In the beginning of 2002 a new kind of debate started inside the Swedish trade unions that also were published in the newspapers. The debate was about if the Swedish trade union should organize the undocumented workforce or not. In this thesis I will deal with this issue and also investigate what kind of solutions the trade unions in Sweden use on this new phenomenon, a phenomenon that recently have become a social and political problem during the last years. This is a new subject within political science and there is limited research made before. Because of that, this thesis will be empirical, inductive and exploring by its nature. The main question in this essay is “How do the Swedish trade unions think about organizing the undocumented workers and what do they believe that the union can do to make the undocumented workers circumstances easier?” In order to answer that I had to used four additional questions; which are the main trade unions in Sweden and which of them are in contact with the undocumented workers? Who are undocumented and what does it mean? Which are the trade unions standpoints and arguments in the organization question? What do the Trade unions believe that they can do to make the situation easier for them who are undocumented? Briefly are my conclusions that the trade unions in Sweden are divided about if they should organize or not. Sveriges Arbetares Centralorganisation is the only trade union that organizes the undocumented workers today but Fastighetsanställdas Förbund express that they want to do it too. In the latest month, a new cooperation have started between undocumented workers and the trade unions LO, TCO, Fastighetsanstaälldas, Hotell och Restaurang and SEKO. Perhaps this cooperation will make the situation at work and life a little bit easier for the undocumented.

Recovery from work is crucial for health and well-being, and organizations have an obligation to enable employee recovery. Organizations can promote employee recovery by implementing strategies and thus reach sustainable development. In 2020, organizations exist in a digitalized world, which has expedited the need to implement digital solutions and use them for processes. Encouraging and fostering recovery are central elements in promoting recovery and digital solutions could help with both elements.The usage of digital solutions include how digital solutions are used and how they could be used. There is no previous research on digital solutions, recovery promotion and usage, so we define our research phenomenon as the usage of digital solutions to promote recovery. We identify our research gap in the connection of recovery and digital solutions in an organizational context. By describing the research phenomenon, we can fill this research gap and thus add to the existing literature on organizational health and well-being. The purpose of this research is to describe organizations’ usage of digital solutions to promote recovery.By performing an inductive qualitative case study, we collect data by performing a documentation review and online surveys. We find that mobile applications, virtual assistants, activity trackers, virtual reality and smart electric bicycles can be used to promote recovery. We also find a favorable context for both recovery and for digital solutions to promote recovery. Further, we see potential for using the identified digital solutions to promote recovery. We conclude that strategy implementation consisting of digital solutions to promote recovery in organizations will lead to a higher level of healthy workforce. / Återhämtning från arbetet är centralt för hälsa och välmående och organisationer har en skyldighet att möjliggöra anställdas återhämtning. Organisationer kan främja anställdas återhämtning genom att implementera strategier och på så sätt nå hållbar utveckling. År 2020 existerar organisationer i en digitaliserad värld, vilken har påskyndat behovet av att implementera digitala lösningar och använda dem för processer. Att uppmuntra och stödja återhämtning är centrala delar i att främja återhämtning och digitala lösningar kan hjälpa båda delar.Användningen av digitala lösningar inkluderar hur digitala lösningar används och hur de kan användas. Det finns ingen tidigare forskning om digitala lösningar, att främja återhämtning och användning, så vi definierar vårt forskningsfenomen som användningen av digitala lösningar för att främja återhämtning. Vi identifierar vårt forskningsgap i kopplingen av återhämtning och digitala lösningar i en organisatorisk kontext. Genom att beskriva forskningsfenomenet kan vi fylla detta forskningsgap och därmed addera till den befintliga litteraturen om organisatorisk hälsa och välmående. Syftet med denna forskning är att beskriva organisationers användning av digitala lösningar för att främja återhämtning.Genom att utföra en induktiv kvalitativ fallstudie samlar vi in data genom att utföra en dokumentinsamling och enkätundersökningar online. Vi finner att mobilapplikationer, virtuella assistenter, aktivitetsmätare, virtual reality och smarta el-cyklar kan användas för att främja återhämtning. Vi finner också en gynnsam kontext för både återhämtning och för digitala lösningar för att främja återhämtning. Vidare ser vi potential för att använda de identifierade digitala lösningarna för att främja återhämtning. Vi drar slutsatsen att strategiimplementering bestående av digitala lösningar för att främja återhämtning i organisationer kommer att leda till en högre nivå av hälsosam arbetskraft.

Purpose: Apply selection theory to the subject of money laundering. The aim of the study is to examine why auditors report few money laundering reports to the finacial intelligence. Method: Qualitative interviews for data collection. Frame of reference: Selection Theory formulated by the National Council for Crime Prevention, audit-expectationgap and the money laundering act. Results and conclusions: Money laundering reports from auditors to the financial intelligence police have been few, both presently and in the past. There are many causes for the few reports, a short conclusion reads as follows: Laundering is difficult and time-consuming to examine. Auditors do not consider it a part of their duties. They have a high threshold for reporting suspected money laundering, higher than the money-laundering act prescribes. It is fairly safe for auditors to avoid reporting without consequences for themselves. Some auditors fear the customer can claim a compensation charge if they send in an erroneous report. Through the study the author understood that auditors tend to be more loyal towards their employers than towards law enforcement authorities. The author finds it likely, that, to a large extent, auditors are happy to discontinue their mandate, when they find irregularities, rather than to report to the law enforcement authorities (FIU or Swedish Economic Crime Authority).    Some shelf-corporation company auditors could probably prevent money laundering to a greater extent than they do today. Some shelf corporation divestments carried out are probably sold to persons who intend to commit tax offences, false accounting and fraud. The coordinator at the Financial Intelligence (FIU) police unit stated that unfortunately shelf-corporation auditors do not obey the money laundering act. / Syfte: Tillämpa selektionsteori inom ämnet penningtvätt. Huvudutgångspunkten är att undersöka varför revisorer avger få penningtvättsrapporter till Finanspolisen. Metod: Kvalitativa intervjuer (13 stycken) för insamling av data.  Referensram: Brottsförebyggande rådets selektionsteori, revisions-förväntningsgap samt penningtvättslagen. Resultat och slutsatser: Revisorer gör i dagsläget, och har även historiskt, gjort få penningtvättsrapporter till Finanspolisen. Många orsaker ligger till grund för rapporteringsgraden, nedan följer en kort sammanfattning. Penningtvätt är svårt och tidsödande att granska. Revisorer anser att det inte ingår i deras arbetsuppgift. Revisorer har en hög rapporteringströskel för misstänkt penningtvätt, högre än penningtvättslagen föreskriver. Det är tämligen riskfritt för revisorer att undvika rapportering, vissa revisorer upplever dessutom att risken för att kunden yrkar skadestånd vid en felaktig anmälan är stor. Författaren har genom studien förstått att revisorer är mer lojala mot sina uppdragsgivare än gentemot rättsvårdande myndigheter. Författaren finner troligt att revisorer i större utsträckning nöjer sig med att avsluta sitt uppdrag genom revisorsavsägelse då dessa finner oegentligheter än att anmäla till myndigheter (Finanspolisen eller Ekobrottsmyndigheten).        Vissa lagerbolagsföretags revisorer kan sannolikt stävja penningtvätt i betydligt större utsträckning än de gör idag. En del lagerbolagsförsäljningar som genomförs, säljs troligen till personer som ämnar genomföra skattebrott, bokföringsbrott och bedrägerier. Tyvärr upplever samordnare på FIPO att lagerbolagsrevisorer inte följer penningtvättslagen.

Japan står inför en stor utmaning; en snabbt växande åldrande befolkning i kombination med en minskad arbetsför befolkning. Denna uppsats syftar till att försöka förklara vilka effekter landets åldrande befolkning får för landets ekonomiska tillväxt, samt vilka faktorer som kan dämpa dessa effekter. Analysen görs med hjälp av en modifierad version av Solows tillväxtmodell som teoretisk bas. Detta görs för att skapa en förståelse för vilka faktorer som påverkar ett lands ekonomiska tillväxt. Med hjälp av denna modell tas befolkningens åldersstruktur med som en parameter. Den utvecklade modellen ligger sedan till grund för en empirisk analys av hur Japans ekonomiska tillväxt kan komma att påverkas som ett resultat av landets åldrande befolkning. Resultaten visar att Japan kommer att drabbas av sjunkande tillväxt på grund av den åldrande befolkningen. Likväl finns det möjliga lösningar till hands för att dämpa de negativa effekterna, exempelvis en ökad sysselsättningsgrad hos kvinnor, ökat humankapital, ökad invandring samt en kostnadseffektiv teknologisk utveckling. / Japan will face a major challenge with regard to its rapidly growing aging population combined with a reduction in its working population. This paper aims to explain the impact of Japan's aging population and the country's economic growth, and the factors that may mitigate these effects. The analysis is done using a modified Solow growth model as a theoretical base. This is done to get a more in-depth understanding of the factors that affect a country's economic growth. By using this model, that includes population age structure as a parameter, we have the basis for the empirical analysis of how Japan's growth may be affected as a result of the aging population. The results show that Japan will suffer from declining growth due to its aging population. However, there are possible solutions to mitigate the negative effects, such as increasing employment rates among women, increased human capital, increased immigration and a cost effective technology development.

En kvalitativ studie genomfördes kring fenomenet sociala koder för att skapa förståelse och fördjupa kunskaper kring vilken möjlig påverkan sociala koder kan ha på mänsklig arbetskraft i arbetslivet. Studiens resultat visade på att sociala koder förekommer på samtliga respondenters arbetsplatser. Detta tolkades innebära att sociala koder berör samtliga individer i arbetslivet. Frågeställningarna för studien var om det fanns sociala koder på arbetsmarknaden, och hur dessa kan påverka den mänskliga arbetskraften i arbetslivet. Ambitionen var att genomföra intervjuer för att sedan använda en fenomenologisk analys som kunde belysa skillnader och likheter kring respondenternas subjektiva upplevelser. I studien deltog fyra deltagare mellan åldrarna 23-56 år. Syftet var att få en mer djupgående förståelse för begreppet sociala koder, snarare än att generalisera resultatet till andra områden. Nyckelord utformades och formulerades sedan till fem teman som antogs beskriva sociala koder och dess inverkan på den mänskliga arbetskraften. Studiens teman benämndes som: tolkning av regler och social interaktion, utanförskap och gemenskap, varierande påverkan, förändringsbarhet och arbetskultur. Resultatet i studien baserades på subjektiva upplevelser och tolkades därefter i en diskussion kring hur detta resultat var användbart för övriga deltagare i arbetslivet. / A qualitative study regarding the phenomenon social codes was made to create a deeper understanding and develop knowledge about how social codes possibly could have an effect on human labor. The results of the study showed that social codes existed on all the participants workplaces. This was interpreted to imply that social codes was affecting all individuals in a social context on work. The questions of issue was if social codes existed on the labor market, and if these codes could possibly affect the human capital. The aim of the study was to implement interviews with four participants. Further it continued with a phenomenological analysis to illustrate differences and similarities within the results of the interviews. The participants of the study was between 23-56 years old. The study was not made to be able to generalise the studies results to a whole population, but instead to find a more profound description of the phenomenon social codes. Keywords were formulated and then decomposed into five themes to describe social codes and their impact on the human capital. The themes of the study was interpretation of rules and social interaction, alienation and communion, varied impact, changeability and work culture. The results of the study was based on subjective experiences and thoughts, which were interpreted into the discussion about how these results were useful for other employees.

<p>This thesis investigates the preconditions for a new type of migration among the highly skilled between Senegal and the EU, namely <em>circular migration</em>. The three most prominent actors in the shaping of the future migration pattern –the EU (administration), the Senegalese government and the future highly skilled migrants i.e. Senegalese university students –are studied by a combination of <em>social constructivism</em> and <em>critical discourse analysis</em>. The discourses are derived from official EU and Senegalese documents and from a survey as well as from semi-structured interviews with students at the two largest universities in Senegal. The analysis of the discourses shows three factors that point towards a change of the migration practice in favour of circular migration: first, an <em>interdiscursivity</em> between the migration, development and economic growth discourses; second, a <em>resemblance</em> between the three actors discourses on migration; and third, a <em>willingness</em> among all three actors to act for a mobility of knowledge and experience. Consequently, there are preconditions for circular migration between Senegal and the EU.</p>

Diss. Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2005.

Diss. Göteborg : Univ., 2002.

Diss. Göteborg : University, 2002.

The construction industry has for several decades demonstrated a problem with financial crime black labour, while the state loses tens of billions of SEK each year due to tax cuts. The government has been fighting undeclared work for several years, and the construction industry is also working to support healthy competition and remove the unequal working conditions that this entails. The purpose of the study is to examine black labour in small companies in the construction industry, the problems that workers are exposed to and why they choose to work in this way. The study was limited to examining small construction companies and the collection of empirical material took place in the Stockholm region. The work is based on previous findings regarding undeclared work as well as semi-structured anonymous interviews conducted with employers and employees working in two small construction companies in the Stockholm region. Both companies make use of illegal workforce and all respondents who lined up admit that they either work illegally full time or alongside their regular jobs. The results show that the undeclared work does not contain any directly bad or unequal working conditions per se which has been the result in some previous studies. The problem is rather that there is no protection if events occur at work and that the state is withheld tax for work done. Furthermore, the study shows that it is a direct desire of the private individuals who are customers to have the work done as undeclared work.