O estudo de diferentes línguas tem permitido observar a existência de pronomes indefinidos e de determinantes indefinidos que podem ser associados ao estado de conhecimento ou desconhecimento do falante, ou de outro agente saliente (como o sujeito da sentença), em relação ao referente do sintagma determinante (constituído pelo pronome ou pelo determinante e um nome). Muitos estudiosos (cf. ABUSCH; ROOTH, 1997; ALONI, 2007; ALONI; VAN ROOIJ, 2007; ALONSO-OVALLE; MENÉNDEZ-BENITO, 2010; BECKER, 1999; CHIERCHIA, 2006; CONDORAVDI, 2008; EBERT; EBERT; HINTERWIMMER, no prelo; FARKAS, 2006; HINTERWIMMER; UMBACH, no prelo; HASPELMATH, 1997; IONIN, 2008; JAYEZ; TOVENA, 2006; KRATZER; SHIMOYAMA, 2002; ZAMPARELLI, 2007; entre outros) têm se dedicado à descrição e à análise desses indefinidos. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever e explicar, a partir do aparato teórico da Semântica Formal, as contribuições semânticas e pragmáticas que algum e (um) certo e trazem para o significado das sentenças em que aparecem. Defende-se que, no que diz respeito à marcação da identificabilidade do referente, esses indefinidos estão em posições opostas, pois, enquanto algum combinado com nomes contáveis e massivos marca que o falante (ou outro agente saliente) não está em condições de identificar o referente do DP, (um) certo, por sua vez, marca que o falante deve identificar o referente. No entanto, quando combinados com nomes como charme, ambos marcam imprecisão em relação a uma escala grau presente no nome. Este trabalho pretende ser uma contribuição para o entendimento da semântica de determinantes indefinidos no português brasileiro. Ao descrever e analisar o comportamento semântico e pragmático de algum e (um) certo, este texto contribui, de maneira mais abrangente, para o estudo que tem se desenvolvido em várias línguas com o objetivo de construir uma tipologia para os indefinidos associados ao estado epistêmico do falante. / The study of languages has allowed to observe the existence of indefinite pronouns and indefinite determiners that can be associated with the speakers state of acknowledgement or ignorance, or another prominent agents (such as the subject of the sentence) with respect to determining the referent of the phrase (constituted by a pronoun or a determiner and a name). Many scholars (cf. ABUSCH; ROOTH, 1997; ALONI, 2007; ALONI; VAN ROOIJ, 2007; ALONSO-OVALLE; MENÉNDEZ-BENITO, 2010; BECKER, 1999; CHIERCHIA, 2006; CONDORAVDI, 2008; EBERT; EBERT; HINTERWIMMER, no prelo; FARKAS, 2006; HINTERWIMMER; UMBACH, no prelo; HASPELMATH, 1997; IONIN, 2008; JAYEZ; TOVENA, 2006; KRATZER; SHIMOYAMA, 2002; ZAMPARELLI, 2007; among others) have been devoted to the description and analysis of such indefinites. The aim of this paper is to describe and explain, from the theoretical apparatus of Formal Semantics, the semantic as well as pragmatic contributions of algum (some) and (um) certo (a certain) and show those contributions each of them brings to the meaning of sentences in which they appear. It is argued that, regarding the marcation of identifiability of the referent, these indefinites are in opposite positions, because whereas algum (some) combined with countable and mass nouns marks that the speaker (or another prominent agent) is not able to identify the referent of DP, (um) certo, (a certain) marks instead that the speaker is able to identify the referent. Nonetheless, when they are combined with nouns such as charme (charm) both mark the imprecision in relation to a scale present in the noun. This work intends to be a contribution to the understanding of the semantics in indefinite determinants in Brazilian Portuguese. By describing and analyzing the semantic and pragmatic behaviors of algum (some) and (um) certo (a certain), this text contributes, in a broader way, to the studies which have been carried out in several languages with the goal of build a typology for the indefinites associates to the speakers epistemic state.

Nowadays, with the development of science and technology, the attention is focused mainly on the physical aspect of a person and human dignity is less emphasized. The medical professionals should treat the patients with respect, dignity and understanding. This work points at the issues of maintaining patient autonomy and intimacy as the basic components of the preservation of human dignity. For the purposes of the thesis, the aim was to find to what extent the nurses find it possible to preserve patient autonomy, intimacy and the promotion of human dignity in the hospital environment. The thesis was handled by the qualitative research method with the use of interviews with the nurses and the patients of Department of Surgery and Department of Aftercare. The research file consisted of 10 general nurses, included 5 nurses from the Department of Surgery and 5 nurses from the Department of Aftercare. The research also addressed 10 patients from the Department of Surgery and 10 patients from the Department of Aftercare. Data collection was based on interview with prepared questions. The interviews which allowed the research to collect valuable information were recorded in two ways; either with the help of a voice recorder, or by a written record. Then the data processing itself occurred which consisted of a literal transcript of the information. The important data were emphasized and highlighted using the method called "a pencil and paper." By means of marking of individual words we used the method of "encoding" where the information has been grouped and which subsequently resulted in concepts as autonomy, intimacy and human dignity. The accomplished research brought different views of the nurses on the possibility of preserving the autonomy of the patients. The Department of Surgery offers more autonomy of the patients than those from the Department of Aftercare where patient autonomy is not sustained. The majority of patients (the Department of Surgery, the Department of Aftercare) is at least aware of the possibility to decide on their own, even under the circumstances where all the initiative is, as a result, conveyed by the doctors. Another concept that expressed our interest was the dignified care. Nurses show respect to patients through a humane approach, including information, interest, a quiet environment and a smile. This behaviour was also confirmed by the patients who mentioned only positive experience with the conservation and the promoting of their dignity. Many patients reported that this care is provided at the place where they are hospitalized. Unfortunately, according to the nurses, in some cases the lack of possibility to support patient dignity is caused by insufficient number of the staff, insufficient time and inappropriate facilities. The nurses are trying to maintain a professional approach which is based on decent behaviour focused on respect for human dignity. As the last concept, we present intimacy and privacy. The nurses evaluate the preservation of intimacy as possible and at the same time as an important aspect of the dignified care. Most often intimacy is maintained by means of roller blinds, doors and shutters. However, it is the number of people in the room that both the nurses and the patients see as a chief problem. The patients continue to highlight the efforts and the emphasis that the nurses put to maintain intimacy and privacy. According to the accomplished researched, it was found that the current nursing care may fulfil the rights for human dignity at an average level. The results of the current and potential further research could be available to the management of the hospital care to provide the employers with the information as a means for the identification and elimination of the identified barriers. This would increase the level of quality provided by nursing care and awareness of the fact that a person with all his/her needs remains the focus of our attention.

BARRETO, Diva Rodrigues Daltro. Luta por invisibilidade ou reconhecimento? um estudo sobre a história de vida de acompanhantes de luxo. 2014. 136f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Psicologia, Fortaleza (CE), 2014 / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-03-21T13:48:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014-DIS-DRDBARRETO.pdf: 1478991 bytes, checksum: 22ddefb812262ae74e6d249176627755 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-03-21T14:04:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014-DIS-DRDBARRETO.pdf: 1478991 bytes, checksum: 22ddefb812262ae74e6d249176627755 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-03-21T14:04:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014-DIS-DRDBARRETO.pdf: 1478991 bytes, checksum: 22ddefb812262ae74e6d249176627755 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / O objetivo dessa dissertação de mestrado foi realizar um estudo sobre a história de vida de duas acompanhantes de luxo, mulheres que encontraram no mercado do sexo o meio para ganharem dinheiro e assim administrar suas vidas. Para isso, analisamos as narrativas de história de vida de duas acompanhantes, Mara (nome fictício) e Letícia (nome de batismo), buscando a partir de suas narrativas, entender como foram suas vidas, quais os percalços que passaram até tornarem-se quem são nesse momento, como aconteceu o conflituoso processo de (re)construção de suas identidades, quais os personagens que representaram e representam em suas vidas, quais metamorfoses suas identidades sofreram. Atrelada a essa investigação, buscou-se, a partir do referencial teórico de autores que discutem e dialogam com a proposta de uma Psicologia Social Crítica, analisar criticamente as histórias por elas contadas. Entre os principais autores utilizados destacam-se Ciampa (1987), com sua teoria da identidade-metamorfose, atualizada recentemente por Lima (2010); Honneth (2011, 2003), e sua discussão sobre Invisibilidade e Reconhecimento e Becker (2008). Nas análises das entrevistas ficou evidente que, embora ocupando um espaço social diferenciado frente as demais profissionais do sexo, essas mulheres ainda sofrem preconceito e estigmatização social por representarem a personagem acompanhante de luxo. Do mesmo modo, evidenciamos as diferentes representações dessa personagem para Mara e Letícia, a primeira vivendo a acompanhante de luxo de uma forma invisível, negociando esta com suas outras personagens e gerenciando sua vida na base do segredo, a segunda, por outro lado, representa a personagem acompanhante de luxo de uma forma explícita, de modo a articulá-la com suas outras personagens e lutar por reconhecimento de sua profissão. Letícia busca o reconhecimento da sua identidade e luta pelo direito de ser reconhecida dignamente como uma mulher trabalhadora, autônoma, que tem o direito de utilizar seu corpo da forma como bem quiser. As narrativas de história de vida de Mara e Letícia evidenciaram, além das dificuldades e alegrias de suas atuações enquanto acompanhantes de luxo, uma mundo que embora seja muito lucrativo e mobilize mulheres, mercado de moda, gastronomia, viagens, cirurgias plásticas etc., ainda é pouco (re)conhecida na esfera pública. Do mesmo modo, as narrativas ensinam que embora possamos representar determinadas personagens que garantem nosso acesso a bens de consumo e estabilidade financeira isso não significa que desejemos o reconhecimento dessa representação e a integremos a nossa identidade.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O objetivo dessa dissertaÃÃo de mestrado foi realizar um estudo sobre a histÃria de vida de duas acompanhantes de luxo, mulheres que encontraram no mercado do sexo o meio para ganharem dinheiro e assim administrar suas vidas. Para isso, analisamos as narrativas de histÃria de vida de duas acompanhantes, Mara (nome fictÃcio) e LetÃcia (nome de batismo), buscando a partir de suas narrativas, entender como foram suas vidas, quais os percalÃos que passaram atà tornarem-se quem sÃo nesse momento, como aconteceu o conflituoso processo de (re)construÃÃo de suas identidades, quais os personagens que representaram e representam em suas vidas, quais metamorfoses suas identidades sofreram. Atrelada a essa investigaÃÃo, buscou-se, a partir do referencial teÃrico de autores que discutem e dialogam com a proposta de uma Psicologia Social CrÃtica, analisar criticamente as histÃrias por elas contadas. Entre os principais autores utilizados destacam-se Ciampa (1987), com sua teoria da identidade-metamorfose, atualizada recentemente por Lima (2010); Honneth (2011, 2003), e sua discussÃo sobre Invisibilidade e Reconhecimento e Becker (2008). Nas anÃlises das entrevistas ficou evidente que, embora ocupando um espaÃo social diferenciado frente as demais profissionais do sexo, essas mulheres ainda sofrem preconceito e estigmatizaÃÃo social por representarem a personagem acompanhante de luxo. Do mesmo modo, evidenciamos as diferentes representaÃÃes dessa personagem para Mara e LetÃcia, a primeira vivendo a acompanhante de luxo de uma forma invisÃvel, negociando esta com suas outras personagens e gerenciando sua vida na base do segredo, a segunda, por outro lado, representa a personagem acompanhante de luxo de uma forma explÃcita, de modo a articulÃ-la com suas outras personagens e lutar por reconhecimento de sua profissÃo. LetÃcia busca o reconhecimento da sua identidade e luta pelo direito de ser reconhecida dignamente como uma mulher trabalhadora, autÃnoma, que tem o direito de utilizar seu corpo da forma como bem quiser. As narrativas de histÃria de vida de Mara e LetÃcia evidenciaram, alÃm das dificuldades e alegrias de suas atuaÃÃes enquanto acompanhantes de luxo, uma mundo que embora seja muito lucrativo e mobilize mulheres, mercado de moda, gastronomia, viagens, cirurgias plÃsticas etc., ainda à pouco (re)conhecida na esfera pÃblica. Do mesmo modo, as narrativas ensinam que embora possamos representar determinadas personagens que garantem nosso acesso a bens de consumo e estabilidade financeira isso nÃo significa que desejemos o reconhecimento dessa representaÃÃo e a integremos a nossa identidade.

Les raisons qui incitent les anciens belligérants à se réconcilier et à coopérer intéressent autant les praticiens que les théoriciens, elles sont cependant un sujet de débats controversés.Les études, peu nombreuses, menées sur les relations franco-algériennes, bien qu’elles soulignent l’importance de l’élément du passé dans l’évolution de ces relations depuis l’indépendance, elles n’identifient pas néanmoins son rôle en confrontation avec d’autres facteurs, car elles visent à atteindre d’autres objectifs.Cette présente thèse se veut alors une étude constructiviste du rôle du passé dans le processus de coopération et de réconciliation. Une approche globalisante qui n’exclue pas le rôle des facteurs objectifs ou personnels de l’éclosion du processus de coopération et de réconciliation, mais elle tend à les lier à une représentation de soi et à l’identification de l’autrui. Ces deux derniers éléments sont importants dans la définition de la relation à autrui et dans l’expression des relations belliqueuses ou coopératives. La reconnaissance est un moyen par lequel des rapports conflictuels peuvent se transformer en rapports plus coopératifs.Notre étude des relations extérieures franco-algériennes, montre que l’interaction antérieure de l’Algérie avec la France a généré une quête de reconnaissance. La représentation du passé inclue l’image d’une mémoire victimaire (torts infligés) et/ou d’une mémoire de vainqueur (gloires). En langage constructiviste, ceci indique une reconnaissance ou un déni de reconnaissance.Le déni de reconnaissance a incité l’Algérie à chercher un rapport d’égalité. Le succès de sa révolution d’indépendance lui a octroyé une identité de rôle (porte parole de Tiers-Monde). Ces deux éléments (la quête de l’égalité mais aussi l’affirmation de son identité de rôle) ont influencé le processus de coopération et de réconciliations entre la France et l’Algérie, notamment à l’ère de Boumediene (1965-1978). Bien que le rapprochement avec la France depuis l’arrivée d’Abdelaziz Bouteflika au pouvoir en 1999 a rendu la coopération inéluctable, néanmoins le processus de réconciliation a connu plusieurs reports, en raison de nombreux dénis de reconnaissance, tel que le vote d’une loi le 23 février 2005, au niveau de l’Assemblée française, qui insiste sur un certain « rôle positif » de la colonisation, suivi par d’autres dénis, lors de la présidence de Nicolas Sarkozy. Alors qu’à l’arrivée de l’élu socialiste sur la tête de l’Etat français, les choses ont changé progressivement vers l’établissement d’une réconciliation et de relations solides et durables. En concédant sur le plan de la mémoire, en reconnaissant les souffrances, les injustices et les torts, François Hollande veut donner aux relations franco-algériennes une nouvelle tournure, l’apaisement et la réconciliation / The reasons that lead the former belligerents to cooperate and achieve reconciliation remain a subject of a controversial debate. Both practitioners and theorists are interested in the question.The small number of studies conducted on the French-Algerian relations, although they highlighted the past as one of the important factors in the evolution of these relations since independence, they do not however measure its role in comparison with other factors, because they wanted to reach another objectives. The present thesis is therefore a constructivist study of the role of the past in the process of cooperation and reconciliation in comparison with other factors to demonstrate its right value. Past is generally presented as the memory of victimhood (wrongs) or memory of the winner (glories) or both. In constructivist language, it represents a denial or recognition.The constructivism is a global approach that does not exclude the influence of objective and personal factors in the process of cooperation and reconciliation, but it tends to associate those factors to self-representation and identification of others. These last two elements are important in defining the relationship to others and in the expression of hostile or cooperatives relationships. Recognition is a means by which conflicting relations may turn into ones more cooperatives.Our study of the French-Algerian relations demonstrates that the previous interaction between Algeria and France (colonization and Algerian war) has generated a quest for recognition. The denial of recognition in the past (victim), prompted Algeria to seek recognition of equality. Its image after the success of its revolution (winner) gave it a role identity recognized worldwide. These two elements (the quest for equality, and affirming its role identity), both aims in Algerian foreign policy, have influenced the process of cooperation and reconciliation between France and Algeria, mainly under Boumediene’s presidency (1965-1978). Although the rapprochement of Algeria with France since the coming to power of Abdelaziz Bouteflika in 1999 made the cooperation inevitable, despite the reconciliation process has known several postponements, due to many denials of recognition, such as the enactment of a law on 23 February 2005 at the French Assembly insisting on “a positive role” for the colonization, followed by other offenses and denials during the presidency of Nicolas Sarkozy. Since the election of François Hollande as head of the French state, things have changed gradually toward the establishment of reconciliation and strong and lasting relations between Algeria and France. By recognizing of the past wrong, suffering and injustices of the colonial period to Algerian people, Francois Hollande wants to give the French-Algerian relations a new twist, appeasement and reconciliation.

This thesis describes a protocol for the multiple data collection system and his implementation into Network Simulator 2 environment. The system defines two communication units. CU central unit and measuring unit MU. The units operate according to the rules defined by communication protocol. The content of this work is as follows. At the beginning is described the simulation tool, namely a system NS-2 and a tool for visualization of simulation results, the NAM. This is followed by a description of the proposed protocol, his principle of functions, units description and communication messages. The method of communication between units. Mainly was described the multicast and the types of multicast ASM and SSM. Additionally, was described the principle of unicast communication. This is followed by chapter describing methods of enlargement simulator. Adding an own protocol and support of multicast communication SSM. Adding a new protocol is represented by programming a new agent, a new application and a new protocol header definition. In this chapter are also described the necessary changes in the source files that are need to the recompilation. The main objective of this thesis is own implementation of the proposed protocol. In the programming language C++ were created two agents who represent a central and a measuring unit. These agents were compiled into a simulator and by using a simple script have been tested for functionality. The simulation script define MU 200 and one unit CU. Conclusion of work is devoted to simulation the load line between the central unit and "access" node. It was examined whether the use the method of cumulative acknowledgement saves the transmission capacity of line compared to normal method acknowledgement.

Bakgrund: Graviditeter som avslutas innan vecka 22 definieras som missfall och drabbar cirka en tredjedel. Tecken på missfall yttrar sig genom blödning och/eller smärta. I mötet med dessa patienter är det sjuksköterskans ansvar att främja hälsa, förebygga sjukdom, återställa hälsa och lindra lidande. Lidandet är en unik och individuell upplevelse och behandlas därefter. Ur ett manligt perspektiv kan förlusten av ett barn genom missfall generera en förlorad självkänsla och identiteten som förälder. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva kvinnors upplevelser i samband med missfall. Metod: Denna litteraturöversikt grundade sig i tio vetenskapliga artiklar hämtade från databaserna Cinahl Complete och Medline. Nio av artiklarna var kvalitativa och en var av mixad metod. Artiklarna analyserades enligt Fribergs metod. Resultat: Resultatet innefattade tre huvudteman med tillhörande subteman. Det första temat var emotionell påverkan med subteman sorg, sorgeprocess, trauma och chock samt skuld och exkludering. Det andra huvudtemat var erfarenheter av sjukvården med subteman information, empati och miljö samt stöd. Det sista temat var stöd från sociala nätverket där det framkom att kvinnor hade ett stort behov av stöd från närstående. Diskussion: Litteraturöversiktens styrkor respektive svagheter diskuteras i relation till den valda metoden. Resultatdiskussionen diskuterades mot Katie Erikssons teori om den lidande människan. Kvinnornas behov av att ha en minnesplats eller ceremoni diskuterades samt hur detta kunde tillgodoses från vårdpersonalens sida, detta i relation till ett historiskt perspektiv. Även partnerns roll och vad som förväntades av denne diskuterades. Författarna resonerade även kring sjuksköterskans roll i mötet med kvinnor som drabbats av missfall. / Background: Pregnancy that ends before week 22 is defined as miscarriage and affects about one-third. Signs of miscarriage appear through bleeding and/or pain. When meeting these patients, it is the nurse’s responsibility to promote health, prevent disease, restore health, and relieve suffering. Suffering is a unique and individual experience and is thereafter treated that way. From a male perspective of losing a child through miscarriage, loss of identity as a parent and self-esteem was experienced. Aim: The aim was to describe women's experiences associated with miscarriage. Method: This literature review was based on ten scientific articles, obtained from the databases Cinahl Complete and Medline. Nine of the articles were qualitative and one was of mixed method. The articles were analyzed according to Friberg’s method. Results: The result included three main themes and associated subthemes. The first theme was emotional impact with subtheme grief, grief process, trauma and shock as well as guilt and exclusion. The other main theme was experiences of healthcare with subthemes of information, empathy and the environment as well as support. The last theme was support from social network, where it emerged that women had a great need for support from relatives. Discussion: The strengths and weaknesses of the thesis are discussed in relation to the chosen method. The result discussion was discussed in relation to Katie Eriksson's theory of the suffering human. The women's need to have a memorial or ceremony was discussed as well as how this could be catered for by the health care staff, in relation to a historical perspective. The role of the partner and what was expected of him was also discussed. The authors also reasoned about the nurse's role in the encounter with women affected by miscarriage.

Bakgrund: En del sjuksköterskor som arbetar inom palliativa vård möter dagligen lidande och sorg hos patienter som de vårdar. Trots en utsatthet för andras lidande kan dessa sjuksköterskor hitta kraft för att fortsätta vårda. I tidigare forskning framkommer compassion fatigue som en risk vid vårdandet av extrema situationer medan compassion satisfaction är mindre beforskat och sällan som ensamt fenomen. Syftet var att beskriva vad som ger sjuksköterskan en upplevelse av compassion satisfaction i vårdandet av patienter inom palliativ vård. Metod; En induktiv manifest kvalitativ innehållsanalys utifrån sju intervjuer . Resultat; Två kategorier framkom i analysen:  inre och yttre resurser inverkan. Dessa har underkategorier som är (1) Att vara patienter behjälpliga, (2) Att ha självförtroende, (3) Ett optimistiskt förhållningssätt, (1) Att visas uppskattning, (2) Att få stöd från organisationen och (3) Att ha meningsfulla möten. Slutsatsen är att dessa olika upplevelser samverkar och tillsammans bidrar till upplevelsen av compassion satisfaction. Huvudsakligen kan sjuksköterskan påverkas av den positiva relationen som finns till patienter och bygger på den empatin som finns mellan sjuksköterskan, patienter, närstående och kollegor. Även organisatoriskt stöd i form av tid är viktigt för att kunna uppleva compassion satisfaction. / The Background: Nurses who work with palliative care can face pain and suffering from their patients on a daily basis. Despite that exposure for others pain these nurses still finds the strength to keep on with their work. Earlier research shows compassion fatigue as a risk when caring for patients in extreme situations while compassion satisfaction is a less researched phenomenon and seldom by itself. The aim was to describe what gives nurses the experience of compassion satisfaction in care for palliative patients. The method used was an inductive qualitative content analysis where data came from interviews. The result is presented in two categories; impact of internal recourses and impact of external recourses. These have three subcategories each; (1) to help the patients, (2) to have confidence, (3) an optimistic attitude, (1) to be shown appreciation, (2) to have support from the organization, and (3) having meaningful meetings. The conclusion is that these various factors work together to contribute to the experience of compassion satisfaction. Some nurses are mainly influenced by the positive relationship that exist between them and the patients. These relationships are based on empathy that exists between the nurse, the patients, relatives to the patients and colleagues. Organizational support in the form of time is also important in order to experience compassion satisfaction.

No description available.

I föreliggande studie undersöktes samtal där tre personer som stammar deltog i interaktioner med olika deltagarstrukturer; med en annan person som stammar, med en närstående person samt med en person i en institutionell kontext. Studien syftade till att analysera likheter och skillnader mellan samtal med olika deltagarstrukturer, med avseende på fenomenen samkonstruktion, blickkontakt vid samkonstruktion och uppbackning. Sammanlagt medverkade tolv personer, i totalt nio dyader. De nio samtalen, som var mellan 35 och 55 minuter långa, spelades in och analyserades enligt principer från Conversation Analysis (CA). Även beräkningar utfördes på fenomenen verbala uppbackningar, samkonstruktion och blickkontakt vid samkonstruktion. Av resultatet framkommer att det genomförs färre samkonstruktioner i de institutionella samtalen, och en tendens till att det görs fler samkonstruktioner i närståendesamtalen. Personerna som stammar gör färre samkonstruktioner i de institutionella samtalen, och gör flest samkonstruktioner i samtalen mellan två personer som stammar. Närståendesamtalen är den deltagarstruktur där det förekommer lägst antal stamningsrelaterade samkonstruktioner. Vid samkonstruktion har deltagarna vanligtvis blickkontakt. Genomgående gäller att samtalspartnern gör fler verbala uppbackningar än personerna som stammar. Det förekommer fler verbala uppbackningar i de samtal där samtalspartnerna inte känner varandra, än i de samtal då de känner varandra. Det är relativt ovanligt att verbal uppbackning förekommer i samband med stamning. / In the present study recordings of three people who stutter in interaction with different interlocutors were analysed. The participant frameworks were the person who stutters with another person who stutters, with a close friend and with an unknown person in an institutional context. The aim of the present study was to analyse similarities and differences among the interactions with different participant frameworks, regarding acknowledgement tokens, joint productions and eye contact in joint productions. In all, there were twelve participants taking part in nine dyads. The nine interactions were between 35 and 55 minutes long, and analysed according to the principles of Conversation Analysis (CA). Calculations were performed on the phenomena verbal acknowledgement tokens, joint productions and eye contact in joint productions. The result shows that there are fewer cases of joint productions in the institutional conversations and that there is a tendency that joint productions are most frequent in the conversations with a close friend. The people who stutter perform fewer joint productions in the institutional conversations and the most joint productions in the conversations between two people who stutter. The conversation with a close friend is the type of conversation with the lowest prevalence of joint productions related to stuttering. The participants mainly have eye contact when participating in joint productions. A consistent feature in all conversations is that the conversational partner produces more verbal acknowledgement tokens than the people who stutter. There are more verbal acknowledgement tokens in the conversations where the interlocutors are not acquainted. It is rather uncommon that verbal acknowledgement tokens appear in instances of stuttering.