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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

管理誘因與資本結構之研究

楊俊烈, YANG,JUN-LIE Unknown Date (has links)
Jensen和Meckling(1976)認為只要管理者不是握有百分之百的股權時,公司的股東和 管理者之間必然會存在有某種潛在的衝突。因為當企業只是單一的個人所擁有並經營 時,那么他一定盡力去提高他個人的福利。當但這位管理者並非百分之百擁有所有權 時,則某種潛在的衝突將會因而產生,管理者不再會像以前那麼努力,因為他所創造 的財富,將和別人來分享;且同時管理者可能會做過多的享受,因為享受的成本,將 會由外界的投資者共同負擔。因此,外界的投資人和管理者,此二者之間便存在有衝 突的危險。而此種因為代理人會有不努力的現象,而主理人又無法直接觀察代理人不 努力的情形,稱之為む道德危險(moral hazard)め。 投資人為了防止管理者不努力的現象,可能會透過負債的使用來降低道德危險的情形 。意即,管理者的努力情形雖然無法觀察,但可利用企業期末的產出來判斷,當期末 產出較多時,可推論投資人有努力投資,則相對於投資人可以觀察管理者努力的情形 而言,負債的評價較低,以便對管理者鼓勵使其獲得產出的較多部分,進而影響企業 的資本結構;反之當企期末產出較少時,其推論亦同。 而本文企圖將上述的現象,透過數理模式的建立,來討論存在有道德危險時,企業的 資本結構將會受到何種影響。
2

農地利用誘因機制之研究 / A Study on the Incentive Mechanism of Agricultural Land Use

舒晴, Shu, Ching Unknown Date (has links)
台灣糧食自給率偏低,近年來,政府以提升糧食自給率為目標,以維護國家的糧食安全。若要提升糧食自給率,應重視農地農用,惟現行農地卻出現了許多非農業使用的情形,影響糧食生產和農業生產環境。現行農地利用誘因制度尚有不足之處,故政府無法透過經濟誘因的提供,以引導農地所有權人進行農地農用。因此,本研究欲探討有助於促進農地農用之誘因策略,並檢視現行農地利用誘因制度之執行成效,以政府的角度提供適當的經濟誘因策略,改善或補強現行制度的不足,建立農地利用誘因機制,搭配配套措施,以促進農地農用。 本研究回顧國內外促進農地農用之相關文獻,以誘因理論為基礎,探討促進農地農用之正向及負向誘因策略,並整理現行制度具有的制度誘因,以及檢討現行農地利用誘因制度之執行成效。期望以促進農地農用之誘因策略,補強現行農地利用誘因制度之不足,並以該誘因策略作為問卷調查內容之基礎。本研究以從事農地資源規劃、農地利用法規、農地政策及農業政策等相關領域研究或實務之專家學者為問卷調查之對象,並以次數分配法進行問卷分析,以問卷分析的結果納入建立誘因機制之考量。 依據國內外文獻回顧及問卷調查之結果,本研究研擬「農地利用誘因機制」,透過政府提供「正向誘因」及「負向誘因」,並配合相關配套措施,來達到「促進農地農用」之目標。正向誘因分為「農地農用免徵地價稅」、「農業補貼」及「農業獎勵」。農業補貼除了延續現行「有機及友善耕作補貼」、「農業生產成本之補貼」及「小地主大專業農企業化經營補助」之外,也將現行「休耕補貼」及「轉(契)作補貼」經調整後,納入機制之中。農業獎勵包含「農地農用獎勵金」、「委託代耕獎勵金」及「長期出租或承租農地農用獎勵金」,為本研究研擬之措施。負向誘因分為「農地非農用課徵地價稅」、「閒置不用之農地課徵荒地稅」及「違規使用處以罰鍰」,違規使用處以罰鍰係針對國土計畫法之罰鍰進行調整。此外,本研究也研擬多元的相關配套措施,以利誘因機制之執行,包含「農業用地作農業使用認定證明」、「將非農業的容許使用項目自都市土地農業區及非都市土地農牧用地上移除」、「加強非農業使用稽查並獎勵民眾檢舉」、「違規使用禁止買賣移轉」、「違規使用之刑責」、「違規使用之處理方式」、「照價收買」、「有助於促進農地農用之農業補貼或獎勵提高其預算」及「修正相關法規」等。期望透過建立上述誘因機制,讓政府能夠透過提供適當的經濟誘因,來引導農地農用,也讓農地所有權人基於政府所提供的誘因,積極利用農地,達到政府促進農地農用的目標。
3

集體行動與政治企業家互惠之研究 --以汐止夢想社區夢想嘉年華為例

湯佳玲 Unknown Date (has links)
台灣大部分的社區活動,多是由非營利組織主導,再加上居民的參與而成,其形成的力量往往是由下而上的發起,其涵蓋地理範疇通常是當地的村里或縣市;汐止夢想社區藝術季時間長達兩三個月,藝術家從世界各地匯集於此,藉由年度間的小型藝術活動,醞釀夢想嘉年華遊街的力量。其涵蓋範疇也從原本的單一社區擴展到汐止全市,之後台北市內湖地區的加入,延展成愛好藝術的朋友遠從高雄、彰化等地來參加,2007年更在北市凱達格蘭大道舉行,社區居民們也由幫忙推遊街花車的配角,一躍而成站在花車上表演的主角。是什麼誘因能使夢想社區的居民願意熱情參與,無條件提供國外藝術家的寄宿?是什麼因素能讓此遊街活動逐漸打響國際名號?夢想嘉年華活動對建商和社區住戶存在什麼互惠的關係?而建商透過營利組織的功能,能對社區產生什麼關鍵性的影響?本研究除了將從集體行動的邏輯提出解釋外,並從政治企業家的角度剖析建商的領袖角色,希望此案例分析將有助於社區活動等政策提供建議。
4

台北市住宅區容積獎勵政策之研究

劉永淳 Unknown Date (has links)
2008年10月內政部修正「都市更新建築容積獎勵辦法」,同年,台北市亦將「促進都市再生-2010年台北好好看」開發計畫案列為重點政策,中央及地方政府接連提出獎勵政策,以容積獎勵作為鼓勵民間參與土地開發之誘因,似乎已成為推動都市政策的有利工具。隨著容積獎勵相關法令不停鬆綁,取得容積的管道越來越多,在缺乏妥善配套措施的情形下,不僅政策原先設定的正向目標難以達成,反而衍生出住宅供給過量、生活空間擁擠、公共設施服務品質下降等負面效果。 就台北市當前的發展趨勢而言,無可避免地必須將土地規劃朝向較高密度之使用型態,惟在寄望容積獎勵政策帶動土地開發與經濟復甦的同時,更需要審慎評估其對都市整體環境可能帶來的衝擊與影響,以免不適當的獎勵政策對居民生活環境品質產生難以回復的損害。緣此,本研究以台北市住宅區為研究範圍,嘗試運用誘因理論之概念,並透過評分表、成對比較等研究調查方法,就當前容積獎勵政策推行之目標與施行現況,作一整體性的檢討。 由研究結果發現,台北市住宅區的容積獎勵政策現況存在著「重經濟、輕環境」的失衡傾向,當前將容積獎勵視為促進土地開發的主要政策工具並不適宜,故建議未來可將「提升住宅區環境品質」列為未來台北市住宅區容積獎勵政策發展之重點,並就各審議機制共同性的問題點提出改進建議如下:一、在提升容積獎勵效果方面,建議宜設定台北市住宅區可開發容積總量上限,將土地市場資訊公開化,並可適度搭配財稅或金融等其他輔助性獎勵政策;二、將各獎勵項目之額度以公式計算為主,個案協商為輔的方式予以規範;三、審議的時程宜以三十日為原則,以提昇審議執行的效率;四、將公聽會及相關文件公開展示的程序,明確納入各獎勵審議的流程作業中,以加強地區民眾的參與;五、定期調查並檢討各行政轄區內,人口及住宅需求之變化情形,以強化容積獎勵對地區發展之引導效果。 其次,針對「都市設計」、「都市更新」及「2010促進都市再生-台北好好看開發計畫」等三項容積獎勵相關審議制度,進行個別性的檢討,參考成對比較調查所得之相對權重值,確定各獎勵項目對都市發展的重要性,並據此建構出相關獎勵政策執行與推廣的優先順序。最後,在相關法規檢討部分,建議可將「時程獎勵」及「停車獎勵」列入建議減少或取消獎勵之項目,而「開放空間獎勵」及「提昇地區環境品質」相關的容積獎勵項目,則宜列入建議放寬或增加獎勵之項目。同時,為強化誘因政策之引導效果,本研究針對容積獎勵制度,設計負向消極誘因機制,藉此管控容積獎勵申請案件之開發行為,並匡正容積獎勵政策等於開發利多政策的負面聯想。
5

廠商研究發展行為的租稅獎勵效果

顏國裕, YAN, GUO-YU Unknown Date (has links)
經歷三十餘年的經濟發展,我國一向所依賴的廉價勞力比較利益,由於受新興國家的 競爭與先進國家貿易保護浪潮衝擊,已逐漸喪失,為維持我國經濟持續成長,並早日 成為已開發國家行列、科技升級與產業升級遂成為全民所共識,而提升產業技術水準 係透過國外技術引進與從事研究發展二種途徑達成,本文主要就是探討租稅政策對研 究發展之影響,藉以瞭解需要何種租稅政策,方能促使科技升級與產業升級,全文分 六章,計三萬五千字,第一章緒論。第二章研究發展與政府之角色。第三章租稅對企 業研究發展之影響。第四章獎勵研究發展租稅誘因經濟分析。第五章科技時代下促進 研究發展之租稅政策。第六章結論。
6

台灣農地管理誘因機制之研究 / A Study on the Incentive Mechanism of Farmland Management in Taiwan

周以倫, Chou, Yi Lun Unknown Date (has links)
市場失靈往往是政府介入干預的主要理由,一般常見的干預方法為正向的誘因激勵與負向的懲罰手段。就農地而言,因其所能提供的生態或環境的功能係屬公共財性質,具有無排他性、無敵對性、聯合消費的性質,市場上缺乏私人主動提供農地環境效益的經濟誘因,使得政府基於全民福祉之理由而介入農地保護,以提升外部效益。又為防患於未然,乃訂定管制規則予以規範違規使用行為,以降低外部成本。台灣的農地管理兼採補貼給付、賦稅減免與使用管制之政策措施,其實施經年究竟有無缺失?如何加以改進?適逢台灣主管當局刻正研擬國土計畫法(草案)且需要檢視之際,益發突顯本文研究此課題之重要性。 新古典經濟學者主張以課稅的方式消弭外部成本、以給予補貼的方式鼓勵外部效益的產生;新制度經濟學者主張透過界定財產權,經由利害關係人協商,最後達到社會整體最適生產水準,兩者各有所長,於實際適用時尚須截長補短綜合考量。本文從上述理論基礎切入,採用文獻分析法與焦點人物訪談法來檢討現行農地管理機制不足之處。基於損益均衡的補貼理念,我們意圖將正向誘因、使用市場機制引進農地管理機制中,並改進以往偏重於農地違規使用負向處罰的管理方式,以期健全農地管理,落實農業永續發展目標。 關鍵字:農地管理、誘因機制、公共財、外部性 / Market failure is often the main reason of government intervention. Generally, intervention methods always include positive incentive measures and passive punishment means. From viewpoint of farmland, it serves as biological and environmental functions with the character of public goods, which possesses features of non-exclusion, non-rival and jointly-consume. However, there is lack of economic incentives to provide environmental benefits of farmland by private market, government intervene shall be needed in farmland protection on basis of entire people welfare. Besides, the land use control regulations shall be stipulated to reduce external cost. In Taiwan, incentive programs include incentive payments, tax exemption or reduction and land use control mechanism. Do these programs manipulate efficiently? If not, how to improve them in the future? Discussion of these issues shall play an important role while the draft of National Territory Planning Act is drawn up by the Planning Authority and more examinations are necessary in Taiwan. Neoclassical economists suggest that external costs can be prevented by taxation, and external benefits shall be encouraged by offering subsidy. Neo-institutional economists argue that the problem can be solved through defining property rights, and stakeholders shall negotiate with one another to achieve optimum of social production. This article bases on exploring those theories and takes positive and negative factors into account in practice. The main research methods are literature review and focal person interview to investigate insufficiency of current incentive mechanism in farmland management. Based on concept of benefit-cost equilibrium, we intend to provide positive incentives, and include market approach into incentive mechanism of farmland management and improve passive way of punishing illegal farmland use. Through formulation of these incentive tools, farmland management mechanism shall be established soundly so as to achieve the goals of agricultural sustainable development. Keywords:Farmland Management, Incentive Mechanism, Public Goods, Externality
7

從股權結構與資本市場誘因探析我國銀行業之盈餘管理行為

莊文源 Unknown Date (has links)
民國八十年後,政府積極推動金融自由化與國際化及開放民營銀行之設立等政策,致使我國銀行業面臨空前激烈之競爭,而政府為加強對銀行業之金融監理及金融檢查功能,必須仰賴銀行所提供之會計資訊作為定期檢查銀行業務時,分析銀行經營績效之參考;此外,一般投資人因資訊取得之困難與成本效益之考量,亦常傾向於以銀行公開之財務報表來評斷銀行經營績效。因此,深入探析我國銀行業之盈餘管理行為,將有助於政府及投資人評估銀行之經營風險及績效。 本研究以民國八十年至民國八十八年為研究期間,首先分析銀行業是否有延遲認列損益之行為,接著從股權結構面(包含公、民營銀行及董監事持股比率)探討我國銀行業之盈餘管理行為,藉以瞭解銀行在受政府法規高度管制之情況下,是否會因股權結構之不同而有不同之盈餘管理行為。其次,本研究亦從資本市場誘因之觀點,探析國內新上市銀行於上市前為符合上市條件,而上市後為避免更新已公開之財務預測,是否會造成盈餘管理行為有所差異。 實證結果顯示:(1)我國銀行業之損益操弄項目普遍存在季別差異之現象,除了有延後認列損益操弄項目至第四季外,同時也發現銀行第二季損益操弄項目有高於第一、三季之情形,似有半年報之效果呈現;(2)民營銀行之第四季處分資產損失、壞帳費用及提列其他損失準備佔全年比例顯著高於公營銀行,顯示民營銀行在第四季認列費用或損失之動機強於公營銀行;(3)銀行董監事持股比率會對第四季損益操弄項目佔全年比例有所影響之假說未獲得支持;(4)銀行上市前二年之營業利益及稅前純益佔實收資本比率之平均數,皆達10%獲利水準門檻,且皆顯著高於上市後第二年,據此間接證明銀行上市前之盈餘管理目標係在維持獲利水準達到10%之門檻;(5)達成財務預測之銀行會傾向於在第四季多認列壞帳費用,至於利益操弄項目,則並無第四季佔全年比例顯著高於前三季之情形。 / Banking industry in Taiwan is highly regulated and scrutinized by the banking law and government. Regulators of banking industry require that banks must satisfy certain capital adequacy ratio that is explicitly tied to accounting numbers. The regulating bodies have authority in inspecting banks' businesses and examining their financial reports periodically to evaluate their underlying performance. Based on a cost-benefit consideration and availability of information, the investors also analyze the performance of banks using their public available financial statements. The earnings behavior of firms in the banking industry is therefore essential for both regulators and investors in procuring the knowledge about the operating risk and performance of banking firms. Focused on the firms in the banking industry over the period of 1991 to 1999, this thesis first investigates whether the sample firm is subject to an earnings behavior of delayed recognition of their income and losses. The thesis also examines the influence of ownership structure on banks’earnings management behavior through the analysis of income manipulation ratios. Furthermore, in view of capital market incentives, this thesis studies whether going listed in Taiwan Stock Exchange would cast impacts on banks'earnings management behavior as banks are subject to different earnings management objectives (targets). The empirical results document that the fourth quarter ratios of the interim income manipulation items are larger and more variable than those of the other three quarters. This suggests that banks tend to delay their recognition of income manipulation items till the fourth quarter. The empirical findings reveal that the propensity for manipulating the fourth quarter expense/loss items is significantly greater for private banks than for state-owned banks. However, the empirical results cannot support the hypothesis that management ownership (the holdings of the directors and supervisors) will affect the magnitude of earnings management. With respect to capital market incentive issues, the empirical evidence indicates that for newly listed banks, both the two-year average operating income to capital ratio and income before tax to capital ratio before listing reach and not greatly exceed the 10% threshold. The evidence shows that these two ratios decline significantly in the second year after listing. The findings also suggest that listed banks which achieve their financial forecasts tend to recognize more bad debt expenses for the fourth quarter, while the pattern cannot manifest itself in the gain manipulation items.
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多期損益平穩化行為之決定因素

黃明潔 Unknown Date (has links)
盈餘對公司來說是最簡單、最直接之績效衡量指標,故盈餘之報導對公司相當重要,也因此過去有關盈餘管理及損益平穩化行為之相關研究將重點放在報導水準受到各種因素、各類利害關係人之影響。公司之控制權掌握在股東手中,因此股東對盈餘報導之影響不容忽視;但股東(同時也是投資人)之投資目的及投資策略不盡相同,對盈餘之影響亦可能不同。此外,同產業之公司間會因投資人對其所做之相對績效評估而有相互競爭之行為,致使同產業之行為可能有趨向一致之情況,不同產業則可能不同。   本研究以民國八十三年至民國八十八年為研究期間,針對我國上市公司研究其損益平穩化行為,從股權結構觀點(以長、短期投資之股東持股比率)探討其與公司損益平穩化行為之關係,藉以瞭解投資人之投資目的不同對公司長期盈餘之趨勢有何關聯性。其次,針對我國電子產業與非電子產業進行產業效果之研究,探討損益平穩化行為之不同是否與產業有關,以及電子產業損益平穩化之傾向。   實證結果發現:(1)公司之平穩化行為與股權結構有顯著關聯性;(2)當公司長期投資之股東持股比率愈高時,公司傾向不採行損益平穩化;(3)當公司短期投資之股東持股比率愈高時,公司愈傾向平穩化其損益;(4)產業因素與我國上市公司損益平穩化行為有顯著關聯性,不同產業之平穩化行為不同,且電子資訊產業傾向不從事損益平穩化。 / Earnings is the simplest and most straightforward indicator of a company's performance. Therefore, earnings reporting could be a crucial concern for an investor's decision-making. There are a lot of researches regarding earnings management and income smoothing focused on how the role of stakeholders and other possible factors would affect the accuracy of a company's earnings reporting. For most companies, their shareholders control the core business activities, and thus it is hard to ignore their impact on the earnings performance. However, due to the discrepancy of investing policies and activities of different types of investor, the extent to which the types of shareholders could influence a company's earnings can be varied. Besides, since companies in the same industry always compete for better performance resulted from investors' relative performance evaluation, there is also a trend that the companies in the same industry would behavior in a similar way when reporting their earnings.   In order to prove that there's a significant relationship between a company's trend of reported earnings and its shareholders' investing goals, this thesis collects the overall market data from 1994 to 1999 and then examines each company's income smoothing behavior. In addition to testing whether a company's decision to exerting income smoothing is contributed to the portions of long-term and shot-term shareholders, this thesis also tries to identify whether the industry effect exists among the electronic industry and other industries that can make different industries have discrepant income smoothing behaviors, and find the electronic industry's income smoothing intent.   The empirical results document that: (1) A company's income smoothing behavior is significantly related to its ownership structure; (2) A company with larger portion of long-term shareholders tends to not adopt income smoothing strategy; (3) A company with larger portion of short-term shareholders tends to adopt income smoothing strategy; (4) The industry effect is significantly related to companies’ income smoothing behaviors. Different industry has different pattern of income smoothing behavior. The companies in the electronic industry tend to not adopt income smoothing strategy.
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社區發展集體行動與誘因導入-以宜蘭縣冬山鄉珍珠社區為例 / Community development collective action and incentive injectig-a case study of Jenju Community in I-lan

陳秉宏, Chen, Bing Hong Unknown Date (has links)
台灣的社區發展推行至今,從傳統由上而下的硬體支持,轉為時下由下而上的全方位發展。社區自主發展是自發性的治理行動,藉由信任、溝通、相互尊重等意識建構當地的社會網絡雛形,進而累積龐大的社會資本,以為社區發展的基礎。社區發展並非是終點,而是個連續的過程。因此,於社區發展的集體行動過程中,需提供相當的誘因以維持集體行動的運行。 然而,依台灣社區發展推行至今的經驗觀之,不少案例顯示政府機構所提供的誘因機制,經常排擠了地方社區的自發性集體行動以及自主制度的建立。這樣的結果推翻了以往「引進物質性誘因以激勵合作行為時,既有存在的非物質性誘因並不會受到影響」的假設。 有鑑於此,本研究以珍珠社區案例為研究對象,透過文獻分析與深度訪談的方式,檢視珍珠社區於社區發展過程中,外部各項誘因的挹注對社區發展歷程產生的排擠效果,包括影響社會網絡的強健與社會資本的積累。研究成果發現,一旦涉及利益分配,不同誘因類型間的排擠效果愈明顯。同時,容易造成不同參與者間的信任網絡的崩解、裂痕,進而削弱原有設區社會資本的存量。 惟誘因導入對於維持社區發展的集體行動持續不衰實有舉足輕重之影響,故結合案例觀察成果,誘因導入社區發展之集體行動需建立於下列前提:1.培養社區認同、調整社區願景、消弭宗教衝突以充實社區社會資本2.進行跨區整合,減低對政府的依賴 3.建立獎懲及監督機制,減少搭便車情形4.領導者風範的調整與包容或可促進社區發展持續有效的集體行動運作,達成社區永續發展的目標。 / Taiwan's community development carrying out until now, the community development the infrastructure which leads from the traditional government, transfers development. The community self-development is the spontaneous government motion, because of the trust, communication, mutual respect etc. which constructs local the social network and accumulate social capital. Because community development is a process, to maintain collective action continually needs provide suitable incentives. However, according to the experience of community development in Taiwan, many cases demonstrated a phenomenon: incentives that government provides usually crowds out the community collective actions and establish independent system. Such result has overthrown the assumption : to encourage cooperation actions by lead in incentives, the existence of non-material incentives will not be affected. In view of this, a case study of Jenju Community, we will survey the crowding-out effect which injecting external incentives during the community development. Include strong social networks and social capital accumulation. Research found that when it comes to the distribution of benefits, crowding-out effect between the different types of incentives is more apparently. At the same time, it is likely to cause network of trust between different actors collapse of cracks, which would weaken the existing stock of social capital in the community. However, incentives for the maintenance of community development into collective action has a significant continuing decline of the real impact, Therefore, the results observed with the case, incentives for collective action in community development into the need to establish the following premise:1. to enrich social capital by foster community identity, community vision to adjust, to eliminate the religious conflict. 2. for cross-integration, to reduce dependence on government. 3. the establishment of incentive and monitoring mechanisms to reduce the free rider situation. 4. leadership style and tolerance of adjustment. This may facilitate sustainable community development and effective operation of collective action, to achieve sustainable community development objectives.
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經理人薪酬及其避險行為 / Executive Compensation and Hedging Behavior

黃怡婷, Huang, Yi Ting Unknown Date (has links)
本研究探討經理人的風險承擔誘因與公司非以交易為目的之衍生性金融商品使用之關聯性。研究結果發現,第一,經理人之風險承擔誘因與非以交易為目的之衍生性金融商品的使用呈顯著負向關係,此結果顯示以股權為基礎之薪酬結構的確可以提高經理人之風險承擔誘因。第二,本研究比較若採不同類型之員工認股權,則指數型員工認股權較傳統型員工認股權提供較大的經理人風險承擔誘因。第三,若將股權為基礎之薪酬分為股票及員工認股權,發現經理人持有員工認股權與經理人風險承擔誘因呈正向且顯著關係;而經理人持有公司股票則與經理人風險承擔誘因呈正向關係但並不顯著。 / This study examines the relation between managerial risk-taking incentives and hedging derivatives usage. First, executives’ risk-taking incentives are negatively related to the hedging derivatives holdings, the result is consistent with equity-based compensation that promotes risk taking. Second, the indexed stock options appear to create stronger risk-taking incentives than the traditional stock options. Third, managerial risk-taking incentives are significantly related to executive stock options but not stock holdings.

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