現今的科技產品環境，當新產品進入市場時，因為舊有產品使用者建構的網路外部性下，不容易開拓其市佔率。過去討論網路外部性的文獻中，大多僅探討一項新產品與舊有產品競爭的情況。然而，現實中往往出現多項產品同時在市場上競爭。本文模型建立在Jassen and Mendys (2007) 上，來探討擁有較高網路外部性之舊產品，面臨同時出現兩項品質較好之新產品時，市場佔有率的分佈樣貌。此模型中，存在於市場上的消費者對品質及網路外部性的偏好為異質，且模型中的消費者每期皆會重複購買該產品。本文發現，三項產品同時存在於市場上的穩定均衡解不存在，且市場均衡解將會出現在僅剩品質最優的新產品及既存舊產品共存的市場下，品質居中的產品無法存活於市場。新產品品質與舊產品品質間的差距不大時，舊產品仍然主導市場；若新產品品質明顯優於既有產品品質時，則新產品會拿下整個市場。且當品質優勢超過八分之一時，新產品將很快地占領整個市場。 / The market today is a harsh environment for new firms introducing new technologies into it, because users of existing products have already constructed a tough network which cannot be shaken easily. On network externality, previous researches only analyzed the condition of one new product competing with one old product. However, in reality, there are often more than two products competing with each other in the market. Based on Jassen and Mendys (2007), our model further discusses the outcome of the competition between two new superior products and an old inferior product. Consumers have different preferences of the quality and network externality of a product, and buy one product in each period. The outcome reveals that there is no stable equilibrium solution, when three products co-exist in the market. Stable equilibrium solution exists when there are only two products, the best one and the worst one, in the market. The product with middle quality cannot survive. Also, old products can still possess the most part of the market when the quality differs subtly between new and old products. But when the quality of new products is apparently higher than that of old products, then new products could take over the whole market. We discovered that the quality difference must be greater than 0.125 for new products to dominate the market quickly.

電子產品及通訊產品具有相容性與網路外部性的產品特性，本文探討電信產業中，通訊產品與服務所特有的「網路外部性」以及「產品相容性」之間的關係，文中利用兩階段的雙占Hotelling模型，說明相容性與網內外費率之間的關係，而產品相容性問題導致電信業者的網內外費率有所不同，形成的網路外部性也各不相同，廠商如何利用此一特性進行訂價與競爭，並分析不同的技術、成本的廠商訂價，與相容程度大小的決策。本研究顯示廠商擁有較高的技術時，將會使相容性提高，使網內外費率的差距減少，所產生的網路外部性也越高，相較於對手廠商，產生更高的利潤並且產生較高的消費者剩餘。若消費者對於品牌有不同的偏好，廠商將會減少網路的相容性以提高利潤。最後並解釋廠商之間若有勾結之情形，將會依據消費者的願付價格來訂價，且社會總福利將會較雙占競爭高，雙占競爭時廠商因為提供了過高的相容性而損失了效率。

技術的變動日新月異，創新技術的出現可能完全取代產業中原有的技術，而技術在企業中所扮演的角色，已漸漸從支援輔助性工具的角色，成為企業競爭策略中一項重要的關鍵資源，為了提高公司績效或促進新產品發展，企業應擬定適當的技術策略，而技術策略的擬定會受到公司所擁有的資產與能力的影響，因此企業是否擁有這項能力來協助技術策略的制定便很重要，而技術機會主義便代表了組織意識並回應技術改變的能力。因此本研究擬探討技術機會主義與公司績效的關係，並納入權變因素，以探討其對技術機會主義與公司績效的影響。 本研究針對台灣一千大製造業所作的問卷調查研究分析結果顯示： 1.技術機會主義有助於企業的技術採用與公司績效的提升。 2.當公司之市場導向愈大時，會使技術機會主義對公司績效的正向效果減弱。 3.當環境中技術變動性愈大時，會使技術機會主義對公司績效的正向效果增強。 4.當環境之網路外部性愈強時，會使技術機會主義對公司績效的正向效果減弱。 本研究站在企業的角度，探討企業的技術機會主義與技術採用的關聯，引申其與公司績效間的關係，並加入外在環境及內部策略導向的調節變數，以探討績效表現的變動方向及程度。由於過去的文獻多著墨在影響技術採用的因素上，但鮮少探討技術採用與績效間的關係，因此本研究結果可提供企業技術策略制定與評估之參考。 / Business history offers many examples of industries in which radical technologies emerged and eventually overwhelmed established technologies. Technology is no longer just an enabler of business processes but is increasingly becoming the core of the firm’s business strategy. Technological opportunism, a sense-and-respond capability of firms with respect to new technologies, is an important determinant of technology adoption. To assess the contribution of technological opportunism in explaining firm’s performance, this study also includes moderated variables in the model. Using data collected from manufacturing industry by mail questionnaire, the empirical results show as follow： 1.Technological opportunism has a positive effect on firm performance. 2.Increases in the level of a firm’s market orientation weaken the relationship between technological opportunism and performance. 3.Increases in the level of technology turbulence strengthen the relationship between technological opportunism and performance. 4.Increases in the level of network externalities weaken the relationship between technological opportunism and performance. Although there have been numerous studies which focused on determinants of the adoption of technological innovations, little research has been done on the relationship to performance. Over the years more and more organizations have invested heavily in new technologies in order to stay competitive in their given industries. This study on the position of a firm examines the effect of technological opportunism on organizational performance. The goal of this study is to provide guidance to managers who must make decisions regarding the adoption of technological innovations.

在面對產業激烈競爭之下，企業會利用許多方式來取得競爭優勢，技術的採用則是其中很重要的方式之一。企業為了取得競爭優勢或提高績效，應擬定適當的技術策略，而技術策略的擬定會受到公司內部所擁有的資產與能力而有所不同。技術機會主義便代表了組織意識並回應技術改變的能力，有助於企業的技術採用與公司績效的提升，成為企業競爭策略中一項重要的關鍵資源。因此本研究擬探討技術機會主義與公司績效的關係，並納入調節變數，以探討其對技術機會主義與公司績效的影響。 本研究針對台灣1,000家上市上櫃公司為樣本所作的問卷抽樣調查研究分析結果顯示： 1.技術機會主義有助於企業的技術採用與公司績效的提升。 2.主動式市場導向對於公司績效的影響。 3.當環境之直接網路外部性愈強時，會使技術機會主義對公司績效的正向效果減弱。 4.當環境之間接網路外部性愈強時，會使技術機會主義對公司績效的正向效果增強。 5.當公司之主動式市場導向愈大時，會增強技術機會主義對公司績效的負向效果。 本研究由企業的角度，探討企業的技術機會主義與技術採用的關聯，引申其與公司績效間的關係，並加入外在環境及內部策略導向的調節變數，藉以探討績效表現的變動方向及程度。由於過去的文獻多著墨在影響技術採用的因素上，但鮮少探討技術採用與績效間的關係，因此本研究結果可提供企業技術策略制定與評估之參考。

本文建立一賽局理論模型，以分析在跨期的寡占市場中，高科技產業的特性對政府補貼意願的影響。 假設兩國間原本維持自由貿易的局面。若任一國主動採行補貼政策，雖然在當期可使國家福利水準提高，但之後各期則會因對手國也採取補貼，引發兩國間的補貼競爭，而使雙方福利水準下降。根據本文的分析可知，兩國政府的補貼意願會受到網路外部性及R&D外溢效果的影響。 由本文的結果得知，網路外部性的增加代表消費者對該產品的需求增加，故均衡的產量會隨著網路外部性提高。而相容性改變兩國廠商間的競爭關係，也影響兩國政府政策的效果。在產品不完全相容的情況下，網路外部性越高則兩國間發生補貼競爭的可能性也隨之提高；而在產品完全相容的情況下，政府補貼意願將不受網路外部性的影響。另一方面，在其他條件不變下，當產品間的相容性提高，政府補貼的可能性也隨之提高。 在R&D外溢效果的模型中，本文假設第一國為已開發國家，可從事R&D，而第二國為未開發國家，無法從事R&D，但其生產成本仍會因外溢效果而受到已開發國R&D的影響。由本文的結果得知，研發的外溢效果越高，已開發國政府的補貼意願也會提高，但未開發國政府的補貼意願則會降低。當研發的外溢效果等於二分之一時，兩國間發生補貼競爭的可能性最低。

亞馬遜（Amazon） 宣布自有電子閱讀器Kindle在2010年的出貨量達800 萬台，不僅遠超出市場預期的500 萬台，也打破Kindle 銷售會受iPad上市而被瓜分的流言。根據國外市調機構Displaybank 統計，亞馬遜（Amazon）的Kindle 電子書上市3 年以來，美國暢銷電子書銷售量已超越紙本書的2 倍，預估2015 年的美國電子書閱讀器市場規模將達5,400 萬台、2018 年有機會成長到8,800 萬台。由上述的資料可見，電子書產品實為一個有潛力的市場。 研究試圖以創新擴散理論(Rogers,1983)為基礎，探討在電子書問世時，消費者從得知電子書存在到採用此產品過程並持續採用之意願，輔以科技接受模式(Davis,1989)來解釋影響電子書使用者的態度、意圖及行為，在此綜合模型中添加了涉入類型的種類(Vaughn,1980)做為影響消費者知覺特性的變數，加入了廠商面的資訊來探討策略結盟對於消費者的意義及影響，除了以電子書本身所具備的功能特性來探討利益面影響因子，更希望能加入風險成本來探討成本面的影響因素，並探討電子書的網路外部性效果(Katz & Shapiro,1986)如何影響消費者的採用意願。 研究結果顯示消費者知覺特性中的認知有用性、認知易用性及相容性會顯著受到消費者涉入程度高低的影響；知覺特性中的認知有用性、相容性和直接網路外部性會顯著影響消費者對於電子書的採用意願；而除了知覺特性中的相容性對於繼續採用意願有顯著影響之外，其餘的變數皆不顯著，這與探討採用意願的結果不盡相同。 依據研究結果，總結出消費者採用電子書意願的相關建議：一、廠商異業結盟行為對於消費者的意義不大，消費者並不關心電子書是由甚麼廠商聯盟所組成，只關心此產品是否能滿足自身的期待及需求，廠商該著重的應是消費者使用習慣的舒適度以及產品功能的有效性。加強技術方面的整合及研發才是吸引消費者注意力並獲得青睞的策略行為。二、實體店鋪的設立能增加電子書產品的能見度，現今國內的電子書廠商百家爭鳴，但使消費者喊得出名字或是聽過的品牌卻沒幾家，這表示廠商所釋放出的產品訊息不夠完整，因此電子書廠商若要提升自家產品的能見度，除了基本的研發工作之外，與媒體之間的配合及實體通路店鋪的設置也是相當重要的，透過通路消費者能夠明確知曉電子書產品的功能特性，根據試用的狀況使消費者更能掌握產品的資訊，進而影響最終的採用意願。

本研究分析消費者如何在不同的社群網路間作出選擇，當用戶使用社群網站的同時，產生與朋友互相連結、分享資訊、聯絡感情等正面網路外部性，且此外部性隨著社群網站的功能越強大、隱私設定越開放而大幅增加，使用戶使用越開放的平台產生的效用越高。 但此現象同時帶給使用者相對程度的威脅：越開放的平台越無法對隱私權進行有效控制，換言之，越開放的平台越 「不願意」 對隱私權進行規範。隨著新興社群網站漸趨開放，用戶一方面享受朋友高度連結產生的正面效用，另一方面承受失去個人隱私權帶來的負面效用。且當重大侵犯隱私權事件發生，此正面外部性將如同雙面刃般轉化為傷害用戶的利器，其高度的好友連結度反而用戶間無一倖免產生強烈的效用損失。 傳統社群網路不必然會被開放性的新興社群網路所取代，因此本論文分析了純粹社群均衡、雙重均衡與社群優勢均衡的情形等多種社群網路均衡型態。 / This thesis analyzes social network asoption by consumers. The linkage with friends is nodeled as positive network effect. That is , the higher the amount of friends a user connects on a social network site, the higher the extra benefits she derives other than the direct ututility via usage. On the other hand, as new social network sites demonstrate: openness inproves connecting potential but gives way to privacy cncern.A privacy breaching event will rattle the socialty connected group to a drastic degree. Throung the interaction of both the positive and the negative network effects, we find that many types of social network equilibrium can be sustained.

More and more enterprises plan to switch their legacy system to service-oriented architecture (SOA). SOA, the focus of recent software-engineering, modulizes the IT components as “services” which could be re-jointed with each other flexibly and reused to avoid building parts repeatedly. This methodology also yields network externalities (Katz and Shapiro 1986; Markus 1987) as a number of services are integrated. An enterprise could increase the number of services to earn network externalities but such benefits come with risks. / This study aims to evaluate the investment of SOA and justifies the switch of current systems to SOA. Since SOA investment is usually a long-term and risky project for most enterprises, uncertainty becomes an important evaluation factor of an SOA project. This research applies the real option approach to evaluate an SOA switching project which majorly justifies the uncertainties, and use Monte-Carlo simulation to do the option pricing work. We consider three components of uncertainty in the model– risk, exercise time and number of connecting services for reusing- and evaluate how the uncertainty relates to the value of an SOA project. Finally, this research deduces the investment strategies under uncertainties, and describes what advantages for real option SOA has which are SOA could reduce the investment friction.

Red-Hat Linux之CEO，Robert Yang曾對微軟行為作如此論述：「微軟很壞，但壞的很成功！」本文內容可分為三部分。首先在於釐清微軟成功之原因，針對形成微軟獨佔個人電腦作業系統之原因，做一有系統之經濟觀點分析：將軟體產業特殊之競爭策略層面考量與相關網路外部性理論經濟模型推論、驗證過程透過本文架構重新整合，發展出不同於一般管理文獻論述之方式以建立微軟獨佔地位之經濟理論基礎。第二部份針對微軟破壞競爭規範等違法行為作研究，主要針對微軟1998年對網景之反托拉斯此案，以美國司法部公布之事實認定書與休曼法為基礎，加以延申並做詳盡之探討。第三部分則針對微軟被宣判違反反托拉斯法後，政府在網際網路時代下執行反托拉斯法以回復競爭規範之角色、補救原則、措施做一探討並與AT＆T案例比較；最後並提出兩種分割方式經濟模型分析與最適分割條件之政策性建議。 / The CEO of Red-Hat Linux, Robert Yang, has made such comments on the behavior of Microsoft that:” Microsoft is very bad, but very successful.” This thesis mainly focuses on three parts. The first part is to clarify the reasons why Microsoft is so successful and analyze its monopolistic position on personal computer operating system market in light of a systematic、economic method combining strategic competitive characteristics of software industry with economic theories of network externalities, making its foundations of monopoly and distinguish from general managerial arguments through the framework of this thesis. The second part primarily focuses on the antitrust case of Microsoft’s behavior against Netscape proposed by DOJ in 1998. Basing on the DOJ’s findings of fact and the antitrust law of Sherman act, we made explorative research on the case. The third part is to explore the role、principles and methods of antitrust remedy enforcements by government under the era of networks and Internet and compare with the AT&T case in 1982. Finally, we compare between two different ways that divide Microsoft into two companies in light of economic analysis and propose policy recommendation about condition that will optimize upon exploiting such remedy method.

現代科技產業發達，「消費性耐久財」，也就是所謂的科技產品日新月異，新產品推出後開始其創新擴散與為大眾所接受的過程。在科技產品相同品項中，常存在著代表標準的主流技術或產品，而該主流品牌易成為上下游廠商競相合作的對象，這樣的地位也保證著高度的消費者採用意願。個人自我創新特質可決定是否採用新技術產品，不可忽略的是來自週遭人群採用的網路外部性影響，越多人採用能降低使用上的風險與不確定性，並提高生活與工作上的效率；互補性產品推出亦會因多人採用而越發完善，如此便能更確立其產品或技術在市場中的主流地位。 本研究以2010年初上市的蘋果電腦iPad為主要被接受科技，至今已帶動許多科技大廠投入平板電腦市場，其中不乏電腦與智慧型手機業者，甚或是電信業者亦欲加入此新世代多點觸控風氣盛行的平板電腦產業，蘋果電腦iPad的銷售量居高不下，顯示其儼然已位居主流產品地位。為了能探究其活化已瀕臨死亡的平板電腦市場之因，本研究認為應以創新擴散理論、科技接受模型與網路外部性的組合做為研究探討基礎理論，並採用品牌形象、涉入程度與資訊構面來輔佐加強，以達到與過去國內科技產品創新接受模型的差異化的目的，提供不同方向的切入點。本研究盼能在以問卷量化設計的構面採用中，將蘋果iPad此等消費性耐久財的廠商面與消費面間策略取得平衡探討，提供給平板電腦廠商思考行銷與聯盟策略上的參考依據，而本研究結果發現如下： (一) 個人內在創新特質與兩種外部因素代表的網路外部性，會正面影響採用者對於蘋果iPad的正面創新知覺特質，形成正面的採用態度；在採用者部份負面創新知覺特質上，也有負面效果存在。 (二) 尚未購買者的採用意願較不受負面創新知覺特質影響，正面知覺特質有助於增加已購買者的未來繼續採用意願。 (三) 有形與無形品牌形象中，唯有無形者對於繼續採用意願的增強無效。 (四) 加入對於蘋果iPad產品涉入程度考量後的廠商與消費資訊，並不完全提升對繼續採用意願的影響效果，且對於採用意願無顯著影響。 故整體而言，平板電腦廠商，應能由廠商與消費面切入思考產品研發與行銷策略，由目標市場的需求做基礎考量新產品功能，並善用品牌、銷售與廠商策略聯盟資訊，增強採用者的好印象，才能真正擴散其創新科技以達永續經營。 關鍵字：創新擴散、科技接受、網路外部性、涉入程度、品牌形象 / Global technical industry booms, especially the “consuming durable,” or the so-called “technical products” evolves fast. After new products are launched, the innovation diffusing and generally accepted procedure starts. Among the same technical items, there is always a mainstream technology or product which could play the role as a referred standard. And the mainstream brand would easily become the one that up and downstream manufacturers long to cooperate with. The position will also present the highly consumer accepting intention. Self-innovation could be an important dominant factor deciding whether to accept product with new technology. However the external network effect from the acceptance of people around is indispensible as well. As a rule of thumb, more acceptances could reduce the risk and uncertainty when using the targeted product or technology. Meanwhile, this will also increase the efficiency in daily life or at work. Complementary goods would develop more completely because of mass acceptance and this way it will help ensure the mainstream role of product or technology in the market. The research would take Apple iPad which was launched in the early of 2010 as the main accepted technology. It has encouraged many famous technical firms to join the new generation tablet PC market, including not only the originally computer and cell phone but also telecommunication firms. The highest sales among the tablet PC market showed iPad’s role as the mainstream product and technology. This research would take innovation diffusion theory, technology acceptance model and network externality as the basic theoretical combination to discuss the phenomenon that iPad helped excite tablet PC market. Besides, we add brand image, involvement, and information factors to our research framework so as to distinguish from and hope could provide more perspectives to the past theories discussing consuming durables’ innovation diffusion. And we expect to design ideal questionnaires including all the factors discussed, strike a discussing balance between firm and consumer strategies, and providing the consequence for Tablet PC firms’ considering marketing and cooperation strategies as supporting references. The following points are main conclusions of this research: 1. Internal self innovation and two kinds of network externality have positive effects on consumers’ positive innovative perceptions when accepting iPad; negative effects on negative innovation perceptions. 2. Potential buyers’ accepting intentions are less affected by negative innovative perceptions, but positive innovative perceptions would positively affect buyers’ continuing accepting intentions. 3. Only intangible brand image has no effect on buyers’ continuing accepting intentions. 4. After taking iPad product involvement into consideration, we found that the effects of information on accepting intentions will not be enhanced but will have partial effect on continuing accepting intentions. Considering everything, Tablet PC firms should do the product R&D and marketing plan on the basis of firm and consumer, launch the new function by taking consumer’s demand into consideration, and take full advantage of brand, sales and firm cooperation information to leave good impression on consumers. This way, they could really diffuse innovation and fulfill the goal of eternal operation. Keywords: Innovation Diffusion, Technology Acceptance, Network Externality, Brand Image, Involvement.