行全面檢討之時機。
本文以下將針對專利聯盟所涉及之專利權濫用問題進行研究,對於實務上專利權人利用專利聯盟所進行之搭售、包裹授權、聯合訂價、競業禁止條款等行為進行觀察,並對其所涉及之專利權濫用問題進行初步分析。基於此一研究所獲得之基礎,本文將嘗試指出專利權濫用理論值得檢討之處,並指出專利權濫用理論兼具專利制度和競爭法制之特質,也反映了兩者間之衝突,其亦具有能夠與時俱進,以及反映專利制度政策公益之特質,因此仍有繼續存在價值。尤其係在專利聯盟成員利用彼此間競業禁止協議抑制新生替代性技術發展之情形,法院在適用競爭法合理原則時,往往因為專利聯盟所創造的促進競爭效益,以及新生技術未來發展的不確定性,而傾向認定此種契約條款為合法,忽略其所產生之抑制創新問題,此時即有適用專利權濫用原則之空間。此外,更可以考慮以我國民法第148條所規範之誠信原則與權利濫用原則作為將專利權濫用理論引入我國法之基礎,而在尚未引入以前,對於專利聯盟所涉及之專利權濫用問題,我國實務可以將美國法專利權濫用原則之理論基礎作為操作民法第148條、專利法第60條、公平交易法第18條及第19條以及其他相關規定時之指導原則。本文之意旨並非在完全以專利權濫用原則取代競爭法規範的角色,而係期待實務上應當設法對專利權濫用原則之價值進行重新評估,以賦予專利權濫用原則嶄新之生命,讓專利權濫用原則與競爭法共同形成一個完善、合理的專利權行使規範體系。 / Patent pool licensing can both create enormous pro-competitive and anti-competitive effects. Without legal intervention, the patentee would be able to manipulate the patent pool system as a mean to increase his own monopoly power, suppress competition in the market, and even misuse his patent exclusive power. In order to prevent the misuse of patent rights, protect patent policy and regulate patent misuse issues in patent pools, the U.S law system employs the “patent misuse doctrine” and competition law (antitrust law) to deal with the above issues. The patent misuse doctrine was initially designed to limit the overexpansion of the contributory infringement theory and has no relationship with competition law. The essential factor to constitute patent misuse is that the patentee extends the patent monopoly over the statutory scope of his patent right. Nevertheless, in pace with the Patent Misuse Reform Act of 1988 and the conversion of the legal practice, the patent misuse doctrine has begun to intertwine with competition law’s “rule of reason” analysis. Gradually, many disputes have emerged, such as how to determine whether the patentee’s conduct constitutes patent misuse in patent pools, what is the relationship between the patent misuse doctrine and competition law, and whether the patent misuse doctrine itself is necessary to exist. Therefore, it is high time to conduct a comprehensive review of the patent misuse theory.
This article will provide insights to patent misuse issues in patent pool licensing, such as tie-in arrangement, package licensing, price fixing, non-competition agreements, etc, and review the theoretical basis of the patent misuse doctrine. This article will also submit that the patent misuse doctrine is a doctrine which has both the characteristics of patent law and competition law and can compromise the interests of these two areas of regulations. It can also reflect patent policy and grow and change with time. Therefore, it is a doctrine which should continue to exist. Particularly, in the situation which patent pool members use non-competition agreements to suppress the development of nascent substitute technologies, courts would often consider this kind of agreement to be legal because of the enormous pro-competitive effects created by the patent pool and the uncertainty of the future development of the nascent technology. At this moment, it is necessary to apply the patent misuse doctrine to deal with the problem. In addition, the principle of good faith which is encoded in article 148 of the civil code may be an appropriate medium to introduce the patent misuse doctrine into our legal system. Even if it is not yet introduced into our system, the patent misuse doctrine could be the guiding principle for our legal practitioners to apply article 148 of the civil code, article 60 of the patent act, article 18 and article 19 of the Fair Trade Act in order to deal with patent misuse issues in patent pool licensing. This article supports that the patent misuse doctrine should be refined and cooperate with competition law in order to form a complete regulation of patent misuse conducts, but it does not submit that current competition law should be entirely replaced by the patent misuse doctrine.
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論營業秘密法之不可避免揭露原則 / Inevitable Disclosure Doctrine in Trade Secret Law陳詩帆, Chen, Shih Fan Unknown Date (has links)
近年來頻傳科技業高階主管跳槽到競爭對手,而我國於二〇一三年增訂營業秘密的刑事責任,營業秘密的保護與人才流動兩者之間的關係,越來越受到關注,特別是台積電與梁孟松案,智慧財產法院於二〇一二年三月台積電訴梁孟松案假處分裁定採納不可避免揭露原則,在後續的判決中亦論及不可避免揭露原則,使此一原則開始受到國內智慧財產權法實務及學術界之相當關注。
不可避免揭露原則係源自美國法上之司法實踐,本文首先介紹美國法上不可避免揭露原則的理論基礎,透過五個重要判決(Allis-Chalmers v. Continental案、PepsiCo v. Redmond案、Bimbo v. Botticella案、Whyte v. Schlage案和EarthWeb v. Schlack案)介紹不可避免揭露原則的發展,分析不可避免揭露原則的要素,包括兩間公司的競爭程度、營業秘密之認定、員工職務的近似程度、違反誠信的行為和與保密協議、競業禁止條款的關係,並且整理出四種不同的適用類型即完全適用、擴張適用、限縮適用和拒絕適用,繼而以之分析美國各州的適用情形。最後,回歸到我國台積電訴梁孟松案,分析該案是否適合導入或參考美國法之不可避免揭露原則之各項考量因素,並評析法院對於不可避免揭露原則的見解包括採納不可避免揭露原則的適用類型,輔以我國目前實務發展,探討不可避免揭露原則是否應該引入我國,包括是否違反我國法律規定、與美國法制的差異是否影響不可避免揭露原則的適用和價值衡平與政策考量。 / In recent years, hi-tech companies in Taiwan occasionally need to cope with crisis where their executives decide to join competitors’ firms. Along with the 2013 amendment in Trade Secrets Law, which crminizlized trade secrets infringemenet, the relationship between the trade secret protection and job mobility has drew wide attention from IP practitioers and academia. In the case of TSMC v. Liang, the Intellectual Property Court first applied the inevitable disclosure doctrine in an injunction relief. Since the inevitable disclosure doctrine originates from the judicial development of the United States (U.S) trade secret law, the thesis first introduces the basic idea of the inevitable disclosure doctrine in the U.S., and then through five representative cases, including Allis-Calmers v. Continental, PepsiCo v. Redmond, Bimbo v. Botticella, Whyte v. Schlage, and EarthWeb v. Schlack. It then investigates the overall development of the inevitable disclosure doctrine in the U.S.. Based on the case-law development, the thesis further analyzes the essential factors of the inevitable disclosure doctrine incluing the competition between rivals, indentification of trade secrets, job similarity, dishonest act and the relationship with non-disclosure agreement and covenant not to compete. It also catalgorizes four types of judicial application of the inevitable disclosure doctrine, including the original, extended, limited and rejected type. Furthermore, the thesis analyzes the type of application of the inevitable disclosure doctrine in each state in the U.S.. Last but not least, back to TSMC v. Liang, the thesis analyzes if the above-mentioned factors of the inevitable disclosure doctrine fit in the case, and reviews the court ruling about the inevitable disclosure doctrine. In conclusion, based on the current development of judicial practice, the thesis assesses the application of inevitable disclosure doctrine in Trade Secrets Law in Taiwan with the polict goal to balance various interests.
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公務員言論自由之保障及其限制標準之研究 / A Study on the Constitutional Protection and Restriction of Public Employee Speech賴雪梅, Lai, Hsueh Mei Unknown Date (has links)
80年代,我國在解嚴之時,民主化運動與言論自由的保障相得益彰,幾乎同一時期,司法院大法官作成釋字第187號解釋,對於特別權力關係敲響第一記警鐘,大法官逐步正視特別權力關係理論對於權利保障與憲政制度的影響,在司法實踐上似乎邁向突破特別權力關係理論長久以來的桎梏。然探其實際,在大法官與學者相繼對於特別權力關係理論加以解構後,公務員仍未能如同民主化後的一般人民一樣享有「充分且必要」的言論自由。
在面對公務員言論爭議的案件中,我國現行法制透過概括的職務義務對於公務員言論自由施加限制。在具體個案的審查中,實務上顯然並不認為公務員享有與一般人民相同的言論自由,就公務員言論應有的界限與限制的標準,也未建立可茲遵循的審查原則。造成此一現象的原因或許在於特別權力關係尚未真正地被揚棄,學者與實務對於公務員「有權利即有救濟」的闡述,過於囿限於「服公職權」,並且在檢討、揚棄特別權力關係的過程中,仍停留在形式法治國的概念,忽略了基本權利實質限制的檢討。
本文借鏡美國法制的發展,嘗試為我國公務員言論自由的審查提出基本原則。在衡量公務員言論自由保障時,應考量「公務員言論的類型」與「公務員的職務內容」,並以「言論表達的時間與地點」與「言論的公開程度」作為輔助判斷因素,衡酌公務員言論對於政府制度目的的影響。在此一審查模型下,並非所有的公務員言論皆受到一致的限制。
法哲學家Dworkin教授曾經說過,在言論自由的困難案件中,法律人必然需要釐清「憲法為何保障言論自由」這個根本性的問題,才能決定言論自由的困難案件應該如何解決。期待本文的觀察建議可以使得實務在審查公務員言論自由的案件時,意識到公務員言論可能具有的公益面向—使政府資訊自由地流向公眾,促進政府課責與民主審議—從而能夠適當的權衡相關利益,賦予公務員言論應有的保障。 / In the 1980s, as the Martial law was lifted, the level of freedom of speech enjoyed by the people was increased alongside with Taiwan’s democratization movement. In the same period, the Constitutional Court rendered the landmark Interpretation No.187 against the theory of special power relation (besonderes Gewaltverhaltnis, the Theory). The Court was concerned with the negative effect of the Theory on constitutionally protected rights and liberties. However, even though the Court had since made several similar interpretations and seemed to gradually move toward abandoning the Theory entirely, Taiwan’s public employees have not yet been able to enjoy the same level of freedom of speech as the general public has.
Under the current legal system, civil servants’ freedom of speech was restricted by broad and generalized professional duties specified in the Public Functionary Service Act. In addition, courts do not take the view that public employees and the general public enjoy the same level of freedom of expression, and do not establish a clear principle to determine what public employees can or cannot speak. Perhaps it is because the Theory has lingered on. Or it is because in the process of abandoning the Theory, courts have paid too much attention on the right to holding public offices and ignored other rights, such as the right to free speech.
Learning from the public employee speech jurisprudence in the United States, this thesis tries to articulate some basic principles when reviewing cases concerning civil servants’ freedom of speech. This thesis believes that not all public employee speech should be restricted and suppressed. In deciding whether to protect civil servants’ freedom of expression, courts should consider two main factors: “the type of the speech involved” and “the responsibilities of the civil servant’s position.” In addition, factors such as “the time and place of the speech” and “degree of openness of the speech” should also be taken into account when deciding whether public employee speech has negative impact on the government in fulfilling its responsibilities.
Professor Ronald Dworkin, an American legal philosopher, once remarked that in hard cases, “lawyers and judges must try to find a political justification of the First Amendment that fits most past constitutional practice and also provides a compelling reason why we should grant freedom of speech.” The thesis hopes that the observation and suggestion made in this research can help courts be aware of the public interests in protecting public employees’ freedom of speech—ensuring free flow of information from the government to the public and improving government accountability and democratic deliberation. Then can the courts better balance the relevant interests and ultimately afford proper protection to public employee speech.
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ポスト福祉国家における経済的自由の憲法理論的研究愛敬, 浩二 03 1900 (has links)
科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(C) 課題番号:17530020 研究代表者:愛敬 浩二 研究期間:2005-2006年度
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從我國釋憲結構論法律違憲審查宣告方式之選擇謝礎安, Hsieh, Anthony Chu-an Unknown Date (has links)
隨著時序進入二十一世紀,我國行憲至今將近六十個年頭,從一開始國政動盪不安的年代,經過威權體制的時代,到現在民主憲政成果逐漸落實,「憲法的守護神」—大法官,在這民主轉型的過程中,扮演了一個不可或缺的角色。藉由憲法上賦予的解釋憲法—違憲審查權限,大法官累積至今作成了六百多號解釋,在憲政運作與民主國、法治國的建構上多有建樹,尤其對人民基本權的保障與維護,比起民主憲政已開發國家來說,更是有過之而無不及。
然而,當眾人皆稱讚大法官所帶來豐碩的憲政成果,違憲審查制度所帶來的相關問題,也逐漸浮現。尤其是大法官角色的變遷—藉由指示立修法、擴張適用、創設規範,成為「代位立法者」。本文原始動機很簡單:大法官在釋憲時難道不會犯錯嗎?大法官所言與決定的價值,均是顛撲不破的真理嗎?從此動機出發,本文的問題意識即在於,大法官行使的違憲審查權若定位為司法權之行使,亦即其運作必須與政治權力的運作相區隔,則大法官做為代位的立法者,如此積極的立法作為,是否違反權力分立原則與民主的價值,而有值得商榷之處?是否應該對如此權力的行使設下界限?
因此,本文首先檢視我國的釋憲結構,試著找出吾國制度獨特之處—對客觀法秩序維護的重視。其次,整理分析1994年至2004年間,大法官對法律違憲審查的解釋案,以研判司法者積極程度並找出立法者對司法解釋的回應內容,作為大法官成代位立法者的實證。最後,提出理論上的想法與建議,試著從解釋效力與宣告方式的層面著手,尋找立法權與司法權間的平衡互動。
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金融犯罪之訴訟策略 —以我國證券交易法操縱市場案件為中心 / The Litigation Strategy for Financial Crime —Focus on The Cases of Market Manipulation of Securities Exchange Act in Taiwan莊凱如 Unknown Date (has links)
金融犯罪近年來日益受學者與實務界之重視,而我國證券交易 法既以「發展國民經濟、保障投資」為目的,證券市場是否依自然 供需法則自由運作,而不受人為操縱行為破壞價格決定機制,顯得 至為重要。
我國證券交易法明文禁止操縱市場行為,違反者除民事損害賠 償責任外,尚有刑事處罰,且刑度非輕。操縱市場雖屬於相對抽象 之一種禁止類型,但法院實務上已經累積為數不少之判決,然而因 案件內容繁雜、法條構成要件不夠明確......等因素,造成法律見解難 以統一之現象,進而使得辯護工作難度增加。
本文擬從比較法上,參考外國法對操縱市場行為禁止之類型及 方式,檢視我國證券交易法中關於操縱市場之立法過程與構成要 件,並蒐集大量法院判決,整理分析被告提出之各式抗辯,回顧法 院判決中之見解、判斷,期待能更深入問題之核心,裨對實務工作 者能有所助益。 / Financial crimes are increasingly valued by academics and practitioners in recent years. Securities and Exchange Act in Taiwan is
securities market operate freely in accordance with the law of natural supply and demand without undermining the mechanism of price determination by human
manipulation so important.
Securities and Exchange Act in Taiwan expressly prohibited for market manipulation and penalize who breach of regulation. They must bear civil liability for damages and seriously criminal penalties. Although market manipulation may be very abstract sometimes, court practice has accumulated a large number of judgments. However, it’s still a big challenge for attorneys due to the different opinions in practice.
The relevant provisions of this order the United States, England and China on different types of legislation about manipulation, in order to find the difference of among the Securities and Exchange Law of Taiwan, as a reference to amend acts of manipulation. By studying cases selected our Court and trying to analyze how the various defenses affect the court decision.
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股東表決權利益迴避制度之研究—台電求償案之分析與檢討 / Study on The Exclusion of Shareholder’s Voting Right周宛蘭, Chou, Wan Lan Unknown Date (has links)
股份有限公司在「企業經營與企業所有分離」之原則下,公司經營事務固專由法定必備業務機關—董事會職司之,然為保障股東權益,公司法乃賦予各股東表決權,使股東能在股東會中,透過作成決議之方式,形成股東之意見並參與公司之經營決策。因而,表決權可謂股東之重要權利。如欲禁止股東行使此項權利,實應格外慎重。公司法第178條規定「股東對於會議之事項,有自身利害關係致有害於公司利益之虞時,不得加入表決,並不得代理他股東行使其表決權」,為我國公司法制下,股份有限公司之股東表決權利益迴避制度。然此一規定及其規範模式,是否有其正當性及合理性,不無探討之空間。
首先,由於此一規定使用不確定法律概念,「有自身利害關係」、「有害公司利益之虞」等要件之意義、範圍,學說及實務解釋適用上均有不同看法。又因該規定之規範主體為「股東」,當遇有政府或法人股東時,所謂「自身利害關係」之判斷應為「股東」本身,或及於股東之「代表人」,即不無疑義。另構成該規定,法律效果為具有利害關係之「股東」不得加入表決,並不得「代理」他股東行使其表決權,然如有自身利害關係之股東委託他人代理行使表決權時,或受委任者不具股東身分,或受委任者為股東之「代表人」時,應如何解釋適用,亦值探討。此部分將置於本文第二章討論。
其次,整理我國司法判決對公司法第178條之實際運用案例,約略可分為「會計表冊承認」、「董事競業禁止義務解除」及「解任董監事」等三類。另外,「台電求償案」除涉及台灣電力股份有限公司大股東經濟部,應否對「就核四停建一事向政府求償」議案利益迴避之爭議,亦涉及股東會決議權限與股東利益迴避制度間之關係、股東權利義務變動之時點限制、系爭議案求償對象之解釋及股份多數決原則與表決權利益迴避制度之衝突等問題。上開實務見解對於相關規定之解釋適用,是否妥適,本文第三、四章,將先就相關判決予以摘要臚列,復就其中所涉及之爭議,提出一己拙見。
最後,觀諸日本法對於股東表決權利益迴避制度之演變,可知日本最早亦採我國公司法第178條事前禁止之規範模式,惟在1981年(昭和56年)即全面改採事後救濟制。對照日本法制,恰可凸顯我國現行制度下,出現適用範圍不明確、配套措施不足及議事難以進行等問題。本文以為,回歸資本多數決之精神,並考量公司法第178條之規範目的,既係在於確保決議的公正性及公平性,應直接針對不當的決議設計救濟途徑,當更為妥適。如將公司法第178條修改為「股東會決議如因有特別利害關係者行使表決權,而作出顯著不當決議時,股東得訴請法院撤銷該決議」。或逕將此條刪除,改設立多數決濫用禁止之規定,在現行公司法第189條下,新設後段或第2項之規定:「股東會之決議內容,有害公司或少數股東利益而顯著不當者,亦同」,賦予小股東在多數決濫用時一定之救濟管道。過去在我國現行制度下所產生之許多爭議事例,即得以迎刃而解。
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析論歐盟優惠性原產地規則及其對台灣成鞋廠商國際投資之影響 / Analyze and research on EU preferential rule of origin and its impact on international investment of Taiwanese footwear producers廖唯宸, Liao, Wei Chen Unknown Date (has links)
歐盟廣泛地與世界各國簽訂優惠貿易協定,透過優惠貿易待遇的給予來促進與各國間政治與經貿的緊密連繫。而對於生產者而言,要適用這些貿易優惠的前提就是透過遵循歐盟優惠性原產地規則而使產品取得原產產品身分,無論是以完全取得或是經過充分作業或加工而產生實質轉型的方式。
本論文主要的研究目的,在於分析個別歐盟優惠貿易協定下關於累積規定、微量條款、出口退稅禁止等關鍵條文,與附錄清單就產品「實質轉型」標準規定的法律義涵,以及其隱含的政經意義;並就該意義進一步推衍出對於台灣的生產者,在眾多的歐盟優惠性協定法律架構下,存在個別規則適用難易程度具有差別且該差別將對生產成本有所影響之事實。而本論文另一重點則是就法規與生產稟賦搭配後得推衍出原則性之評估方法來評比出個別優惠性原產地規則在適用上之優劣順序,以協助台灣廠商未來考慮使用此項貿易優惠來進軍歐盟市場時,在國際投資之佈局上可以納入考量或作為參考,以選擇出最有利的受惠國或區域作為生產資源配置之基礎。
為使法律層面與實務上之運作加以結合,本論文進一步以台灣的成鞋廠商做為研究觀察之對象,檢視其是否會因為適用歐盟優惠性原產地規則而改變投資模式,另亦將與鞋廠商實際訪談所得之結論與推演出原則性評估方法加以比較,進一步檢討該評估方法之適用能力與情形,並提出應隨不同情況而加以修正相關假設之注意。
關鍵詞:歐盟優惠性原產地規則;原產地規則;原產產品;實質轉型;累積規定;微量條款;出口退稅禁止;附錄清單;生產稟賦;國際投資;成鞋。 / Europe Union (EU) broadly sign the preferential trade agreements with the other countries in the globe, and through the conferring of the preferential trade treatments, EU attempts to build up the tight political and economic bonds worldwide. The premise for producers who want to enjoy these trade preferences is to make sure that their product are qualified and recognized as “original product” in those beneficiary countries either by following the regulation of standard of “wholly obtained” or “sufficiently working or processing” stipulated in each preferential Rule of Origin (ROO).
The main subject of this thesis is to analyze the legal meaning and the underlined policy purpose of the critical provisions in each EU preferential ROO, such as “cumulation”, “general tolerance rule”, “no-drawback rule”, and the standard of “sufficiently working or processing” of a product (substantial transformation) stipulated in the List Rules (in the Annex part) attached in each preferential trade agreement. And from those meaning Author reasons out the fact that the level of difficulty concerning applying and using these preferential ROO are different and the difference has its influence on cost of producing. Author also infers the basic method to assess the level of difficulty of these ROO while combining analyzing the ROO provisions and endowment in the beneficiary countries. This method is to assist those Taiwanese producers who have willing to use the EU preferential ROO to make their product qualified as “original product” with the minimized producing cost when entering into EU market, that is, to help producers cherry pick the beneficial countries (or area) for making investments distribution and deploying concerned producing resources and still have their the products entitled as “original product”.
To combine the legal dimension and the producer’s operation in practice, Author further chooses Taiwanese footwear producers as observed subject of using the ROO and see if they would change their mode of investment thereafter. Author compares the conclusion derived from interviewing footwear producers with the basic assessment method, and further examines the applicability of the method and the potential correction of hypothesis under certained situations.
Key words: EU preferential Rule of Origin, Rule of Origin, original product, substantial transformation, cumulation, general tolerance rule, no-drawback rule, List Rules, endowment, international investment, footwear.
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租稅優惠禁止過度原則之憲法連結 / 無林榮華, Lin, Rong Hua Unknown Date (has links)
稅捐稽徵法於民國99年1月6日增訂第1章之1有關納稅義務人權利之保護規定,其中第11之4條規定:「稅法或其他法律為特定政策所規定之租稅優惠,應明定實施年限並以達成合理之政策目的為限,不得過度。前項租稅優惠之擬訂,應經稅式支出評估。」揭示租稅優惠禁止過度原則,以確保其他納稅義務人權利。此項規定之目的,既然係就立法者訂定租稅優惠法律所加之限制,則其所謂的「不得過度」之認定標準自應遵守憲法之要求,惟租稅優惠禁止過度原則,涉及優惠性差別待遇,故其究應依據平等原則抑或依據比例原則作為其認定標準?不無疑義。
我國實務上關於租稅法之憲法爭議向以量能課稅原則與租稅公平原則處理之,故租稅優惠禁止過度原則、量能課稅原則及租稅公平原則三者間如何各自其發揮其應有功能而不至於相互重疊甚至架空,從而建構一完整之憲法保護體系,以保障納稅義務人權利,值得加以討論。本文認為租稅優惠禁止過度原則與量能課稅原則、租稅公平原則三者間關係,應為廣義租稅公平原則乃租稅正義,基於分配正義時,其包括水平公平要求之狹義租稅公平原則與垂直公平要求之量能課稅原則;基於形成正義時,則包括水平公平要求之狹義租稅公平原則與垂直公平要求之租稅優惠禁止過度原則。由於量能課稅原則所關注的焦點應係在於所課與之租稅義務是否已反應出納稅義務人之租稅負擔能力,其側重的乃是程度深淺當否之問題,而比較接近比例原則之要求;而基於租稅正義之形成正義中垂直公平要求之租稅優惠禁止過度原則,其在遏止某些租稅優惠雖可通過平等原則之檢驗卻對於其他納稅義務人權利過度干涉而侵害之情況發生,因此租稅優惠禁止過度原則之審查模式,亦應與比例原則相似;至於憲法第7條平等原則之要求則歸屬狹義租稅公平原則以處理因負擔租稅義務而有差別待遇之情形。
首先,關於納稅義務人權利之憲法保障依據,本文認為與其求諸於國民主權、租稅國原則及社會國原則等要求,不如肯認憲法上稅捐基本權,並就其保障範圍與界限保持開放性,留予釋憲者解釋及使用的空間,才能對於納稅人權利徹底保護。其次,從資源有限性及有效稅率的觀點加以審視時,維繫國家正常運作所需支出而相對應的租稅範圍內具有封閉性,故國家倘若就其中某些納稅義務人所應負擔之租稅義務予以減輕或免除時,則該租稅負擔勢必轉嫁於其他納稅人身上,並且由於立法者於制定各種稅率時,僅就通常情形加以考量而訂定之,並未考量租稅優惠特別係誘導性租稅優惠之特殊情形,因此除了實際稅率與名義稅率偏離部分外,當初因無法考量有效稅率而增加的稅率部分,無形中亦轉嫁於其他納稅義務人,故租稅優惠係可能對於其他納稅義務人的權利造成侵害之情形。
關於租稅優惠的審查密度,我國釋憲實務所採取的標準似乎傾向於寬鬆的審查標準,惟如此一來與放棄司法審查無異,就其他納稅權利人之保障顯係不足。本文認為基於立法者具有民主正當性基礎及其具備高度的專業技術判斷與相關資訊,足以針對財政需求而制定適妥之財政目的規範,因此立法者就此應享有立法形成空間,故應適用寬鬆的合理審查標準;於此前提下,由於任何租稅優惠均或多或少帶有一定政策性,而不同政策的實現對於全體國民均有不同程度之重要意義及影響,因此必須區分非經濟目標租稅優惠規範與經濟性目標租稅優惠規範予以寬嚴不一的審查標準,再就經濟性目標租稅優惠規範,區分公益團體租稅優惠與非公益團體租稅優惠予以寬嚴不一的審查標準,而建構類似美國關於言論自由之雙軌雙階審查模式,不可如現行實務般採取完全放任的態度。
針對非經濟性目標租稅優惠規範(例如:所得稅法第4條第13款規定),由於此等租稅優惠不會對於市場競爭秩序產生重大的影響,其減免的租稅數額相對較小,最重要的是該等政策實現所需的時間較短致使租稅優惠的期間不致過長,其政策之執行極富彈性及機動性可隨時作適度調整,以及該等措施係在彌補社會福利制度不足之處,故應予以最寬鬆的審查標準,故只要立法目的本身為正當且欲達成立法目的之手段與目的具有合理的關聯時,該等租稅優惠即不致於過度侵害其他納稅義務人之權利即與憲法保障之稅捐基本權無違。至於針對經濟性目標租稅優惠規範(例如:產業創新條例第10條第1項),鑑於此等租稅優惠對於市場秩序的重大影響、減免數額鉅大、優惠期間長且直接影響國家的競爭力等因素,應採取較嚴格的審查標準,以保障其他納稅義務人之權利;具體標準為其立法目的本身為正當且欲達成立法目的之手段與目的具有合理的關聯並輔以體系正義之觀察,惟為確保立法就租稅事項之形成空間不至於受到過度的限制,其手段與目的間應合理關聯性之判斷可從程序面出發,藉由程序確保實體正義,而此等程序要求包括租稅優惠規範應經稅式支出決定程序決定同意後其制定始具正當性,以及應以限時法為之。
於經濟性目標租稅優惠規範中,則再區分非公益團體租稅優惠與公益團體租稅優惠。針對非公益團體租稅優惠(例如:產業創新條例第10條第1項)之租稅優惠禁止過度原則之審查,由於其不具公益性無特別處置之必要,故逕適用經濟性目標租稅優惠規範之審查標準即可,亦即應經稅式支出評估程序且應以限時法為之。至於針對公益團體租稅優惠(例如:已廢止之促進產業升級條例第19之2條關於技術入股5年緩課規定亦適用於有銷售貨物或勞務行為之教育、文化團體、慈善機關或團體),由於公益團體設立及從事行為均須受到政府主管機關嚴格的管控,故當其從事於經濟性行為時,政府於其從事經濟性行為之效益及可行性業經充分評估,於認為就其設立目的之實現有相當助益時,方才會許可其從事;此外,公益性團體之財務受種種法令之限制,其透明程度亦屬高度,可受社會一般人民對監督,從而應可認為其他納稅義務人之事先程序保障已獲得充分之確保;最後,縱使立法者對其經濟性活動預測有誤,緣公益性團所得或盈餘終需使用於公益而慧澤社會,從整體觀察來看,對於其他納稅義務人權利不至於形成嚴重的侵害;職是,關於應經稅式支出評估程序之要求應予以適度放寬,得不經稅式支出評程序,然關於限時法之要求,立法者仍應遵守之。
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法官闡明義務之研究 / Die richterliche Hinweispflicht劉怡君 Unknown Date (has links)
我國民事訴訟法於民國89年修正中,與法官闡明義務相關之重要修正為民事訴訟法第199條規定修正,強調事實及法律上法官均有闡明義務,及增訂第199條之1,將請求權基礎競合而當事人有部分請求權未為主張情形,明文為法官闡明義務範疇。另搭配書狀先行、爭點整理、當事人真實及完全義務及攻擊防禦方法適時提出等相關規定的修正及增訂,希冀以擴大法官闡明義務方式,使當事人能利用一次訴訟程序解決紛爭,防免發生突襲性裁判,並避免訴訟拖延,使當事人受適時審判,減少當事人程序上勞力、時間及費用的支出。
本論文共分為七章。第一章為緒論,第七章為結論。第二章及第三章係簡述民事訴訟程序中,與本論文所探討之法官闡明議題相關憲法上權利、民事訴訟制度的目的、訴權及民事訴訟程序的基本原則,並探討法官闡明之目的、性質等基本問題。
第四章為法官闡明相關的爭議問題研究。從德國2001年民事訴訟法修正法官闡明義務規定及我國法官闡明義務立法沿革出發,為維持法官之中立性應避免闡明權逾越適當性的行使,法官闡明義務必須以當事人之書面或言詞陳述中,有相關之「端緒」為基礎始得為之。而憲法第80條規定法官應依法審判,在「法官知法原則」下,正確適用法律為法官的職權亦為義務,法律見解採用並非辯論主義範疇,當事人不能任意處分,法官審判更不應受其拘束。另法院對於審理過程中待證事實及證據資料進行評價所形成的暫時性心證,與當事人本件訴訟結果勝敗牽涉,法官對此部分暫時性心證公開並搭配舉證責任與證據提出的闡明,可讓當事人明瞭其在審理程序中尚應補充哪些事實及證據資料,始足以改變法官之暫時性心證方向,追求對自己有利的訴訟結果。末以律師作為當事人法律諮詢者的司法任務,應以適當方式為當事人爭取實體上及程序上利益而遂行訴訟,因此在當事人本人訴訟及律師代理訴訟中,法官闡明義務亦有程度上之不同,以維持兩造當事人之實質武器平等地位。
第五章為法官闡明義務的類型。從傳統及晚近學說上對闡明之分類出發,簡述此分類之缺失,末以最高法院近年來之法官闡明相關實務見解為中心,將其區分為起訴合法性、處分權主義、辯論主義及法律見解表明四個部分,從不同階段可能出現的法官闡明態樣進行類型化及評析。然而法官闡明權實係貫穿整個民事訴訟程序進行運作,故本文所選取之最高法院判決亦不乏在同一個判決中有不同階段的法官闡明見解。就實務見解類型化後,比較實務見解與國內外學說見解的異同,檢討我國法官闡明制度之實務現況。
第六章從法官迴避、失權效及判決效力三個部分切入探討闡明相關的法律效果。法官因逾越闡明界限之闡明而有損及中立性時,應讓當事人有聲請法官迴避之機會,而法官因闡明不當而該當法官迴避之結果時,應衡酌情況予以內部自律懲處。另法官於訴訟程序中妥為闡明後,應區分律師訴訟及本人訴訟之適時提出訴訟資料的「期待可能性」,妥適適用失權效規定,以避免訴訟程序拖延,影響當事人受適時審判權利。而學說上別訴禁止擴大及既判力擴大或減縮見解,衡諸我國民事訴訟並未採行全面強律師代理,且法律對此尚無相關依據,應保障當事人程序主體地位及注意當事人程序權保障,現況下或採取保留態度較為妥適。
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