Introduction: Exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction (EILO) is a condition associated with stridor, wheezing and dyspnea during exercise. The condition is commonly divided into two subtypes, glottic and supraglottic, depending on the level of the obstruction in the larynx. The obstruction may also occur in a combined form. At Uppsala University Hospital there are a few different treatment options for EILO but they are most commonly referred to speech and language pathology treatment (SLP-treatment).    Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine (1) the perceived effect of SLP-treatment on individuals with EILO and (2) to examine whether a difference in the perceived effect was due to type of EILO. A third aim (3) was to examine the presence of voice symptoms in this group.   Study designs:This study investigated separate objectives and reported results from both a retrospective cross-sectional study and a cross-sectional study.    Methods:51 participants with EILO were referred to SLP-treatment between year 2007 and 2017. 37 of the participants completed a survey on the perceived effect of SLP-treatment. All participants answered a questionnaire about voice symptoms, Screen6.   Results: A majority, 54% of the 37 participants who had undergone SLP-treatment, reported being helped by the treatment. In total, 51 participants diagnosed with EILO answered the survey, generating a response rate of 52%. The result showed that 31 % of the participants reported voice problems. Voice problems were defined as having two or more voice symptoms weekly or daily on Screen6.    Conclusions:(1) In this study a majority of the participants reported SLP-treatment as helpful. (2) No significant difference between the perceived effect of the intervention and type of EILO existed. (3) 31% of the participants had a voice problem according to Screen6. This number is higher, than in the general population and in other risk groups and may indicate a greater risk of voice disorders in individuals with EILO.

There are issues around complex products in multiple large companies such as Volvo Cars, Ericsson and ABB. This report focuses on Volvo Cars in an agile context with issues concerning dependencies and coordination. The subject which is investigated closer to solve this problem is system anatomies. System anatomies is a project management tool consisting of capabilities (boxes), formulated from a user perspective with dependencies (arrows) connecting them. This report is an abductive ethnographic study around the adoption of system anatomies in a department at Volvo Cars which is in the front of the agile transformation and develop digital tools other departments in the organisation uses in their development. The adoption of the system anatomy was firstly made through thoroughly done identification of preconditions favouring or disfavouring the system anatomy. Secondly an observation of a creation of a system anatomy was carried out which led to an actual system anatomy. In conclusion four interviews were held to examine the possibility continuously make the system anatomy bring value.  The purpose of the study is to investigate how different adoption of system anatomies can be modelled to be useful in a large organisation which is pursuing a transformation in going agile. The study results in that the creation of a system anatomy does not only give value in the form of the actual illustration of the system anatomy but also through the discussions which are held during the creation process. An important insight was that the created system anatomy is a static snapshot of the reality of the moment it is created and therefore must be maintained and updated to continue to contribute with maximum value. The interviews around the system anatomy have treated a number of context-objects, such as use case and architecture, which are other tools that are used in the coordination. Each context-object has been combined to the system anatomy to united views which shows the creating relation between these in order to identify misconceptions and contradictive dependencies is possible. With future research in the area, it is interesting with studies of system anatomies in similar environments since this study only is a study of explorative character. Other ways of future research include deeper investigation of the different sub-steps in the creation process of the system anatomy as well as a study of more context-objects. / På flera stora företag så som Volvo Cars, Ericsson och ABB upplevs problematik kring komplexa problem. Denna rapport behandlar Volvo Cars utifrån en agil kontext med problematik kring beroenden och koordination där ämnet som undersöks närmare för att lösa problematiken är systemanatomier. Systemanatomier är en typ av projektledningsverktyg som är en graf bestående av förmågor (noder), formulerade ur ett användarperspektiv med beroenden (bågar) sinsemellan. Följande rapport är en abduktiv etnografisk studie kring införandet av systemanatomier på en avdelning på Volvo Cars som har kommit långt i den agila transformationen och utvecklar verktyg som andra delar av organisation sedan ska använda i utvecklingen av nya produkter. Införandet följs först genom att ingående beskriva de förutsättningar som finns för en systemanatomi på Volvo Cars. Följande observeras ett framtagande av en faktisk systemanatomi och avslutningsvis hur denna systemanatomi kan fortsätta tillföra värde genom att skapa relationer mellan anatomin och kontextuella objekt. Syftet är att undersöka hur olika tillämpningar av systemanatomier kan utformas för att bli användbara i en stor organisation som genomför en transformation mot att bli agila. Studien resulterar främst i att framtagning av en systemanatomi inte bara ger värde i form av den faktiskt framtagna systemanatomin utan även av de diskussioner som förs vid framtagandet. Insikten att den framtagna systemanatomin är en statisk ögonblicksbild och därför måste underhållas och uppdateras för att kunna bidra med maximalt värde framåt har varit betydande. Intervjuer kring systemanatomin behandlade ett antal kontext-objekt, exempelvis use case och arkitektur, som är andra verktyg som används för koordination. Ur studien framkommer att anatomin kan kombineras med kontext-objekt för att skapa gemensamma vyer och det visade sig möjligt att identifiera relationer mellan dessa. Dessa relationer kan hjälpa att koordinera utvecklingen på Volvo Cars främst genom att tidigare i utvecklingsprocessen identifiera motsägande beroenden och missförstånd i lärandefasen av utvecklingen av nya produkter. Vid ett fortsatt arbete på området är det inte minst intressant med undersökningar av systemanatomier i liknande miljöer då denna undersökning enbart är av en explorativ karaktär. Andra spår för framtida arbete inkluderar att gå djupare in i delstegen för framtagning av systemanatomin liksom att undersöka fler kontext-objekt.

Examensarbete på masternivå bestående av fysiska objekt (skulptur, installation) samt en essä i textform. Ämnet behandlar historia och folktro, poesi, begravningar, döden, gravutsmyckningar samt traditioner kring att arbeta med den döda kroppen (inom sjukvården eller andra sammanhang) / MFA graduation exam consisting of physical objects (sculptures/installation) and an essay (text). The topic is history and folklore, poetry, funerals, death, grave decorations and traditions around working with dead bodies (in healtcare and other contexts).

In the frame of Practical knowledge at Södertörn University, Sweden, I have examined my own practical knowledge. The starting-point is what happened during my work as director, when I was rather new in the profession. The studie focuses on what it is that happens when the body communication is not functioning as it should. This essay focuses mainly on physical communication and investigates how the communication worked during this process in which I in the beginning of my carreer led as director at a Public Theatre. My story tells about how I remember the direction process with a Theatre ensemble, framed with communication problems. I call this Directing process 1. The directing work and the actors process work was suffering and an optimal result was not possible to reach. In spite of that, the play was performed and reached a large audience. In a comparative field study  I observed another theatre rehearsal process, interviewed the director and saw the performance. This process worked well. I call this Directing process 2. I have a theoretical discussion with a starting point in communication and theatre literature where I analyze my own understanding of communication and what the communication concept stands for. When traditional communication theory is completed with physical variables, it lightens in a concrete and distinct sense, some essential abilities in the directors work. I reject the assertion that all behavior is communication. I presuppose from the definition that communication builds on someone who sends and someone who confirms. I introduce communication theoretical conceptions and six key words as starting-point, for my analysis of physical communication during a process work. I compare the differences in the directors relation to their ensembles. The two theatre directing processes differed in terms of communication in  several crucial points. These differences became a question of vital  importance for a successful and a less successful process. The biggest weakness in process 1 appears to be my own lack of freedom in the way of movement related to the ensemble. It was characterized by a closed body language, difficulties with the listening, and avoiding eye contact. From that I identify the largest problem witch showed to be the lack of confidence between me and the crew. The great assets of the Process 2 was the physical freedom among the bodies that moved in the room, and in relation to each other, while the biggest problem I saw as the lack of clear intentions. The conclusion is that the positions of the bodies related to each other can be a determining factor for successful work together. Moreover that confidence showed up to be the most important communicative reason if these processes succeeded ore failed. / Inom ramen för praktisk kunskap vid Södertörns Högskola, Stockholm, har jag undersökt min egen praktiska kunskap. Utgångspunkten är vad som hänt under mitt arbete som regissör, när jag var ganska ny i yrket. Studien handlar särskilt om när kroppens kommunikation inte fungerar bra under ett processarbete mellan regissör och ensemble. Denna uppsats inriktar sig i första hand på kroppslig kommunikation och undersöker hur kommunikationen fungerade under en regiprocess som jag tidigt i min karriär som regissör ledde på en offentlig teater. Jag berättar om hur jag minns regiprocessen med en teaterensemble kantad av kommunikativa problem. Jag kallar denna för regiprocess 1. Regiarbetet och skådespelarnas processarbete blev lidande och ett optimalt resultat gick inte att uppnå. Trots det genomfördes produktionen och spelades för stor publik. I en jämförande fältstudie observerar jag även regiprocessen på en annan teater, intervjuar regissören och ser det slutliga resultatet. Den processen fungerade väl. Jag kallar den regiprocess 2. Jag utgår från utgår från kommunikations- och teaterlitteratur där jag analyserar min förståelse för kommunikation och vad kommunikationsbegreppet står för. Traditionell kommunikationsteori kompletteras med kroppslig praktik som hur vi rör oss på golvet i förhållande till varandra och vad det betyder för våra relationer, belyses regiarbetets kommunikation. Jag ifrågasätter påstående att allt beteende är kommunikation och utgår från definitionen att kommunikation bygger på att någon sänder och att någon bekräftar.  Jag introducerar kommunikationsteoretiska begrepp och sex nyckelord som utgångspunkt för min analys av kroppslig kommunikation under ett processarbete. I analysen jämförs skillnaderna i regissörernas förhållande till ensemblerna. De två regiprocesserna skiljde sig kommunikationsmässigt på flera avgörande punkter. Dessa skillnader blev avgörande för en lyckad respektive mindre lyckad process. Som den största svagheten under regiprocess 1 framstår ofriheten i mitt sätt att röra mig i förhållande till ensemblen. Den präglades av stängt kroppsspråk, svårigheter med lyssnande och undvikande av ögonkontakt. Ur detta härleder jag det största problemet som visade sig vara bristen på förtroende mellan mig och ensemblen. Under regiprocess 2 var den fysiska frihet med vilken kropparna rörde sig i rummet och i förhållande till varandra god, medan den största bristen var tydliga intentioner. Slutsatsen blir att kropparnas placering i förhållande till varandra kan ha en avgörande betydelse för ett lyckat samarbete. Dessutom att förtroende visade sig vara den viktigaste kommunikativa orsaken till om en dessa processer lyckades eller misslyckades.

In introductory programming courses it is important for students to learn key terminology to be ableto discuss code. The standard way to structure these courses is by working in pairs or individual work since problems may occur when working in groups, specifically that one person might be more active than the rest. This could be because of self-efficacy (SE), which contributes to how much time and energy an individual is willing to spend on an assignment. The goal of this study is to create a groupexercise that promotes discussions and use of programming terminology. It will also analyze if SE isaffecting how well the groups preform. Two different instructions were created for this assignment to examine which one is more effective. 54 students participated in this study at four occasions. Their SE was measured before and after the assignment with questionnaires. The results show that one of the instructions leads to more active discussions from the groups and that the other instruction leadsto more use of terminology when discussing code and that every participant was more equally active.The results also show that SE affect how equal the participation is within the groups and that groups with higher levels of SE perform better during the assignment than groups with low or medium SE.This type of activity shows a positive increase of SE for students that start of with low or medium SE. / I introduktionskurser för programmering är det viktigt att studenter lär sig programmeringstermer för att lättare kunna diskutera kod. De vanligaste strategierna för att lära ut programmering är i par eller individuellt då det uppstår problem med att en individ tar över när grupper blir för stora. Detta kan uppstå på grund av studenternas uppskattade egen förmåga (eng. self-efficacy) vilket är kopplat till hur benägen en individ är att lägga energi och engagemang på en uppgift. Denna studie har därför som mål att skapa en studentaktiv gruppuppgift som gynnar diskussion och användning av programmeringstermer, samt att analysera om self-efficacy (SE) påverkar hur väl grupperna presterar i uppgifterna.Två olika instruktioner testades för att se vilken av dessa som ger bäst resultat. 54 studenter som läser programmering på introduktionsnivå deltog i studien vid fyra tillfällen. Deras SE mättes före och efter uppgiften med hjälp av enkäter. Resultatet visar att en av instruktionerna leder till mer aktiva diskussioner och att den andre instruktionen leder till att ordet fördelas mer jämt samt att deltagarna oftare använder sig av programmeringstermer när de diskuterar kod. Resultatet visar även att SE påverkar hur jämnt ordet fördelas inom grupperna och att grupper med hög self-efficacy presterar bättre i aktiviteten än grupper med medel eller låg SE. Överlag visar studien att denna typ av gruppuppgiftger en positiv ökning av SE hos studenter som har låg eller medel SE.

Ballet and somatic practice are two different fields with separate approaches regarding the body and its movement. Ballet in general is structured by a specific frame emerging from traditions and conventions which have effect on the dancer’s movement patterns and body. On the other hand, a somatic approach initiates movement from within which depends on the individual daily condition. The practitioners are encouraged to work from their own terms, therefore all bodies can be included in somatic practices. The aim of this study was to find out which somatic principles and perspectives ballet teachers use in their ballet teaching and how they relate it to their teaching methods. Our empirical material consist of observations and interviews with three different ballet teachers that took place in Stockholm, which later are processed with content analysis. The content analysis resulted in five main categories. Based on the data collection the result showed that the ballet teachers use somatic approach in their teaching. It also revealed three basic components in their teaching which are: anatomy, the use of language and the use of touch. These three components complement each other and provide the dancer tools to support their dancing as well as becoming more aware of their body’s function. A fundamental element in somatic is the dancer’s negotiation about their bodily needs. Through their choices the dancer can develop a deeper awareness that can maintain a physical balance which leads to a sustainable body.

Denna studie jämförde kunskaper och uppfattningar som elever i förskoleklass och i grundskolans årskurs tre har om människoskelettet och de olika skelettdelarnas struktur och funktion. Fjorton elever tilldelade ett pappersark med en färdigskissad människokropp på och instruerades att rita hur de uppfattade att människoskelettet såg ut. Därefter intervjuades eleverna om sina skelettkunskaper utifrån deras ritningar. Studien omfattade enskilda semi-strukturerade intervjuer. Resultatet visade att det fanns en kunskapsutveckling från förskoleklass till grundskolans årskurs tre. Elevers uppfattning i båda årskurserna om skelettdelarnas funktion var att skelettdelarna behövdes för att kunna röra sig, gå, stå, plocka upp och hålla i saker. Dock visade det sig att det enbart var eleverna i grundskolans årskurs tre som hade kunskaper om skelettets funktion, att skydda kroppens inre organ. Vidare visade det sig att eleverna i båda årskurserna hade goda kunskaper om skelettdelarna i lemmarna. Den skelettdel som eleverna i båda årskurserna hade minst kunskap om var höftbenet, jämfört med de andra skelettdelarna. / This study compared pre-school and primary school year three pupils’ knowledge and perception regarding structure and function of the human skeleton and the various skeletal components. Fourteen pupils where provided with a sheet of paper consisted of an outline of the human body and were instructed to draw the human skeletal system, as they perceived it to be. Thereafter, the pupils were interviewed on their skeletal knowledge based on their drawings. The study utilized individual semi-structured interviews. The results depicted an increase in knowledge between pre-school and primary year three pupils. In both grades the pupils’ perception of the skeleton component functions were: movement, walking, standing, pick up and hold objects. Nonetheless, only the pupils in primary year three displayed knowledge of the skeleton’s capability to protect the body’s organs. Furthermore, the results showed that the pupils in both grades had adequate knowledge, regarding the skeleton components in the limbs. Pupils in both grades displayed a decreased amount of knowledge regarding the hipbone compared to the rest of the skeleton components.

<p>The gastrointestinal mucus gel layer and blood flow are two important mechanisms for protection at the pre-epithelial and sub-epithelial levels, respectively. <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> might circumvent these mechanisms and elicit a chronic inflammatory response with consequent ulcers in the stomach and duodenum. In this thesis, the physical state and properties of the adherent mucus gel layer was studied from the stomach to colon. Furthermore, the acute and chronic effects of <i>H. pylori</i> on the integrity of the mucus gel layer and mucosal blood flow were studied in the anesthetized rat.</p><p>A translucent mucus gel covers all studied segments of the gastrointestinal tract during fasting conditions, with the thickest layers in the colon and ileum. Carefully applied suction revealed that the mucus gel was a multi-layered structure comprising a firmly adherent layer covering the mucosa, impossible to remove, and a loosely adherent upper layer. The firmly adherent layer was thick and continuous in the corpus (80μm), antrum (154μm) and colon (116μm), but thin (<20μm) and discontinuous in the small intestine.</p><p>Following mucus removal, a rapid renewal of the loosely adherent layer ensued. The highest rate was observed in the colon with intermediate values in the small intestine. Mucus renewal in the stomach was attenuated on acute luminal application of water extracts from <i>H. pylori</i> (HPE). In animals with a chronic <i>H. pylori</i> infection the mucus renewal rate was unaffected, but the total gastric mucus gel thickness was reduced and the mucus secretory response to luminal acid (pH1) attenuated in the antrum. </p><p>HPE from type I strains acutely reduced corporal mucosal blood flow, measured with laser-Doppler flowmetry, by approximately 15%. The reduction in blood flow was mediated by a heat stable factor other than VacA and CagA. Inhibition of endogenous nitric oxide production with Nω-nitro-l-arginine augmented the decrease. However, ketotifen, a mast cell stabilizer, completely attenuated the effect of the extract as did the platelet activating factor (PAF) receptor-antagonist, WEB2086, thus depicting a detrimental role for the microvascular actions of PAF.</p>

The gastrointestinal mucus gel layer and blood flow are two important mechanisms for protection at the pre-epithelial and sub-epithelial levels, respectively. Helicobacter pylori might circumvent these mechanisms and elicit a chronic inflammatory response with consequent ulcers in the stomach and duodenum. In this thesis, the physical state and properties of the adherent mucus gel layer was studied from the stomach to colon. Furthermore, the acute and chronic effects of H. pylori on the integrity of the mucus gel layer and mucosal blood flow were studied in the anesthetized rat. A translucent mucus gel covers all studied segments of the gastrointestinal tract during fasting conditions, with the thickest layers in the colon and ileum. Carefully applied suction revealed that the mucus gel was a multi-layered structure comprising a firmly adherent layer covering the mucosa, impossible to remove, and a loosely adherent upper layer. The firmly adherent layer was thick and continuous in the corpus (80μm), antrum (154μm) and colon (116μm), but thin (&lt;20μm) and discontinuous in the small intestine. Following mucus removal, a rapid renewal of the loosely adherent layer ensued. The highest rate was observed in the colon with intermediate values in the small intestine. Mucus renewal in the stomach was attenuated on acute luminal application of water extracts from H. pylori (HPE). In animals with a chronic H. pylori infection the mucus renewal rate was unaffected, but the total gastric mucus gel thickness was reduced and the mucus secretory response to luminal acid (pH1) attenuated in the antrum. HPE from type I strains acutely reduced corporal mucosal blood flow, measured with laser-Doppler flowmetry, by approximately 15%. The reduction in blood flow was mediated by a heat stable factor other than VacA and CagA. Inhibition of endogenous nitric oxide production with Nω-nitro-l-arginine augmented the decrease. However, ketotifen, a mast cell stabilizer, completely attenuated the effect of the extract as did the platelet activating factor (PAF) receptor-antagonist, WEB2086, thus depicting a detrimental role for the microvascular actions of PAF.