No Brasil, existem diversas espécies frutíferas nativas com potencial de exploração comercial, especialmente na região da Amazônia, local de origem do abiu (Pouteria caimito), bacupari (Rheedia gardneriana) e camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia). Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a fisiologia e a conservação pós-colheita destes frutos, bem como o comportamento dos mesmos quando submetidos à técnicas de conservação. O projeto foi dividido em três etapas. A primeira etapa visou determinar a influência do estádio de maturação na qualidade e fisiologia pós-colheita dos frutos estudados. Na segunda etapa foram determinados os efeitos do 1-Metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) e do etileno (C2H4) na fisiologia e na conservação pós-colheita dos mesmos. A terceira etapa teve o objetivo de verificar a influência da temperatura de armazenamento na sua qualidade. Os frutos foram analisados quanto à incidência de podridões, atividade respiratória, produção de etileno e características físicas e químicas. Além de terem sido determinados os teores de clorofila, carotenóides totais e antocianinas totais. Verificou-se que os abius enquadram-se na classificação de frutos climatéricos, sendo que os mesmos devem ser colhidos no estádio de maturação 2, caracterizado pela cor da casca verde-amarela. Já nos bacuparis foi constatado padrão não-climatérico, sendo necessário colhê-los quando maduros, ou seja, com a casca na coloração laranja (estádio 3). Os camu-camus foram considerados frutos climatéricos e devem ser colhidos quando os frutos alcançarem o estádio de maturação 3, ou seja, com a casca na coloração vermelho-esverdeada. Em relação à aplicação do 1-MCP, este regulador influenciou a qualidade e fisiologia dos abius e camu-camus, aumentando a vida de prateleira dos frutos, como consequência da capacidade do 1-MCP em inibir a ação do etileno nos tecidos e retardar o amadurecimento. Já nos bacuparis, o 1-MCP apenas reduziu a incidência de podridões nos frutos. A temperatura de armazenamento influenciou a conservação de todos os frutos, sendo que, para os abius e bacuparis, recomenda-se o armazenamento a 10°C, enquanto que, para os camu-camus, a temperatura ideal é a de 5°C. / In Brazil, there are several native fruits with commercial potential, especially in the Amazon region, place of origin of abiu (Pouteria caimito), bacupari (Rheedia gardneriana) and camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia). Thus, the objective of this work was to study the physiology and postharvest conservation of fruits, as well as their behavior when subjected to conservation techniques. The project was divided into three steps. The first step was to determine the influence of maturation stage on quality and postharvest physiology of those fruits. The second step determined the effects of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and ethylene (C2H4) on physiology and postharvest conservation of these fruits. The third step was to verify the influence of storage temperature on its quality. Fruits were analyzed for incidence of decay, respiration rate, ethylene production and physical and chemical characteristics. Was determinated levels of total chlorophyll, carotenoids and anthocyanins. It was verified that classification abius are climacteric fruits and they must be harvested at maturation stage 2, characterized by skin color green-yellow. Bacuparis are nonclimacteric, and should be harvested mature, as a orange skin color (stage 3). The camu-camus are climacteric fruits and should be harvested when the fruits reach the maturation stage 3 with skin color red-green. The application of 1-MCP influences the quality and physiology of abius and camu-camus, increasing the shelf life of these fruits, as a result of 1-MCP\'s ability to inhibit ethylene action in tissues and retarding ripening. In the bacupari, 1-MCP only reduced the incidence of decay in fruits. The storage temperature affect the conservation of all fruits, and for the abius and bacuparis are recommended storage at 10°C, while for camu-camus, the ideal temperature is 5 °C.

Nesta pesquisa discutimos a temática de um tipo de migração hoje existente no Brasil, procurando analisar criticamente os movimentos de grupos sociais associados ao desenvolvimento atual do capitalismo brasileiro. A proposta foi estudar os trabalhadores migrantes com formação em nível superior que foram para o município de Porto Velho, no estado de Rondônia, entre os anos de 1990 e 2012 e que ali tenham permanecido. Procuramos compreender a influência destes na redefinição da dinâmica social da sociedade que os acolheu. A capital do estado de Rondônia, Porto Velho, acolheu diversos trabalhadores dos setores público e privado neste processo e a intensidade desta migração foi o que primeiramente despertou o interesse da presente pesquisa. O fluxo de trabalhadores especializados demandados para ocupar os quadros necessários para a instalação de órgãos, a implementação de políticas e a efetivação de projetos também chamaram a atenção para o fenômeno e a inclinação para o estudo sobre o tema. Para ilustrar a importância e a velocidade dessa recente institucionalização, que significou a inclusão de Rondônia nos moldes da modernização capitalista, salienta-se a criação e reestruturação de uma ampla gama de órgãos, projetos e programas estatais federais que atraíram os migrantes qualificados (que são o foco desta pesquisa) e nos auxiliarão na exposição da sua problemática. O objetivo geral proposto é apurar como caracteriza-se a formação dos grupos de migrantes no interior da assim chamada classe média brasileira, e como esta representa a materialização de uma identidade social correspondente ao que havia sido estabelecido em outras regiões do país em que o Estado já fora implementado. Pensamos que esta classe média, corporificada na burocracia e na tecnocracia, contribuiu com a atuação de forma sistemática como migrantes qualificados/especializados, na implementação de instituições do Estado, permitindo a reprodução da forma capitalista de desenvolvimento social, político e econômico em Rondônia. / In this research, we will be looking at a specific kind of a migration that exists in Brazil nowadays, critically analyzing the movements of social groups associated with the current \"development of Brazilian capitalism.The purpose was to study migrant workers with higher education who migrated to the city of Porto Velho, State of Rondônia, between the years 1990 and 2012 and have remained there. We look forward to understanding the influence of these workers on the redefinition of the social dynamics of society that had welcomed them. The capital of the state of Rondônia, Porto Velho, hosted many workers in the public and private sectors in this process. The intensity of this migration was what first awaken interest of this research. The flow of skilled workers demanded to occupy the positions required for installation of public organs, politics implementation and execution of projects also drew attention to the phenomenon and the inclination to study on the subject. To illustrate the importance and the speed of this recent institutionalization , which mean the inclusion of Rondônia along the lines of capitalist modernization , emphasizes the creation and restructuring of a wide range of agencies , projects and federal government programs that have attracted skilled labors migrants ( who are the focus of this research ) and assist us to expose this question. The overall goal is to determine how the formation of immigrant groups, in the so-called Brazilian middle class, is characterized. In addition, how this is the materialization of a corresponding social identity already established in other parts of the country, in which the state has already been implemented. We believe that this middle class, embodied in bureaucracy and technocracy, contributed to the performance in a systematic way skilled migrants / expertise in the implementation of state institutions, enabling the reproduction of the capitalist form of social, economic and political, development in Rondônia.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2018-03-27T19:45:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 carlosmarianoalvesvalles.pdf: 5972976 bytes, checksum: 908806a8077c5751983d6b9690d566cd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-04-09T19:22:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 carlosmarianoalvesvalles.pdf: 5972976 bytes, checksum: 908806a8077c5751983d6b9690d566cd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-09T19:22:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 carlosmarianoalvesvalles.pdf: 5972976 bytes, checksum: 908806a8077c5751983d6b9690d566cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-22 / - / Palms are abundant in tropical forests and are recognized as effective bioindicators of hot climates. Moreover, play an important ecological and economic role for local populations. Though palms remain relatively well-conserved, they are under increasing pressure from deforestation. Therefore, endemicity is important for the delimitation of conservation areas. The purposes of the study is 1) to synthesize available information in the literature on species diversity, ecological aspects, use and conservation of Amazon palms (Chapter 1); to analyse palms species richness patterns relative to the latitudinal gradient, sample efforts, and deforestation in the Amazon region (Chapter 2); to compare richness and floristic similarities patterns among the Amazonian sub-regions (Chapter 2); to detect endemic areas for palms in the Amazon region (Chapter 3); and to determine whether the species that define these endemic areas are protected within conservation units (Chapter 3). Records of occurrences were extracted from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). The final dataset consisted of 17,310 records, for 177 species of Amazonian palms. The areas with the greatest richness were in the western, central and northeastern Amazon, principally at latitudes 0–5ºS. Most palms species grow in different habitats, but the highest species richness are found in terra firme forest. Palms are widely used with different category of use according to the regions and species, principally are used for human consumption, elaboration of utensils and tools, and construction of houses. Highest rates of deforestation (>2000 km2) were found in the southern and eastern brazilian Amazon, which coincide with low species richness and gaps in records. Similarity analysis resulted in two groups of sub-regions: the first included the Amazon s.s., Andes and Guiana, and the other group included the Plateau and Gurupi sub-region. The combination of PAE and NDM-VNDM analyses resulted in eight endemic palm areas in western Amazon shared with Andean sub-region. Of the species that define the endemic areas, five are threatened with extinction in one of three IUCN categories (EN, VU, NT), and they are not protected in any conservation units. In conclusion, the western Amazon, besides having high palm richness, also has palm endemic areas, especially, near the Andean sub-region and the Peruvian Amazon, and areas with low species richness, especially those areas with data deficiency, need to be further researched for a better knowledge of their diversity and richness patterns.

En el presente artículo exploramos los cambios y continuidades enlas reivindicaciones que sobre el territorio han planteado los pueblosindígenas de la Amazonía peruana a través de sus organizaciones enlas últimas décadas. El objetivo central reside en explicar cómo endistintas coyunturas estas sociedades han enfrentado la defensa de loque consideran una parte esencial de su forma de vida que se hallacada vez más amenazada frente al avance de la sociedad moderna,del capitalismo y de la globalización. Esta revisión nos permitirádesbaratar aquellos argumentos que califican a los indígenas comosujetos pasivos, manipulables y a merced de intereses ajenos; y almismo tiempo, nos permitirá comprender mejor los cambios que sevienen produciendo al interior de las sociedades indígenas en supercepción y en su relación con el territorio. / This article explores changes and continuities in political demandsconcerning territorial rights as they have been articulated byindigenous organizations of the Peruvian Amazon over recentdecades. Its main objective is to demonstrate how particular historicalconjunctures have influenced the ways in which these groups havefocused their efforts in defense of what they consider to be a crucialelement of their way of life, increasingly threatened by incursionsfrom modern society, capitalism and processes of globalization. Theanalysis rejects depictions of the indigenous peoples as passive, opento manipulation by outside interests. At the same time, it provides amore profound understanding of the changes that are taking placewithin indigenous societies with respect to their perception of, andrelationship to, their territories.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T18:39:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4514.pdf: 2385637 bytes, checksum: 89b533535415a993d655f83f1387c6f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-27 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The selection of cellulase-producing fungi is one of the possible estrategies for obtaining necessary enzymes to hydrolyze the lignocellulosic material of plant biomass and thereby contribute to the viability of cellulosic ethanol production. The aim of this study was achive a screening of isolated fungi from the Amazon region to assess the production of enzymes related to plant biomass degradation, in order to select a line for production, purification and biochemical, kinetical and and structural biology characterizationof the ß-Galactosidase enzyme. Therefore, this work was undertaken in three stages, first of all it was performed a screening of 40 fungal strains isolated from the Amazon region through the cultivation in solid state fermentation (FES) at 35ºC for 240 hours, using as substrate wheat bran. It was evaluated the production of xylanase, endoglucanase, FPase, pectinase, ß-Glicosidase and total protein, and the fungi that stood out were: P6B2, the best producer of xylanase, P47C3 (Aspergillus niger), the best producer endoglucanase and ß-Glicosidase and P40B3, the best producer of FPase. These three fungi were selected for the second phase of this work for assessment in the production of xylanase, FPase, endoglucanase, ß-Glicosidase and total protein by submerged fermentation (FSm). The fermentation took place for 5 days at 30ºC and 200 rpm with a source of carbon: 1% of wheat bran washed and nutrient medium. The fungi P47C3, which was identified as Aspergillus niger, showed the best production of these enzymes, being selected for the third stage of this project. This last step involved the selection of an enzyme that has not been elucidated its structural biology. Given this fact, we carried out a study of selection of the medium, purification and biochemicalkinetical characterization of ß-Galactosidase. The Aspergillus niger (P47C3) was subjected to submerged for 5 days at 200 rpm at 30ºC. Purification occured in three steps using: ion exchange column SP-Sephadex C-50 and SP TSK-5PW column, and gelfiltration, with the resin Sephacryl S-200. The enzyme ß-Galactosidase showed a molecular weight of 125 kDa, being stable at pH 4,0, with anoptimum temperature of 55ºC. It was evaluated theKmap e Vmáxap of two substrates, PNPG and lactose, being: 2,204 mM-0,285 mM/min and 2,101 mM-0,75mM/min, respectively. The inhibition of hydrolasis of the substrate PNPG by ß-Galactosidase in the presence of galactose inhibitor product showed a Ki value of 5,01 mM. Finally, the ß-Galactosidase was subjected to crystallization conditions, the best conditions occurred in buffer 0,2M Tris- HCl, with the precipitation agent, 12% PEG 4000 at pH 8,6. Therefore, the unpublished protocol for purification of ß-Galactosidase was efficient and it is possible to crystallize this enzyme of isolated fungi from the Amazon region, which showed great potencial for the production of this enzyme and that the future can be used in industrial application and biotechnological innovations. / A seleção de fungos produtores de celulases é uma das possíveis estratégias para a obtenção das enzimas necessárias para hidrolisar o material lignocelulósico da biomassa vegetal e com isso contribuir para a viabilização da produção de etanol celulósico. O objetivo desse trabalho foi realizar um screening dos fungos isolados da região amazônica para a avaliação da produção de enzimas relacionadas à degradação da biomassa vegetal, a fim de selecionar uma linhagem para produção, purificação e caracterização bioquímica, cinética e biologia estrutural da enzima ß-Galactosidase. Dessa forma, esse trabalho foi realizado em três etapas, primeiramente foi realizado um screening de 40 linhagens fúngicas isoladas da região amazônica, através do cultivo em fermentação em estado sólido (FES), a 35°C, por 240 horas, utilizando como substrato o farelo de trigo. Avaliou-se a produção de xilanase, endoglucanase, FPase, pectinase, ßglicosidase e proteínas totais, sendo que os fungos que mais se destacaram foram o: P6B2, melhor produtor de xilanase, P47C3 (Aspergillus niger), melhor produtor de endoglucanase e ß-glicosidase e o P40B3, melhor produtor de FPase. Esses três fungos, foram selecionados para a segunda fase do trabalho para avaliação na produção de xilanase, FPase, endoglucanase, ß-glicosidase e proteínas Totais por fermentação submersa (FSm). A fermentação ocorreu por 5 dias, à 30ºC e 200 rpm tendo como fonte de carbono: 1% de farelo de trigo lavado e meio nutriente. O fungo P47C3, identificado como Aspergillus niger, apresentou melhor produção dessas enzimas, sendo selecionado para a terceira etapa desse projeto. Essa última etapa, envolveu a escolha de uma enzima que não estivesse sua biologia estrutural elucidada. Diante desse fato, realizou-se um estudo de seleção do meio de cultivo, purificação e caracterização bioquimico-cinética da ß-Galactosidase. O fungo Aspergillus niger (P47C3) foi submetido a fermentação submersa, durante 5 dias, à 200 rpm em 30ºC. A purificação ocorreu em três etapas utilizando: colunas de troca iônica SP - Sephadex C-50 e a coluna SP -TSK 5PW; e gel filtração, com a resina Sephacryl S-200. A enzima ß-Galactosidase apresentou uma massa molecular de 125 kDa, sendo estável em pH 4,0, e com temperatura ótima de 55ºC. Avaliou-se a Kmap e Vmáxap de dois substratos, o PNPG e a lactose, sendo: 2,204 mM - 0,285 mM/min e 2,101 mM 0,750 mM/min, respectivamente. A inibição da hidrólise do substrato PNPG pela ß-Galactosidase na presença do produto inibidor galactose apresentou um valor de Ki de 5,01 mM. Por fim, a ß-Galactosidase foi submetida a condições de cristalização, as melhores condições ocorreram em tampão 0,2M Tris-HCl, tendo como agente precipitante, PEG 4000 12% em pH 8,6. Portanto, o protocolo inédito de purificação da ß-Galactosidase foi eficiente, sendo possível cristalizar essa enzima do fungo isolado da região amazônica, o qual apresentou grande potencial para a produção dessa enzima e que futuramente possa ser utilizado em aplicações industriais e inovações biotecnológicas.

nÃo hà / As novas tecnologias de informaÃÃo e comunicaÃÃo tÃm originado modificaÃÃes nas estruturas produtivas e nas relaÃÃes sociais da atualidade com o surgimento de um novo paradigma o da âsociedade da informaÃÃoâ. à nesse contexto de mudanÃas que se insere o projeto UCA, polÃtica pÃblica de inclusÃo digital de forma a inserir o Brasil aos contornos da sociedade da informaÃÃo. Esta pesquisa de dissertaÃÃo tem por temÃtica a implementaÃÃo do projeto Um Computador por Aluno â UCA no municÃpio de SÃo JoÃo da Ponta â SJP, no estado do Parà â PA, tendo por problemÃtica saber em que medida o projeto UCA, nesse municÃpio, promove a inclusÃo digital preconizada em seus objetivos. De forma atingir os objetivos da pesquisa foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo de cunho etnogrÃfico, com o intuito de realizar uma descriÃÃo narrativa do projeto UCA em SJP, considerando o contexto, a cultura e os significados a ele atribuÃdos na localidade. Para tanto, foi tomada como categoria analÃtica norteadora desta dissertaÃÃo, a noÃÃo de inclusÃo sÃcio-digital (WARSCHAUER, 2006; BECKER, 2009; CYSNE 2007; DEMO, 2005; SORJ, 2003). Os resultados indicam que o projeto UCA se aproxima da abordagem de inclusÃo sÃcio digital; foi observado que o UCA nÃo modificou a estrutura fÃsica das escolas beneficiadas com o projeto, nem impregnou neste espaÃo, mas foi potencialmente absorvido pela comunidade da sede de SJP onde percebemos indÃcios de letramento digital e tambÃm o desenvolvimento de comunidades prÃticas (WARCHAUER, 2006). O projeto UCA em SJP atingiu objetivos econÃmicos, sociais, mas nÃo os educacionais dentro do espaÃo escolar com a perspectiva de melhoria da qualidade da educaÃÃo e com a imersÃo de estudantes e professores numa cultura digital. PorÃm, possibilitou outras aprendizagens nos vÃrios espaÃos da sede de SJP aos estudantes, ex-estudantes envolvidos e seus familiares. Assim, considerando a anÃlise das dimensÃes que constroem os processos de inclusÃo digital do projeto em SJP, que sÃo as aprendizagens, sociabilidades em rede e mudanÃas pelo UCA, pode-se colocar que no espaÃo alÃm escola, na comunidade da sede de SJP, hà indÃcios de uma tÃmida, mas presente inclusÃo sÃcio-digital dos participantes. / New information and communication technologies have given rise to modifications in modern social relations, with the arrival of the âinformation societyâ. In this context the One Computador per Student - UCA project has been initiated to promote digital inclusion and to bring Brazil into the information society. This research treats the implementation of the UCA project in the rural municipality of SÃo JoÃo da Ponta in the northern Brazilian state of ParÃ, examining the promotion of digital inclusion among students. Ethnographic field research was undertaken in order to describe the UCA project in terms of local culture and conditions. The notion of socio-digital inclusion was central to this research (WARSCHAUER, 2006; BECKER, 2009; CYSNE 2007; DEMO, 2005; SORJ, 2003). Results indicate that the UCA Project promoted digital inclusion, did not modify the physical structure of participating schools nor took over their spaces. The project promoted digital literacy and community development (WARCHAUER, 2006). The UCA Project obtained its economic and social objectives, but not its educational goals of improving educational quality by immersion of both students and teachers in digital culture. On the other hand, the project opened up new educational opportunities for current and former students and their families in various places in the municipality. Considering the expected educational, social and transformational possibilities of the project, both within schools and communities, a timid but nevertheless evident promotion of socio-digital inclusion was found among project participants.

Die Zusammenarbeit von Bauern, Beratern, Forschern und ihren Organisationen zur Entwicklung des ländlichen Raumes befindet sich in Brasilien in einer Krise. Es fehlen Entscheidungen und überzeugende Vorschläge seitens der Regierung für die Zukunft der landwirtschaftlichen Beratung. Die vorliegende Arbeit hat daher zum Ziel, zur Verbesserung der landwirtschaftlichen Forschung und Beratung in Brasilien und der Zusammenarbeit der Akteure im ländlichen Raum beizutragen. Als eine spezifische Form der Partizipation wird die Partnerschaft eingeführt, bei der die Akteure Organisationen sind und deren Wirkung über die mikrosoziale Ebene hinaus die meso- und makrosoziale Ebene einbezieht. Zunächst werden die bisher in der brasilianischen Agrarforschung und Beratung vertretenen Konzepte untersucht. Das Verständnis ihrer Grenzen und Möglichkeiten erlaubt, den Spielraum für die Einführung neuer Ansätze besser einzuschätzen. In der Arbeit werden zwei partizipative Erfahrungen im brasilianischen Bundesstaat Pará als Fallbeispiele aufbereitet: eine Entwicklungsorientierte Forschung mit Gruppen von Bauern im Rahmen einer Partnerschaft zwischen einer Forschungsorganisation (LAET) und einer Bauernorganisation (MPST) und der Aufbau eines landwirtschaftlichen Beratungsdienstes (Lumiar). Die Tatsache, daß beide Projekte im gleichen Kontext in der Region der Transamazônica angesiedelt sind, erleichtert das Verständnis der verschiedenen Dimensionen von Partizipation und Partnerschaft. Die Fallstudien werden in einem Dialog zwischen Theorie und Praxis anhand von Schlüsselelementen analysiert: Einstellung, Motivation und Fähigkeit; Bedarf; Macht; Organisationen; Konflikte; Vertrauen und Verhandlungen. Die Arbeit gelangt zu der Schlußfolgerung, daß eines der größten Probleme in der Praxis die Unklarheit über die Art der Partnerschaft ist, die unterschiedlich eng gestaltet werden kann. Im Prinzip wird die Möglichkeit der partizipativen Zusammenarbeit zwischen verschiedenen sozialen Welten (Bauern, Forscher, Berater) bestätigt, wobei deren wesentliche Schwierigkeit die Vermittlung zwischen verschiedenen Interessen ist. Erst durch die Einbeziehung der Ebene der Organisationen mit ihren Interessen können die Handlungen der Akteure verstanden werden, die auf diesem Niveau durch die zunehmende Notwendigkeit gekennzeichnet sind, Ungewißheitszonen zu sichern. Hegemoniestreben und die Gefahr von Mißverständnissen werden größer. Machtbeziehungen und Konflikte sind normale Erscheinungen, mit denen die Forscher und Berater umzugehen lernen müssen. Die Freiheit der Akteure bietet Spielraum zur Verwirklichung neuer Ansätze, beschränkt jedoch auch ihre verordnete Einführung. Einerseits ermöglicht sie die Einbindung offizieller Institutionen in die Agrarentwicklung. Andererseits verwandeln sich Organisationen, die als homogen angesehen werden, in zahlreiche Akteure mit unterschiedlichen Interessen. Verhandlungen sind im allgemeinen keine Auseinandersetzung um Argumente, sondern es geht um Interessen und Macht. Vertrauen kann es wegen der Machtbeziehungen und der zu ihrer Aufrechterhaltung notwendigen Ungewißheitszonen nur in eingeschränktem Maße geben und ist eher auf die mikrosoziale Ebene beschränkt, wo Strategien und Machtspiele eine geringere Rolle spielen. Zahlreiche Phänomene offenbaren sich erst durch die Aktion, darunter die Verhältnisse zwischen den Beteiligten, der soziale Bedarf und die Motive für die Zusammenarbeit. Die Integration zwischen Forschung und Beratung sowie die Zunahme von Interdisziplinarität kann nur durch die Auseinandersetzung vor Ort erreicht werden. Subjektive Faktoren, an erster Stelle Empathie, spielen eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Beratung, der Verhandlung und der Konfliktbehandlung. Die Erfahrungen aus den Fallstudien werden zu einem Vorschlag für einen kombinierten Forschungs- und Beratungsdienst aufgearbeitet. Dieser ordnet sich in die aktuellen Bemühungen um eine Neudefinition der Dienstleistungen für die bäuerliche Landwirtschaft ein, bei der die brasilianische Bundesregierung und die Bauernorganisationen Auseinandersetzungen und Dialoge um Veränderungen in der Agrarpolitik führen. / The cooperation among farmers, extensionists, researchers and their organisations to develop the rural areas in Brazil is in a crisis. Decisions as well as convincing proposals from the government are lacking about the future of the rural extension. The aim of this work is to contribute to the improvement of research and rural extension services in Brazil and also the cooperation among the actors in the rural areas. Partnership is introduced as a specific form of participation, in which organisations are the actors. Its impacts go beyond the micro social level to include the meso and the macro levels. Current approaches in Brazilian research and rural extension are analyzed first. Based on an understanding of their limits and possibilities, the opportunities for the introduction of new approaches are evaluated. Case studies on two participatory experiences in the Brazilian state of Pará are presented in this work: a research project with farmer groups in a partnership between a research organisation (LAET) and a farmer`s organisation (MPST), and the creation of a rural extension service (Lumiar). The fact that these studies are situated within the same context in the Transamazonian region facilitated the assessment of the various dimensions of participation and partnership, allowing the analysis of the research as well as the extension aspects. The case studies are discussed through key elements: attitude, motivation, ability, demand, power, organisations, conflicts, trust and negotiations. The results show that one of the biggest problems was the uncertainty about the type of partnership, which may take different forms: distant or close. The results of the dialogue between theory and practice, which were structured by the key elements, confirm the possibility of participatory work among different social worlds (farmers, researchers and extensionsts), whose main problem is the mediation between different interests. Only through the consideration of the organisational level can the actions of the actors be understood, which are characterized at this level by the growing need to protect uncertainty zones. The search for hegemony becomes relevant and the danger of disagreement grows. Power relations and conflicts are natural phenomena which the researcher and the extensionist have to learn to deal with. The actors´ freedom of action provides opportunities for the introduction of new approaches. However, it also limits its regulated implementation. Organisations, initially considered homogeneous, turn into many actors with diverse interests. In negotiations, arguments are less important than interests and power. Because of the power relations and the uncertainy zones, trust is only possible in a limited way. That is why it is more limited to the micro social level, in which the strategies and the power games play a minor role. Many phenomena only become apparent through action, such as the relationship between the stakeholders, their social needs and reasons for cooperation. The integration of research and extension, as well as an increase in interdisciplinarity can be achieved only through common action on the local level. Subjective factors, especially empathy, play a decisive role in advising, negotiation and conflict management. Based on the case studies, a proposal is presented for an integrated research and extension service. It can be part of the current efforts aimed at redefining services for smallholder agriculture, in which the Brazilian government and farmers` organisations are using confrontation and dialogue to achieve changes in the agrarian politics.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:59:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sandra Maria Luvizutto Goncalves.pdf: 2384106 bytes, checksum: 775541195573dedce8167614b7ef287a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-17 / The objective of this paper is to develop a comparison study between cultural and artistic experiences narrated by the poet Mário Raul de Moraes Andrade in O turista aprendiz (2002) and Tristes trópicos (1996) by the French anthropologist and writer Claude Lévi-Strauss. The impressions captured by them while visiting the Amazon region are our study and demonstration objects, sustained by the concepts of alterity, based on the exotic eye and the encounter with the Other . The central objective is in the reading and analysis of the travel reports, which confirmed the experience lived by the writers, showing that both of them trespassed the physical geography of visited places and, literarily, reconfigured it by means of artistic and poetic subjectivity in order to be able to unveil the new mythical matrixes of the Brazilian Amazon. The themes are distributed as follows: chapter 1 presents the exotic and the complexity in the distinction between reality and fiction in the travel reports, in light of practical alterity. Chapter 2 approaches the differences and contrasts between two foreigners and the Other , facing the reality observed. Chapter 3 reveals the encounter with the Other , the unknown, which resulted in a fictional transgeography . The theoretical parameters of support were based on the work by: Antonio Candido (1976), François Dosse (1993), Txyetan Todorov (1993), Julia Kristeva (1994), Telê Ancona Lopez (1996), Mikhail Bakhtin (2003), Emmanuel Lévinas (2005), among other authors. We prioritized the comparatist method of direct observation of the object on a fictional travel report, thus opening an equity relation in receiving the Other in its anonymity and, consequently, creating a rupture with the absolute thinking of science. / A presente dissertação tem o objetivo geral de desenvolver um estudo comparatista entre as experiências culturais e artísticas narradas nas obras O turista aprendiz (2002), do escritor e poeta Mário Raul de Moraes Andrade, e Tristes trópicos (1996), do antropólogo e escritor francês Claude Lévi-Strauss. As impressões registradas por eles, na visita à região amazônica, são nossos objetos de demonstração e estudo, sustentados pelos conceitos de alteridade, a partir do olhar exótico e do encontro com o Outro. O objetivo central localiza-se na leitura e análise dos relatos de viagem, confirmadores das experiências vividas pelos escritores, para mostrar que ambos transgrediram a geografia física dos lugares visitados e, literariamente, reconfiguraram-na por meio da subjetividade artística e poética, de modo a poder revelar as novas matrizes míticas da Amazônia brasileira. A temática está assim distribuída: o capítulo I apresenta a questão do exótico e da complexidade na distinção entre realidade e ficção nos relatos de viagem, à luz da prática da alteridade. O capítulo II trata das diferenças e contrastes entre o olhar dos dois estrangeiros e o do Outro, diante da realidade observada. O capítulo III revela-nos o encontro com o Outro, com o desconhecido, o que resultou numa transgeografia ficcional . Os parâmetros teóricos de suporte foram: Antonio Candido (1976), François Dosse (1993), Tzvetan Todorov (1993), Julia Kristeva (1994), Telê Ancona Lopez (1996), Mikhail Bakhtin (2003), Emmanuel Lévinas (2005), dentre outros. Priorizamos o método comparatista da observação direta do objeto em relato ficcional de viagem, abrindo, assim, uma relação de equidade ao receber o Outro no seu anonimato e, consequentemente, rompendo com o pensamento absoluto da ciência.

<p>Legislation on benefit sharing dates back to 1992 and the commandment of the UNConvention on Biological Diversity, hence implementation still has few cases to fall back on(CBD, 1992). The case study of the project ProBenefit presented by the thesis highlights howlack of deliberation can undermine a democratic process. The objective of the thesis is thatProBenefit’s attempt to implement the standards of the CBD on access and benefit sharingwill highlight not only problems met by this specific project, but difficulties that generallymeet democratic processes in contexts of high inequality. To define if the project ProBenefitsucceeded in carrying out a deliberative process the project will be analyzed by the criteria:access to information, representation, legitimacy and involvement.The population in the project area of ProBenefit had a long history of social marginalization,which made it hard for foreign projects to gain legitimacy. The lack of independentorganizations and the late establishment of the project, which resulted in time shortage, madeit impossible to prevent the distrust of the local population. The failure of the projectcoordinators to ensure active participation of all stakeholders resulted in a late and lowinvolvement of the local participants. The absence of independent organization also madedemocratic legitimacy of the process questionable. Even if ProBenefit had a vision ofdemocratic deliberation the project was unable to break down the prevailing unequal powerdistribution which resulted in an unsustainable process and failure. The conclusion of thethesis is that the attainment of deliberation foremost depends on how a project deals with theexisting distribution of power and how it succeeds in involving all stakeholders.</p>