Denna studie vid namn ”Ja, jag har behövt ljuga där också”, är författad av Mirzet Honsic och Mirtill Varga. Då icke vaccinerade personer utgör en liten del av den svenska befolkningen gällande covid-19 vaccin, är syftet med studien att belysa hur denna minoritet kan tänka sig att agera då vaccinet kommer på tals. Syftet är även att få en större förståelse för hur deras agerande kan komma att påverka deras relationer som de har med sin omgivning. För att uppfylla syftet har kvalitativa metoder använts, där empirin samlats in med hjälp av fem semistrukturerade intervjuer som utgjordes av tre kvinnor och två men i olika åldrar. Studien tar avstamp i Ervin Goffmans två teorier om stigma samt det dramaturgiska perspektivet, som sedan kombinerats med varandra i syftet att analysera empirin.  Resultatet av studien belyser att de ovaccinerade framträtt på olika sätt i olika sociala sammanhang, detta utifrån att antingen vara ärliga om sin vaccinationsstatus eller oärliga.  Effekten av deras agerande blev att de accepterades av de vaccinerade de gångerna de valt att ljuga. De accepterades även av dem som var ovaccinerade när de var ärliga samt av de vaccinerade som valt att sympatiserade med dem. Deras relationer påverkades enbart negativt när de valde att tala sanning inför dem som vägrade att sympatisera med deras åsikter, som i detta fall utgjordes av de vaccinerade. Deras övriga relationer förblev oförändrad med dem som accepterade dem oavsett vilken vaccinationsstatus de själva hade. Det hela berodde på vilken relationen som fanns mellan deltagaren och omgivningen. / This study named "Yes, I had to lie there as well", is authored by Mirzet Honsic and Mirtill Varga. Since non-vaccinated people make up for a small part of the Swedish population regarding the covid-19 vaccine, the aim of the study is to highlight how this minority might act when the topic of the vaccine comes up. The aim is also to gain a greater understanding of how their actions may affect their relationships with their surroundings. To fulfill the purpose, the qualitative method was chosen, where the empirical evidence has been collected with the help of five semi-structured interviews which consisted of three women and two men of different ages. The study is based on Ervin Goffman's two theories on stigma and the dramaturgical perspective, which have then been combined with each other in order to analyze the empirical evidence. The results of the study highlights that the unvaccinated appeared in different ways in different social contexts, based on either being honest about their vaccination status or being dishonest. The effect of their actions was that they were accepted by the vaccinated people those times they chose to lie about it. They were also accepted by those who were unvaccinated when they were honest and by the vaccinated who chose to sympathize with them. Their relationships were only negatively affected when they chose to speak the truth to those who refused to sympathize with their views, which in this case consisted of the vaccinated people. Their other relationships remained unchanged with those who accepted them regardless of their own vaccination status. It all depended on the relationship between the participant and the environment.

[pt] Esta dissertação visa relacionar as considerações de Hannah Arendt sobre a propaganda e a sua teoria da ação, tendo em vista a corrupção do discurso pela violência e o uso da mentira como formas de inviabilizar a política. Por mais que Arendt nunca tenha apresentado uma definição de propaganda, o termo é recorrente em seus textos e, em muitos casos, está conectado com conceitos mais frequentemente estudados na obra da autora, como a violência, a ação, a ideologia e outros. A pesquisa começa com uma abordagem aos primeiros textos arendtianos com menção à propaganda, em geral relacionados à ascensão e domínio dos regimes totalitários. Em seguida, trata da importância da propaganda dentro do totalitarismo, tendo em vista as características essenciais desta nova forma de governo. A pesquisa segue para o tema da mentira, tendo como preocupação central os danos que ela pode trazer à política. Seguindo com a mesma preocupação, a dissertação passa à discussão do que denominamos violência discursiva, isto é, a perversão do discurso através da propaganda. Por fim, a dissertação traz as preocupações de Arendt para a atualidade, traçando relações entre a obra da filósofa e pensadores contemporâneos que abordam a atual crise de informação e confiabilidade. / [en] This dissertation soughts to relate Hannah Arendt’s considerations on propaganda and her theory of action, taking into account the corruption of speech through violence and the use of lies as ways of inhibiting politics. Even though Arendt never presented a definition of propaganda, the term is recurrent in her writings, and in many cases is connected with concepts more frequently studied in the author s work, such as violence, action, ideology, and others. The research begins with an approach to the first Arendtian texts with mentions to propaganda, generally related to the ascension and domain of the totalitarian regimes. Next, it discusses the relevance of propaganda within totalitarianism, considering the essential characteristics of this new form of government. The research then goes to the theme of lying, the main concern being the damage that it can have on politics. With the same concern, the dissertation then discusses what we are naming speech violence, which means the perversion of speech through propaganda. In the last part, the dissertation brings Arendt s concerns to current days, drawing relations between the philosopher s work and some contemporary thinkers who discuss the current information and trust crises.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study comprises a comparative visual analysis of three picture books, illustrated by Steven Kellogg, Posy Simmonds and Edward Gorey. The illustrators reinterpret the cautionary tale, Matilda, who told lies and was burned to death by Hilaire Belloc (1908). Not only does this study present a brief historical overview of the genre but it also interrogates the manner in which different styles of illustration underscore the pedagogical didactic narrative. The visual interpretations of these three illustrators are compared in order to establish whether or not they have succeeded in sustaining the subversive or grotesque elements of this cautionary tale. Belloc’s narrative as well as the illustrations are analysed in terms of gender. I discuss my own version of Belloc’s cautionary tale as a parody of this tale that serves to exaggerate the sometimes overt gendering of girl characters in cautionary tales. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie skripsie behels die visuele analise van drie verskillende prenteboeke, onderskeidelik geillustreer deur Steven Kellogg, Posy Simmonds en Edward Gorey. Al drie illustreerders bied ʼn visuele herinterpretasie aan van die vermaan-vers Matilda, who told lies and burned to death deur Hilaire Belloc. Die skripsie bied nie net ʼn geskiedkundige oorsig oor die genre nie, maar ondersoek die manier waarop verskillende illustrasie-style die opvoedkundige, didaktiese narratief onderstreep. Die illustreerders se prenteboeke word vergelyk en daar word vasgestel of hulle daarin geslaag het om die subversiewe en selfs groteske elemente in hierdie vermaan-verhaal te behou. Belloc se narratief en die illustrasie daarvan is ook in terme van gender geanaliseer. Ek bespreek my eie weergawe van Belloc se vermaan-verhaal, wat ek aanbied as ʼn parodie om die soms duidelike “gendering” van meisie-karakters in vermaan-verhale te oordryf.

[pt] Tendo como princípio a inquietação causada pelo questionamento de Sócrates no Hípias Menor de Platão (363a-364c): Qual personagem, entre Aquiles e Odisseu, seria superior? A presente dissertação leva em consideração o direcionamento do diálogo acerca do que seja a mentira segundo a ótica platônica, e dedica-se especificamente a descobrir quem destes poderia ser compreendido como um mentiroso: entre Aquiles e Odisseu, quem estaria mentindo? Primeiramente a pesquisa deseja averiguar as definições que sejam provenientes do diálogo platônico, para em seguida retornar para a cena da epopeia homérica em que seja possível definir para qual herói caberia a alcunha de mentiroso. Abalizado pelos critérios extraídos do diálogo entre Sócrates e Hípias, a busca pela cena que atenda às definições necessárias para a mentira se direciona às tragédias, onde o Filoctetes de Sófocles se sobressai entre as demais remanescentes, por atender aos critérios e nos permitir examinar a mentira de modo a justapor definições e critérios à cena que melhor exemplifica o caso. Em suma, metodologicamente tenta-se conjecturar para além do que se vê no diálogo Hípias Menor, buscando exemplo mais oportuno do que aquele dado pelo sofista a Sócrates, contudo, sem deixar de atentar para os argumentos e definições expostas, deseja-se chegar mais próximo de uma compreensão menos aporética deste diálogo, lançando mão do exemplo como um recurso didático que pode ajudar concomitantemente na compreensão do que seja a mentira, ao mesmo passo que se observe quem seja um mentiroso. / [en] Taking as a principle the uneasiness caused by Socrates questioning in Plato s Hippias Minor (363a-364c): which character, between Achilles and Odysseus, would be superior? This dissertation takes into account the direction of the dialogue about the lie according to the Platonic perspective, and is dedicated specifically to discover who could be understood as a liar: between Achilles and Odysseus, who would be lying? First, the research wants to ascertain the definitions that come from the Platonic dialogue, and then return to the scene of the Homeric epic where is possible to define which hero would be named as the liar. By the assignments taken as criteria drawn from the dialogue between Socrates and Hippias, the search for the scene that meets the necessary definitions for the lie is targeted to the tragedies, where the Sophocle s Philoctetes excels among the plays remaining fully, to revel the criteria and allowing us to examine the lie in order to juxtapose definitions and criteria to the scene that best exemplifies the case. In sum, this dissertation tries methodologically to conjecture for beyond what is seen in Hippias Minor, seeking a more opportune example than that given by the Sophist to Socrates, yet without neglecting the arguments and definitions set forth, it is desired to get closer to a complete understanding of this dialogue, using example as a didactic resource that can help concomitantly in the understanding of what is the lie, at the same time as observing who could be a liar.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:20:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FlaubertMO_TESE.pdf: 2034180 bytes, checksum: 1a4e89488a7ee3e546c1b63c149d6232 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-26 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The objective of this work is to analyze the phenomenon of lying, highlighting some uses and social consequences. Lies are a ubiquitous phenomenon, and in many cases they even promote social harmony. Furthermore, telling lies is an expression of individuality: it is the expression of relative autonomy that the subject has towards their social environment allowing them to defend their most personal interests. The work also aims to examine the concept of habitus applied to the social production of lies. Thus, the liars produce their lies aiming to obtain certain effects on their audiences. There are certain social cognitive principles that structure the kind of lie that is usually told to the public. Finally, the perpetrators of crimes of fraud and other deceptive practices may suffer a criminal prosecution because the damage they cause affects important social values recognized by the state, and are not restricted to the victim‟s chagrin. In the most common forms of fraud, the crooks make tempting offers to victims exploiting some of their standardized behaviors and reactions. To understand the fragility of the victims to scams is an attempt to understand how a social phenomenon as usual as is the lie can still surprise and cause perplexity / O objetivo deste trabalho ? fazer uma an?lise sobre o fen?meno da mentira, destacando alguns usos e consequ?ncias sociais. As mentiras s?o um fen?meno onipresente, e em muitos casos elas at? mesmo promovem a conviv?ncia social. Al?m disso, contar mentiras ? uma express?o da individualidade: ? a express?o da autonomia relativa que o sujeito tem perante seu meio social, permitindo-lhe defender seus interesses mais pessoais. O trabalho tamb?m se prop?e a analisar o conceito do habitus aplicado ? produ??o social da mentira. Desta forma, as mentiras s?o produzidas a partir dos efeitos que os mentirosos almejam produzir no seu p?blico. H? certos princ?pios sociocognitivos que estruturam o tipo de mentira que se conta. Por fim, os perpetradores de crimes de fraude e outras pr?ticas enganadoras podem sofrer processo judicial, pois os danos que eles causam atingem valores sociais maiores, reconhecidos pelo Estado, que n?o se restringem ao dissabor da v?tima. Nas modalidades mais usuais de fraude, os vigaristas fazem propostas tentadoras ?s v?timas explorando alguns de seus comportamentos e rea??es padronizadas. Entender a fragilidade das v?timas aos golpes ? uma tentativa de entender como um fen?meno social t?o usual como ? a mentira pode ainda assim causar surpresa e perplexidade

L’objet de notre thèse, qui s’inscrit dans une réflexion sur le processus de la réécriture des textes classiques à l’époque de la seconde sophistique, est d’étudier le rôle singulier que joue Ulysse dans l’œuvre de Lucien de Samosate. Ulysse se distingue d’abord d’Achille, personnage plus monolithique qui, chez Homère déjà, est construit en opposition avec lui. Par ailleurs, de la citation isolée aux allusions croisées, disséminées au point de créer de véritables échos entre des œuvres en apparence très différentes, il apparaît que l’utilisation qui est faite d’Ulysse est beaucoup plus élaborée et subtile que celle d’Achille. Ainsi l’examen et la comparaison des références aux deux personnages permettent d’établir la primauté d’Ulysse, associé, chez Lucien, à une réflexion fondamentale sur la force des mots et leur pouvoir de séduction, ainsi que sur l’importance de l’esprit critique en toutes circonstances. Un deuxième temps est consacré à la lecture plus minutieuse des œuvres où prévaut le processus d’exploration et que la référence au personnage d’Ulysse, voyageur inventif par excellence, permet en fait de structurer. Grâce à cet examen, il est possible de mieux comprendre à quel point Lucien s’approprie pleinement le personnage homérique pour en faire un autre de ses masques et proposer ainsi, tel un défi, un nouvel Ulysse à la postérité, tout en gardant ses distances avec le personnage. C’est aussi l’occasion de remarquer combien, progressivement, Lucien intègre les expressions ou le lexique épique au cœur même de son texte, pour aboutir à l’écriture d’une prose poétique qui lui appartient en propre. Il apparaît, en effet, au terme de cette étude que l’utilisation que Lucien fait d’Ulysse est directement liée à la question cruciale chez lui de son identité culturelle, dans un monde d’érudits exigeants, au sein duquel l’orateur syrien entend être reconnu. / The aim of our thesis, which comes within the scope of considering the process of rewriting classic texts in the time period of the second sophistic, is to study the unique importance of Odysseus in the writings of Lucian of Samosata. At first, Odysseus is distinguished from Achilles, a character more monolithic who, even in Homer’s works is constructed in contrast to Odysseus. Moreover, from an isolated quote to intricate references, scattered to create echoes between works seemingly very different, the context in which Odysseus appears is more elaborate and subtler than that of Achilles. Hence, studying and comparing references to both heroes is sufficient to imply Odysseus’ primacy, associated, in Lucian’s works, to a fundamental consideration of the power of words and their appealing strength, as well as the importance of critical thinking in any circumstance. A second part is dedicated to a more detailed reading of the works in which prevail the theme of adventure and in which the references to Odysseus, the ultimate adventurer, become part of the whole structure. Thanks to this study, it is possible to understand further the degree to which Lucian takes over completely the Homeric character to transform him into one of his masks, offering a new Odysseus to the future, although he keeps his distances from the character. We can also note how Lucian integrates the epic set phrases and lexicon in the heart of his work, to end up with a poetic prose that belongs to him alone. In fact, it seems at the conclusion of this study that how Lucian uses Odysseus is interconnected with the crucial question for him, of his cultural identity in a world of demanding scholars within which the Syrian orator intends to be acknowledged.

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La psychopathie est souvent associée à tort comme un trouble se retrouvant exclusivement chez des criminels alors que jusqu’à 8 % de la population générale pourrait présenter des traits psychopathiques élevés. Récemment, nous observons un essor de recherches tentant d’appliquer des théories évolutionnistes, telles que la sélection naturelle, à des processus psychologiques et à la personnalité. Des théoriciens de la psychologie évolutionniste se sont penchés sur la prévalence considérable de la psychopathie dans la population générale et tentent de l’expliquer par le caractère adaptatif de ses traits chez ses individus. Les caractéristiques de la psychopathie comme une faible empathie, une tendance à la manipulation, aux mensonges et à l’impulsivité pourraient leur permettre de profiter du reste de la société et ainsi s’approprier différentes ressources. De plus, leur capacité à faire abstraction des émotions pourrait leur conférer un avantage quant à la détection du mensonge, notamment dans des situations à haute teneur émotionnelle. Cette thèse vise à présenter une revue de la littérature à jour des différentes théories évolutionnistes expliquant la psychopathie comme étant une forme d’adaptation à l’environnement. En outre, elle cherche à évaluer la relation entre la détection du mensonge et les traits psychopathiques, en remédiant à plusieurs lacunes méthodologiques des études précédentes. En nous inspirant des différentes théories évolutionnistes explicatives de la psychopathie et de Lyons et al. (2013), nous avons émis l’hypothèse que les traits psychopathiques permettraient une meilleure détection du mensonge à haute teneur émotionnelle et que cette relation serait plus marquée chez les hommes que chez les femmes. Pour tester ces hypothèses, nous avons recueilli les réponses de 504 participants, composés de 333 femmes (65,9 %) et de 163 hommes (32,4 %) provenant de la population générale. Les résultats indiquent qu’il n’y avait pas de lien entre l’intensité des traits psychopathiques et la capacité à détecter un mensonge lorsque l’âge ainsi que le genre des participants étaient contrôlés. Cependant, les traits psychopathiques étaient associés à une meilleure détection spécifique du mensonge et à une moins bonne détection spécifique de la vérité. En d’autres termes, les traits psychopathiques semblent être liés à une perception accrue de mensonge de façon générale. Aucun effet modérateur n’a été identifié en fonction du genre des participants. Toutefois, une relation négative entre la détection du mensonge et les traits psychopathiques a été observée chez les femmes, tandis qu’aucune relation n’a été constatée chez les hommes. Nos résultats ne contredisent pas les théories évolutionnistes sous-tendant nos hypothèses initiales. Au contraire, la perception d’autrui comme étant malhonnête et menaçant peut être considéré comme un avantage lorsqu’elle est associée aux caractéristiques propres à la psychopathie. Cette thèse contribue à éclaircir le lien entre la psychopathie et la détection du mensonge, tout en permettant de contribuer empiriquement à différentes théories évolutionnistes. / Psychopathy is often mistakenly associated with criminality, while up to 8 % of the general population may exhibit elevated psychopathic traits. Recently, there has been a surge in research attempting to apply evolutionary theories, such as natural selection, to psychological processes and personality. Evolutionary psychologists seek to explain the prevalence of psychopathy in the general population through the adaptative nature of its traits in individuals. Characteristics of psychopathy such as low empathy, a tendency for manipulation, lying, and impulsivity may enable individuals to exploit the rest of society and appropriate various resources. Additionally, their ability to disregard emotions could provide an advantage in detecting deception, particularly in high-emotion situations. The present thesis aims to provide an up-to-date literature review on different evolutionary theories explaining psychopathy as an adaptation to the environment. Furthermore, it seeks to demystify the relationship between deception detection and psychopathic traits by addressing several methodological limitations of previous studies. Drawing inspiration from evolutionary theories of psychopathy and Lyons et al. (2013), we hypothesized that psychopathic traits would facilitate detection of high-emotion deception, with this relationship being more pronounced in men than in women. To test these hypotheses, we collected data from 504 participants, consisting of 333 females (65.9 %) and 163 males (32.4 %) from the general population. The results indicate no association between the intensity of psychopathic traits and the ability to detect deception when controlling for age and gender of participants. However, psychopathic traits were associated with better specific deception detection and poorer specific truth detection. In other words, psychopathic traits appear to be linked to an overall heightened perception of deception. No moderating effects were identified based on participants' gender. However, a negative relationship between deception detection and psychopathic traits was observed among women, while no relationship was found among men. Our results are not contradictory to the evolutionary theories underlying our initial hypotheses. Rather, perceiving others as dishonest and threatening can be considered an advantage when combined with characteristics inherent to psychopathy. This thesis contributes to a better understanding of the link between psychopathy and deception detection, while empirically contributing to various evolutionary theories.