The purpose of this essay is to gain knowledge about how gender is presented in old and modern children’s literature. In this essay I am going to use text analysis as a method in order to be able to clarify the gender perspective. The method will be useful since it will give me the opportunity to study children’s books from a deeper perspective. In the analysis it will be shown that both boys and girls are allowed to show different emotions in the chosen literature, in all the childern’s books that are used interactions are proceeded between the charechers wherein different power relationships but also how the gender perspective can be expressed. Knowledge about how children when listening to older and modern childern’s literature get affected by the gender perspective and also how the chosen children’s literature brings the opportunity for children to become future citiezens of the society in which they are born in to.

Denna uppsats är en komparativ studie där kvinnoporträtt av konstnärerna Lena Cronqvist, Cecilia Edefalk och Sara-Vide Ericson analyseras semiotiskt. Analyserna sker ur ett genusperspektiv i syfte att studera hur de olika konstnärerna avbildar kvinnor och vad som är utmärkande för deras gestaltningar. Urval har skett avseende två verk föreställande kvinnor av respektive konstnär. Efter analyserna sker jämförelser av kvinnobilderna rörande likheter och skillnader. / This essay is a comparative study and a semiotic analysis of female portraits from the artists Lena Cronqvist, Cecilia Edefalk and Sara-Vide Ericson. The analysis are made from at gender perspective in the purpose to study the artists way to depict women and the artists characteristic in these pictures. Two female portraits from each artist has been chosen for the study. After analysis follows comparison concerning similarities and differences.

In this case study, I focus on how coaches’ at Programmering AB work with girls’ engagement in a technology setting. The purpose of this study is to study coaches’ different strategies to encourage girls’ engagement in technology, and what obstacles and possibilities they see with girls’ engagement in technology. The study uses a qualitative method using 5 semi-structured interviews with all coaches’ and the CEO of the company. I based my analysis of the interviews on Ottemo´s broad culture studies education theory. The result of the analysis showed that there are three areas that are important to develop for improving girls’ engagement in technology. These areas are environment and learning, passion and relation and added value. With my study I hope to contribute to a better understanding of the importance of a good technology environment that can be inspiring for girls to explore and feel passionate about and where they are valued for their ideas.

The aim with this content analysis was to describe and analyze how children may react to sexual abuse and also elaborate if there occurs any specific reactions or symptoms. Furthermore we analyzed children's feeling of shame after sexual abuse. Our focus was not only on the symptoms and feeling of shame that a child who’s a victim of sexual abuse may show, but also if there was any difference between how boys and girls react to the abuse. More specific if the symptoms and feelings of shame differed based on gender. This was done with a gender perspective in order to get a deeper understanding if one's gender lead to different symptoms or levels of shame. The study was done by analyzing a number of six autobiographies of people who were victims of sexual abuse as children and study how they described feelings of shame and their symptoms. Our result showed the existence of difference between genders regarding symptoms. For example the female authors described more and deeper mental symptoms than the male authors, even though some of the symptoms were the same. The physical symptoms were completely different between the males and the females. While the females described symptoms that were related to their mental state the males described bleeding, sickness and pain. However both genders described feelings of shame, regret and self-blame. But even here the females describe more in detail.

The aim of this study was to examine how immigrant women in middle-sized community municipalities in the middle of Sweden describe factors of importance for their wellbeing. Five semi-structured interviews were conducted with the women and different themes were identified from the data collected using thematic analysis. The themes included family and relationships, Employment and economy, language, education, culture, and spirituality. These themes describe the factors of importance in the wellbeing of the immigrant women. To analyze the data, we applied the PERMA framework as our basic concept, because it describes the five important factors of the wellbeing and happiness that is reflected in our results. The results describe personal, social conditions and the community factors that positively affected the wellbeing of the immigrant women and helped them achieve a life of fulfilment, meaning and happiness.  The result from this study showed that family, employment, economic stability, language, education, culture, and spirituality were important factors that contributed to immigrant women’s wellbeing.

Detta är en kvalitativ studie som genom applicerandet av ett genusperspektiv och ett diskursanalytiskt analyssätt ämnat belysa olika diskurser som finns i sjuksköterskors tal om anorexi. Bakgrund: Anorexia Nervosa utgör en av de vanligaste formerna av ätstörningar. Bakomliggande orsaksförklaringar saknas dock fortfarande och inga säkra svar finns heller på varför kvinnor är så överrepresenterade bland de som drabbas. Teoretiserandet ur ett genusperspektiv erbjuder nya förståelsemodeller men är eftersatt inom omvårdnadsforskningen. Syfte: Att belysa och identifiera hur anorexi konstrueras med hjälp av olika diskurser i sjuksköterskors tal om anorexi. Metod: En diskursanalys genomfördes på materialet som bestod av intervjuer med fyra legitimerade sjuksköterskor arbetande i primärvården. Resultat: Tre olika diskurser identifierades och kallades för Individualitetsdiskursen, Samhällsdiskursen och Genusdiskursen. I den första identifierade diskursen diskuterades anorexi som ett problem vars orsaksförklaring står att finna hos den enskilda individen, i den andra som ett tillstånd konstruerad i relation till samhällelig påverkan och i den tredje som ett uttryck för ett ojämställt samhälle. Diskurserna visade hur förståelsen av anorexi kan både skilja sig åt och förstås på olika sätt samtidigt beroende på tolkningen. Slutsats: Anorexi kan förstås som såväl en individuell sjukdom såväl som ett tillstånd orsakat av samhälleliga och mediala krav på kvinnor samt även som en strukturell problematik där den egentliga sjukdomsbilden står att finna hos samhället. / This is a qualitative study, which through the application of a gender perspective as well a discursive approach has aimed to highlight different discourses in nurses’ talk of anorexia. Background: Anorexia Nervosa is one of the most common forms of eating disorders. Despite this, explanations regarding underlying causes are still lacking and no definite answers exist concerning the overrepresentation of women carrying the disease. Theorizing from a gender perspective offers new models of understanding but is neglected within nursing science. Purpose: This study aims to highlight and identify how anorexia is constructed within different discourses in nurses’ talk of anorexia. Method: A discourse analytic approach was applied to the material, which consisted of interviews with four registered nurses working in primary health care. Results: Three different discourses were identified and labeled The Individuality Discourse, The Societal Discourse and The Gender Discourse. This showed how the understanding of anorexia can both differ and be understood in different ways simultaneously depending on one’s reading. The first identified discourse discussed anorexia as an individual disease with individual underlying causes, the second as a condition constructed in relation to societal influence and the third as an expression of an unequal society. Conclusion: Anorexia can be understood as an individual disease as well as a condition caused by society and media pressure and also as a problem on a structural level where the real sickness is to be found within society itself.

The purpose of this thesis is to determine the meaning of the necessary prerequisite attack in the international core crime crimes against humanity. Based on this, the thesis also aims to determine how a Swedish court should interpret the necessary prerequisite attack. Lastly, the thesis aims to assess the necessary prerequisite attack from an external gender perspective. Cases from the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, and the International Criminal Court were analysed to fulfill this purpose. Two methods are applied: the doctrinal study and the gender perspective. Three incidents from the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine have been used to exemplify and discuss some of the theoretical aspects of this thesis. These are the extensive sexual violence against women, the mass executions of men in Bucha, and the forced deportation and illegal adoptions of Ukrainian children. The thesis shows that the necessary prerequisite attack consists of several elements, which all have to be present for the necessary prerequisite to be considered fulfilled. There must be an attack, the attack must be widespread or systematic, the attack must be directed against a civilian population and the perpetrator’s acts must constitute part of an attack that they are aware of and knowingly participates in. An attack no longer needs to occur within the context of an armed conflict or with discriminatory intent, except for the specific act of persecution. An element that appears required for a course of events to constitute an attack is that of a policy, though there is a lack of consensus on this matter. The international views of the necessary prerequisite attack differs, especially regarding the policy element, and the next question that has to be answered is therefore how a Swedish court should interpret the necessary prerequisite attack. Which case law or legal sources should they use, and why? The thesis argues that the Swedish International Crimes Act should be used first, and the Swedish preparatory work has clear indications to follow the International Criminal Courts case law. This means that it is likely that a Swedish court would apply the policy element. The thesis ends with an analysis of the necessary prerequisite attack and acts of sexual violence from a gender perspective. The thesis shows that there has been a positive development in the last 30 years in how acts of sexual violence are viewed and handled within the field of international criminal law.

Denna studie handlar om barns fysiska aktivitet på två olika orter, storstad/landsort. Syftet var att ta reda på hur fysiskt aktiva pojkar och flickor i skolår sex är i skolan och på fritiden, utifrån ett genusperspektiv på vardera ort. Urvalsgruppen består sammanlagt av 160 pojkar och flickor i skolår sex, varav 73 på landsorten och 87 i storstaden.Betydelsen av fysisk aktivitet är ett omdiskuterat ämne idag. Många människor har idag i allt större utsträckning en inaktiv livsstil. Skärmbundna aktiviteter såsom TV, DVD, dataspel etc. har bidragit till att människan gärna undviker att vara fysiskt aktiv. Även alla bekvämligheter med bil, buss, hissar och rulltrappor m.m. är också en bidragande orsak till att det inte krävs någon direkt fysisk ansträngning av människan. En kvantitativ metod har använts i form av en enkätundersökning för att ta reda på hur fysiskt aktiva barn är i skolan och på fritiden. Datainsamlingen har bearbetats statistiskt med hjälp av dataprogrammet SPSS och analyserats genom tabeller och diagram. Signifikansen har räknats ut mellan variablerna ort och kön. Resultaten visar inte på någon signifikant skillnad mellan flickors och pojkars fysiska aktivitet på respektive ort. Slutsatsen av undersökningen visar att både pojkar och flickor på landsbygden och i storstaden är mycket fysiskt aktiva i skolan och på fritiden. / This study is about children’s physical activities in two different environments, countryside/big city. The purpose of this study was to find out how much boy’s and girl’s in sixth grade are physically active in school and leisure time, from a gender perspective within each environment. The investigation involves a total of 160 children, of which 73 on the countryside and 87 in the big city. The meaning of physical activity is a well-debated subject today. The human lifestyle has become more inactive. Screen bounded activities like TV, DVD, computer games etc. has contributed to that a lot of people avoid physical activity. All modern conveniences such as cars, buses, elevators and escalators etc. are also contributory causes to the fact that the human being doesn’t need any direct physical activity.A quantitative method has been used to find out how much children are physically active in school and leisure time. The data collecting has been coded statistical with the data program SPSS and analysed by tables and figures. The significance was calculated between the variables environments and sex and the result doesn’t show any significance differences between boy’s and girl’s physical activity on each environments. The conclusion of this study shows that boy’s and girl’s on each environment are physically active in school and leisure time.

Enligt förskolans läroplan (Skolverket, 2018) ska alla anställda i förskolan motverka stereotypa könsmönster. Forskning visar att det handlar om förskollärarens förhållningsätt till barn och verksamhet genom de styrdokument som förskolläraren ska förhålla sig till. Det handlar också om vilka miljöer som barnen erbjuds i verksamheten. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka förskollärares medvetenhet om den fysiska miljöns betydelse för arbetet med jämställdhet och genus. Vi ställer oss frågorna på vilka olika sätt förskollärare arbetar med den fysiska miljön ur ett genusperspektiv samt vilken medvetenhet som finns hos förskollärarna gällande miljön ur ett genusperspektiv. Undersökningen bygger på en enkät med öppna och slutna frågor som delats på två olika forum för förskollärare. Vi fick in 49 svar och dessa har analyserats och ställts i relation till aktuella styrdokument och relevant forskning inom ämnesområdet. Studiens resultat visar att det finns en viss medvetenhet kring den fysiska miljöns betydelse för jämställdhetsarbetet hos de deltagande förskollärarna. Förskollärarna upplever ett hinder med äldre medarbetares och vårdnadshavares syn på genusarbetet i förskolan. När de arbetar i team stärker de varandras yrkesprofession och hjälper varandra med förskollärarens olika styrkor och svagheter.

Bakgrund och problem: Studien har avsikt att undersöka hur det vardagliga ledarskapet uppfattas av medarbetare inom Borås Stad. Detta eftersom att ledarskap idag kan definieras och uppfattas olika beroende på bakomliggande faktorer, exempelvis hur det skiljer sig mellan det uppfattade manliga respektive kvinnliga ledarskapet. Syfte och metod: Det primära syftet med denna studie är öka förståelsen vad gäller uppfattade ledarskapsutmaningar, om det skiljer sig mellan ett manligt och kvinnligt ledarskap och hur det vardagliga ledarskapet uppfattas bland medarbetarna inom den offentliga sektorn. Metoden som har använts i denna studie är en kvalitativ empirisk ansats, närmare bestämt semistrukturerade intervjuer med tio medarbetare inom Borås stad där hälften av undersökningspersonerna har en manlig- respektive kvinnlig ledare. Resultat: Resultatet av den empiriska studien tyder på att det föreligger en samstämmighet hos medarbetare inom Borås Stad gällande hur de upplever det vardagliga ledarskapet. Det insamlade materialet har analyserats utifrån ledarskapsteorier, transformativt ledarskap, medarbetarskap och genusperspektiv. Slutsats: I den utvalda organisationen inom den offentliga sektorn i Borås Stad är medarbetarna överlag mycket nöjda med hur det vardagliga ledarskapet utförs i praktiken. Medarbetarna inom Borås Stad anser att det inte förekommer större skillnader hur medarbetarna uppfattar det vardagliga ledarskapet, beroende på om medarbetarna innehar manliga eller kvinnliga ledare. Medarbetarna är tillfredsställda med hur organisationen arbetar med involvering av medarbetare men att det finns potential till förbättring vid större organisationsförändringar. / Background and problem: The study intends to investigate how everyday leadership is perceived by employees within the Borås Stad. This is because leadership today can be defined and perceived differently depending on underlying factors, for example how it differs between male and female leadership. Purpose and method: The primary purpose of this study is to increase understanding regarding perceived leadership challenges, whether there is a difference between male and female leadership and how everyday leadership is perceived among employees in the public sector. The method that has been used in this study is a qualitative empirical approach, more precisely semi-structured interviews with ten employees within Borås Stad where half of the respondents have a male or female boss. Results: The results of the empirical study indicate that there is a consensus among employees within Borås Stad regarding how they experience everyday leadership. The collected material has been analyzed based on leadership theories, transformative leadership, employeeship and gender perspective. Conclusion: In the selected organization within the public sector in Borås Stad, the employees are generally very satisfied with how the everyday leadership is carried out in practice. The employees within Borås Stad believe that there are no major differences in how the employees perceive everyday leadership, depending on whether the employees have male or female leaders. The employees are satisfied with how the organization works with the involvement of employees, but that there is potential for improvement in case of major organizational changes.