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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
741

Antropologický profil dětí s diagnózou ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). / Anthropological profile of children with diagnosis ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder).

Uhlířová, Jaromíra January 2012 (has links)
This final thesis deals with the anthropological profile of children with ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), which is one of the most common psychiatric diagnoses in childhood. Many studies have demonstrated the relationship of ADHD to differences in physical growth, mostly in terms of growth retardation and lower weight parameters. However, these differences are often associated with the use of pharmacological treatment. Some authors point to the possibility of the influence of ADHD itself. In this paper we compare the anthropometric parameters of the 40 boys with ADHD from 6.00 to 10.99 years of age who are treated with medication (methylphenidate) and 172 boys of control group. The compilation of control group for use in clinical research of ADHD was one of the objectives of the thesis. We also compared anamnestic data obtained using questionnaires. It provided information such as birth parameters, duration of breastfeeding, eating habits, amount of time spent in physical activity, or time spent watching television. The control group of healthy individuals was established to better reflect the somatic profile of recent child population and also provided the anamnestic data. Against currently used growth standards control group showed some significant differences, which could be...
742

Avaliação da composição corporal de mulheres recém-diagnosticadas com câncer de mama / Evaluation of the body composition of women recently diagnosed with breast cancer

Martins, Karine Anusca 19 January 2010 (has links)
Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2014-07-31T15:18:51Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Avaliacao_da_composicao_corporal_de_mulheres_recem_diagnosticadas_com_cancer_de_mama.pdf: 745451 bytes, checksum: 92a5d16f1db572c2b6f36e58aecf408f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-31T15:18:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Avaliacao_da_composicao_corporal_de_mulheres_recem_diagnosticadas_com_cancer_de_mama.pdf: 745451 bytes, checksum: 92a5d16f1db572c2b6f36e58aecf408f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-01-19 / Introduction: Body composition modification, mainly the increase in total body fat, which is related to a number of illnesses, is an important public health problem, is quite prevalent in breast cancer patents and is directly associated with a negative prognosis for the illness. Objective: To evaluate the body composition, of total body fat and its distribution and lipid profile of women recently diagnosed with breast cancer, at two referral centers in Goiânia, Goiás. Methodology: (Article 1) A cross-sectional, cohort nested study. (Article 2). A case-control study, with 1:1 pairing, carried out in Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil. The data were collected through interviews based on questionnaire, with 62 women, a socio-demographic characterization and an evaluation of body composition using anthropometry including skinfolds (SF) and circumferences, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and ultrasonography (USG), besides the evaluation of lipid profile. Were carried an data tabulation (Excel/2003) and analysis (SPSS program, version 8.0) and (STATA, Intercooled Stata 8) and were used descriptive statistics. Was used in the data analyses: the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, ??t?? test, chi-square for tendency, (Mann-Whitney U), Pearson??s chi-square, Fisher??s exact test, and Yates?? correction, odds ratio, Pearson??s correlation coefficient (r), concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) and determination index (r2). The level of significance was: p < 0.05. Results: Compared with the controls, women with breast cancer (cases) had lower stature (1.56m±5.68) and (1.59m±6.92); greater body fat as measured by bioelectrical impedance (BIA) (39.87% ±8.26) and (36.00%±6.85) and (63.98%±6.87); and larger tricipital skinfolds (27.55mm±8.37) and (22.81mm±5.72), respectively. Seventeen (54.84%) cases and 19 (61.29%) controls presented increased abdominal adiposity and 20 (64.52%) of cases and 22 (70.97%) of controls were overweight (BMI ? 25.0 Kg/m2). A moderate concordance (CCC=0.59; r2=0.42; p<0.01) was identified between the methods (BIA and sum of skinfolds - ?SF) for determining body fat (%) and optimal concordance (r2=0.90; CCC=0.91; p<0.01) for body fat (Kg). The comparison between the methods of evaluation body fat distribuition (Waist Circumference (WC) and intra-abdominal thickness (IAT) for (USG) evidenced a moderate concordance (r2=0.49; p<0.01), between the methods. No association was found between the lipid profile and breast cancer occurrence. Conclusions: Women with breast cancer presented lower stature, a greater percentage of body fat and and larger tricipital skinfolds than women without cancer. A moderate concordance, between the methods used in determining total body fat (%) and a optimal concordance in determining body fat (Kg) were found. A moderate concordance were found between the methods in determining body fat distribution (IAT x WC). / Introdução: A modificação da composição corporal, principalmente o aumento da gordura corporal total, que se relaciona com diversas enfermidades, é um importante problema de saúde pública, e bastante prevalente nos pacientes com câncer de mama e se associa diretamente ao mau prognóstico da doença. Objetivo: Avaliar a composição corporal, a gordura corporal total e sua distribuição e o perfil lipídico de mulheres recém-diagnosticadas com câncer de mama, em dois centros de referência, em Goiânia, Goiás. Metodologia: (Artigo 1) Estudo transversal, aninhado a uma coorte. (Artigo 2) Estudo caso-controle, com pareamento de 1:1, realizado em Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista direta com 62 mulheres, com caracterização sociodemográfica, avaliação da composição corporal por antropometria, incluindo dobras cutâneas (DC) e circunferências, bioimpedância (BIA) e ultrassonografia (USG), além da avaliação do perfil lipídico. Foram realizadas a tabulação (Excel/2003) e análises dos dados (SPSS, versão 8.0) e (STATA, Intercooled Stata 8), e, utilizou-se estatística descritiva. Utilizou-se na análise dos dados: Teste de Kolmogorov-smirnov (distribuição normal das variáveis), teste ??t??, Qui-quadrado de tendência (U de Mann-Whitney), Qui-quadrado de Pearson, Teste Exato de Fisher e Correção de Yates, ??odds ratio??, coeficiente de determinação (r2) e o coeficiente de correlação de concordância (CCC). Considerou-se o nível de significância: p<0,05. Resultados: Comparadas aos controles, mulheres com câncer de mama (casos) apresentaram menor estatura (1,56m±5,68 e 1,59m±6,92); maior gordura corporal, avaliada por BIA (39,87% ±8,26 e 36,00%±6,85) e maior dobra cutânea tricipital (27,55mm±8,37 e 22,81mm±5,72), respectivamente. Dezessete (54,84%) casos e 19 (61,29%) controles apresentaram adiposidade abdominal aumentada e ambos apresentavam excesso de peso, sendo 20 (64,52%) casos e 22 (70,97%) controles. Identificou-se concordância moderada (CCC=0,59; r2=0,42) entre os métodos (BIA e somatório das dobras cutâneas - ?DC) de avaliação da gordura corporal (%) e ótima concordância (CCC=0,91; r2=0,90) para a gordura corporal (Kg). A comparação entre os métodos de avaliação da distribuição da gordura corporal (Circunferência da Cintura - CC e Espessura Intra-abdominal - EIA por USG) evidenciou-se concordância moderada (r2=0,49), entre os métodos. Não foi encontrada associação entre o perfil lipídico e a ocorrência de câncer de mama. Conclusões: Mulheres com câncer de mama apresentaram menor estatura, maior porcentagem de gordura corporal e maior dobra cutânea tricipital que mulheres sem câncer. Encontrou-se concordância moderada, entre os métodos utilizados na avaliação da gordura corporal (%) e ótima concordância para a gordura corporal (Kg). Identificou-se moderada concordância entre os métodos de distribuição da gordura corporal de mulheres (EIA x CC).
743

Sarcopenia em idosos: avaliação comparada por antropometria, bioimpedanciometria e densitometria óssea / Sarcopenia in the elderly: comparative evaluation by anthropometry, bioimpedancometry and bone densitometry

Maria Aquimara Zambone Magalhães 21 June 2018 (has links)
Introdução: A população mundial está envelhecendo, tornando a qualidade de vida do idoso uma demanda de estratégias imediatas sociais, políticas e econômicas. O processo de envelhecimento impõe modificações na composição corporal dos indivíduos, como o declínio gradual da massa e função muscular, definida por sarcopenia, que está associada a incapacidade, dependência e maior vulnerabilidade. A metodologia padrão de medida de índice de massa magra (IMM) é a densitometria (DEXA). Porém necessita de equipamento e treinamento de alta complexidade e custo. Objetivo: avaliar a acurácia das metodologias de mensuração de IMM no idoso, através de bioimpedância (BIA) e cálculos antropométricos comparadas a DEXA. Métodos: Idosos do sexo masculino de um serviço público terciário de geriatria foram submetidos a testes de força de preensão palmar, medidas antropométricas (peso, altura, circunferência de cintura e quadril, prega cutânea tricipital, resistência, reatância e massa apendicular), realização de bioimpedância e DEXA. Os dados obtidos foram aplicados em 3 equações validadas para predição de índice de massa muscular: dados antropométricos para equação de Baumgartner et al; dados da bioimpedância calculados segundo Janssen et al; Delmonico et al para dados de DEXA. Para a estratificação dos participantes em sarcopenicos e não sarcopenicos utilizamos as análises dos dados de IMM por DEXA e preensão palmar segundo seus limites de normalidade. Os dados foram submetidos a tabela de contingência 2x2 para sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivos e verossimilhança, ao teste de Bland Altman para análises de dispersão em relação a DEXA e os valores contínuos submetidos ao teste t student. Resultados: O perfil predominante dos 92 idosos que finalizaram todos os testes foi casado, 67% sedentários, 53% portadores de múltiplas morbidades em uso de polifarmácia, média de idade de 72,9±6,6 anos. Ambas metodologias BIA e antropometria mostraram correlação positiva com a DEXA(BIA: r =0,77 e p < 0,0001; antropometria:r=0,81 com p < 0,0001). Evidenciou-se prevalência de 28.2 % (n= 26) de sarcopenia entre os participantes. Os sarcopênicos apresentaram maior idade 76.6± 7,6 anos (p= 0.003), menor força de preensão palmar (24.1±4.7 kgf , p < 0.0001) e pior massa muscular apendicular 17.30 ±1.9 kfg (p=0.0001). A antropometria mostrou 35% (32 indivíduos) de prevalência de baixa massa livre de gordura, apresentando 86% de sensibilidade, Valor Preditivo Positivo (VPP) de 67% e razão de verossimilhança (RVP) de 4,5. Ao analisarmos os dados da BIA, encontramos 93% de sensibilidade, especificidade 70%, VPP de 37% e uma RVP de 3,2. Conclui-se que ambas BIA e antropometria apresentam alta acurácia para estimar IMM. Porém, a utilização de dados antropométricos mostrou ser quase tão sensível e mai específico do que a BIA quando comparados à DEXA. Acrescida a alta acurácia para inferir IMM, o cálculo antropométrico mostrou ser de fácil aplicação e baixo custo,confiável para diagnosticar a sarcopenia, avaliando além da massa magra, também a força muscular, fator determinante para funcionalidadee qualidade de vida do indivíduo idoso vulnerável. Estes resultados sugerem que a antrompometria é o método de escolha para triagem de grandes populações dando suporte às intervenções políticas, socio-econômicas em termos de saude publica e privada, e para acompanhamento de sarcopenia do individuo idoso, exequível em qualquer pais independente do seu nível sócio econômico / Introduction: The world\'s population is aging, making the elderly\'s quality of life a demand for immediate social, political and economic strategies. The aging process imposes changes in the body composition of individuals, such as the gradual decline of muscle mass and function, defined by sarcopenia, which is associated with incapacity, dependence and greater vulnerability. The standard methodology for measuring lean mass index (LMI) is densitometry (DXA). However, it requires expensive and high complexity equipment and personal training. Objective: to evaluate the accuracy of bioimpedance (BIA) and anthropometric calculations for measuring LMI in the elderly compared to DXA. Methods: Male seniors from a tertiary geriatrics public hospital were submitted to palmar grip strength tests, anthropometric measures (weight, height, waist and hip circumference, triceps skin fold, resistance, reactance and appendicular mass), BIA and DXA. The obtained data were applied in 3 validated equations for prediction of LMI: Baumgartner calculation for anthropometric data; Janssen calculation for bioimpedance data; Delmonico calculation for DXA data. Sarcopeny was defines as LMI by DXA and palmar grip according to their limits of normality. The data were submitted to a 2x2 contingency table for predictive sensitivity, specificity, likelihood values and predictive values; to the Bland Altman test for dispersion in relation to DXA and when continuous values to the student t test. Results: The predominant profile of the 92 elderly subjects who completed all the tests was married, 67% were sedentary, 53% had multiple comorbidities and polypharmacy, mean age was 72,9±6,6 years. Both BIA and anthropometry showed positive correlation with DXA (BIA: r = 0.77 and p < 0.0001; anthropometry: r = 0.81 , p < 0.0001). A prevalence of 28.2% (n = 26) of sarcopenia was observed among the participants. The sarcopenic individuals presented predominance of 76.6± 7,6 years of age (p = 0.10), lower palmar grip strength (24.1±4.7 kgf , p < 0.0001) and worse apendicular Muscle Mass 17.30 ±1.9 kfg (p=0.0001). Anthropometric calculations showed 35% prevalence of low fat free mass, presenting 86% sensitivity, 67% Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and 4,5 likelihood ratio (LR). BIA data presented 93% sensitivity, 70% specificity, 37% PPV, and a LR of 1.3. In conclusion both BIA and anthropometry present high accuracy to estimate LMI. However, anthropometric calculations showed more sensitivity, almost as specific as BIA when compared to DXA. In addition to high accuracy to infer LMI, the anthropometric calculation showed to be easily performed, applicable at low cost and reliable to diagnose sarcopenia. Besides the fat free mass, it also evaluates the muscular strength, a key point for functionability and quality of life of the elderly. These results suggest that anthropometry is the method of choice for screening for sarcopeny in the elderly and that it may support political, socioeconomic interventions in terms of public and private health, and for monitoring sarcopenia of the elderly individual, feasible in any country independent of its socioeconomic status
744

Estudo da composição corporal, parâmetros bioquímicos, imunológicos e qualidade de vida em mulheres climatéricas em um município no nordeste do Brasil / Study of body composition, biochemical, immunological parameters and quality of life in climacteric women in a municipality in northeastern Brazil

Maniçoba, Anna Cyntia Brandão Nascimento 25 November 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-05-17T19:27:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AnnaCyntiaManicoba.pdf: 5848526 bytes, checksum: 0425e8b4ef6d42b1f136d5f3563ef800 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-17T19:27:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnnaCyntiaManicoba.pdf: 5848526 bytes, checksum: 0425e8b4ef6d42b1f136d5f3563ef800 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-25 / The climacteric is the organic phase comprising the transition from the reproductive period and not reproductive, may start at age 35 and extend to 65, studying with hormonal changes that impact on different organ systems and quality of life. This study aimed to assess the body composition (anthropometry and bioimpedance), biochemical profile (fasting glucose, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, VLDL, triglycerides, PCR) hormonal profile (FSH, LH, estradiol and progesterone), immunological profile (leptin IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF, IFN-, IL-17), and quality of life in climacteric women. We conducted a case-control study with postmenopausal women in the case group and the control group who had not yet entered menopause. 136 women were included, 52 (38.2%) in the group of menopausal and 84 patients (61.8%) in patients not menopausal Statistical analysis was performed with the following tests: Chisquare, Mann-Whitney and t Student. No significant differences were found in relation to quality of life, hypertension, assessment of body composition (bioimpedance, anthropometric parameters BMI), CRP levels, triglycerides, HDL and VLDL. We found significant differences in leptin levels with significantly higher values in the group of postmenopausal women compared to women not menopausal., Indicating that leptin is important immune parameter in the evaluation of climacteric women by regulating the homeostasis of the organism. / O climatério é a fase biológica que compreende a transição entre o período reprodutivo e o não reprodutivo, podendo iniciar aos 35 anos e estender-se até os 65, cursando com alterações hormonais com impacto em diferentes sistemas orgânicos e na qualidade de vida. Objetivou-se avaliar a composição corporal (antropometria e bioimpedância), perfil bioquímico (glicemia em jejum, colesterol total, LDL, HDL, VLDL, triglicerídeos, PCR,), perfil hormonal (FSH, LH, estradiol e progesterona), perfil imunológico (leptina, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF, IFN-y, IL-17), e qualidade de vida em mulheres climatéricas. Realizou-se um estudo caso-controle com mulheres menopausadas no grupo caso, e no grupo controle que ainda não haviam entrado na menopausa. Foram incluídas 136 mulheres, 52 (38,2%) no grupo das pacientes menopausadas e 84 (61,8%) nas pacientes não menopausadas A análise estatística foi realizada com os seguintes testes: Qui-quadrado, Mann-Whitney e o t-Student. O software utilizado foi SPSS versão 22.0. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas em relação a qualidade de vida, hipertensão, na avaliação da composição corporal (bioimpedância, parâmetros antropométricos, IMC), nos níveis de PCR, triglicérides, HDL e VLDL. Encontramos diferenças significativas nos níveis de leptina com valores significativamente maiores no o grupo das menopausadas comparadas às mulheres não menopausadas, evidenciando que a leptina é importante parâmetro imunológico na avaliação de mulheres no climatério, regulando a homeostase do organismo.
745

Análise vetorial de impedância bioelétrica e ângulo de fase em lactentes de 30 a 90 dias de idade a termo, adequados para a idade gestacional / Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis and phase angle of term infants, appropriate-for-gestational age

Roseli Borges Donegá Toffano 30 May 2011 (has links)
Devido às dificuldades encontradas excessivas variabilidades de água no organismo do lactente, considera-se a análise vetorial de impedância bioelétrica (BIVA) um método propício para avaliação da composição corporal. Trata-se de um método que não faz nenhuma pressuposição sobre valores da composição corporal, podendo ser controlado por seus próprios valores, independente de equações ou modelos. Os objetivos deste estudo foram descrever valores de referência e criar curvas de BIVA para lactentes saudáveis de 30 a 90 dias de vida e descrever valores de normalidade de ângulo de fase em lactentes a termo, sadios e adequados para a idade gestacional de 30 a 90 dias de idade, além de comparar os dados de BIVA entre os sexos e entre os existentes na literatura para neonatos e lactentes jovens, com os obtidos neste estudo. Este estudo descritivo transversal avaliou 150 lactentes do Centro Médico Social Comunitário Vila Lobato de Ribeirão Preto - SP - Brasil. Foram coletados dos lactentes os dados antropométricos e a impedância bioelétrica (aparelho de monofrequência RJL System ® modelo Quantum II - 800 ?A e 50 KHz). Usando distribuição bivariável normal de resistência e reactância por comprimento (R/H e Xc/H) do lactente, respectivamente, foram calculados e assim confeccionados os gráficos RXc com os intervalos de tolerância de 95, 75, 50% do valor vetorial da impedância por meio do BIVA Software 2002. Foram avaliados 150 lactentes (48,6% do sexo feminino), nascidos a termo, adequados para idade gestacional e em aleitamento materno exclusivo. A idade média foi 56,4 (± 23,1) dias. O peso médio encontrado foi de 5038,5g (± 902,4), sendo maior no sexo masculino (p = 0,001). Quanto ao comprimento corporal, a média foi 56,0 cm (± 0,03), sendo maior no sexo masculino (p = 0,001). As médias de R (±DP) foram 521,2 (± 52,1); 519,4 (± 53,4) e 523,0 (± 51,1) ?, e para Xc foram 39,2 (± 5,3); 38,6 (± 5,5) e 39,7 (± 4,9) ?, respectivamente para todos os lactentes, e separados por sexo (meninos e meninas), não havendo diferença entre os sexos (p = 0,6) e (p = 0,1). Em relação ao ângulo de fase, encontrou-se o valor de normalidade de 4,3° (± 0,7°) para todos os lactentes, 4,3° (± 0,6°) para os do sexo masculino e 4,4° (± 0,5°) para os do sexo feminino, não havendo diferença estatisticamente significativa (p = 0,3). Para a análise vetorial de lactentes de 30 a 90 dias de idade, devem ser utilizados os valores de referência específicos para esta faixa etária e sexo, pois estes se apresentaram diferentes dos descritos na literatura. Com o modelo de estudo BIVA torna-se possível a comparação direta do vetor medido na criança pequena ou com necessidade de cuidados especiais com os intervalos de tolerância de referência de lactentes saudáveis, permitindo uma avaliação qualitativa da composição corporal e sem erro de predição das fórmulas. Com os valores de ângulo de fase caracterizados no presente estudo para lactentes brasileiros saudáveis, de 30 a 90 dias de idade, dados de pacientes críticos podem ser comparados, sendo útil durante a internação e acompanhamento de pacientes graves. / Bioelectrical impedance vectorial analysis (BIVA) can be considered a favorable method for evaluation of the body composition, due to the difficulties in the early life and excessive variability of the amount of water in the organism of the infants. It is a method that doesn\'t make any presumption on values of the body composition, which can be controlled by their own values, with no need for validation based on gold standards, not depending on equations or models. The aims of the study are to establish reference values creating BIVA curves, and to establish reference values for phase angle in term infants, healthy and appropriate-forgestational age (AGA), from 30 to 90 days of life. This study still intend to compare the data of BIVA between genders, among newborns and young infants, presented in the literature, and the ones obtained in this study. This transversal cohort study assessed healthy infants of a Community Centre for Social Medicine Vila Lobato, located in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. Data of infants, anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance were collected (singlefrequency - RJL System ® model Quantum II - 800 ?A and 50 KHz). Using bivariate normal distribution of R/H and Xc/H (resistance and reactance for infants length, respectively), graphs RXc with the 95, 75 and 50% tolerance intervals of the vectorial value of the impedance, were made through BIVA Software 2002. 150 infants were studied (48,6% girls), term, AGA, exclusively breastfed. The average age was 56,4 (± 23,1) days, average weight was 5038,5g, higher in girls (p = 0,001), and the average length was 56,0 cm (± 0,03), higher in girls (p = 0,001). The values of R (± SD) were 521,2 (± 52,1); 519,4 (± 53,4) and 523,0 (± 51,1) ? and for Xc were 39,2 (± 5,3); 38,6 (± 5,5) e 39,7 (± 4,9) ?, respectively for all the infants, and boys and girls, with no difference between the genders (p = 0,6) and (p = 0,1). Regarding to the phase angle, we found normal value of 4,3° (± 0,7°) for all the infants, 4,3° (± 0,6°) for male and 4,4° (± 0,5°) for female, without statistical difference (p = 0,36). For Bioelectrical Impedance Vector analysis of infants from 30 to 90 days of life, it would be interesting to use specific reference values for this age group and gender. BIVA model makes possible the direct comparison of the measured vector of the small children; still makes it possible for children needing special care, using the tolerance reference values of healthy infants. This comparison allows us a qualitative assessment of the body composition, with no need of equations. With the values of phase angle characterized in the present study for healthy Brazilian infants, from 30 to 90 days of life, critical patients data can be compared, being useful during the hospitalization due to severe illness.
746

Avaliação da confiabilidade e concordância de métodos de avaliação da composição corporal em mulheres no período reprodutivo / Evaluation of reliability and consistency of body composition assessment methods in women in reproductive period

Silva, Rafael Costa 12 January 2016 (has links)
Objetivos: Avaliar a composição corporal através da medida das dobras cutâneas (DC) intra e inter observador em mulheres na fase reprodutiva. Estimar a confiabilidade de dois protocolos de medidas de dobras cutâneas com o método Absorciometria Radiológica de Dupla Energia (DEXA). Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 90 mulheres com faixa etária de 18 a 37 anos, com Índice de Massa Corporal entre 18 e <= 39,9 Kg/m². A reprodutibilidade dos métodos foram avaliados pelos coeficientes de correlação de concordância (CCC) e coeficiente de Saint Laurent e pelos limites de concordância e gráficos de Bland-Altman. Resultados: A comparação intra observador foi excelente (CCC = 0,99) para os valores das medidas de DC tricipital, supraíliaca, coxa, soma das dobras e percentual de gordura. O mesmo ocorreu na comparação inter observador (CCC = 0,99). As medidas das DC tricipital foram as que apresentaram maior CCC (0,98), seguido da medida da coxa (0,90), e a medida da DC da suprailíaca foi a menor (0,89). A soma das DC e o percentual de gordura tiveram valores de 0,95. Já os protocolos de medidas de DC comparados entre si e com o padrão ouro DEXA, obtiveram valores de concordância baixa (0,35). Conclusões: Nossos achados mostraram que a comparação intra e inter observador foi satisfatória, contribuindo para a reprodutibilidade das medidas de DC. Os protocolos de avaliação das DC não tiveram concordância quando comparados com a DEXA / Objectives: Assessing body composition by measuring the intra and inter observer skin folds in women in the reproductive phase and estimate the reliability of two protocols skinfold measures with radiographic absorptiometry method of dual energy absorptiometry (DEXA). Methods: The sample consisted of 170 women aged 18-37 years with body mass index between 18 and <= 39.9 kg / m². The reproducibility of methods and skinfold thickness were evaluated by the coefficient of concordance correlation (CCC) and coefficient of Saint Laurent and the limits of agreement and Bland-Altman. Results: Comparison intra observer was excellent with the same values of the CCC (0.99) for the measurements of skinfold thickness of the triceps, suprailiac, thigh and fat percentage. The same occurred in the comparison inter observer (CCC = 0.99). The measures of skinfold thickness of the triceps showed the greatest CCC (0.98), followed by thigh (0.90), and the suprailiac was the lowest (0.89). The sum of the measurements of skinfold thickness and the percentage of fat had CCC values of 0.95. Already the reliability of two protocols skinfold thickness measures compared with the gold standard DEXA method was low (CCC = 0.35). Conclusions: Our findings showed that compared intra and inter observer was satisfactory, contributing to the reproducibility of skin folds. Assessment protocols skinfold did not have agreement when compared with DEXA
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Efeito do treinamento físico isolado ou associado à reposição de testosterona em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca / Effect of exercise training alone or associated with testosterone replacement in heart failure patients

Santos, Marcelo Rodrigues dos 24 October 2013 (has links)
Introdução. A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) é caracterizada por exacerbação da atividade nervosa simpática muscular (ANSM), baixa tolerância ao esforço e dispneia. Além disso, é característico nessa população o desequilíbrio entre o anabolismo e catabolismo, favorecendo dessa maneira uma acentuada perda da massa magra muscular, o que agrava ainda mais a qualidade de vida nos pacientes com IC. Dentre as alterações anabólicas observadas na IC avançada destaca-se a diminuição dos hormônios GH, IGF-1 e testosterona. A testosterona, um importante hormônio para as características masculinizantes e na manutenção da massa muscular, apresenta acentuada redução com o avançar da doença. Esta perda da massa magra, leva ao processo de caquexia muscular e consequente atrofia, com diminuição da força e da capacidade funcional do paciente com IC. A reposição de testosterona nesses pacientes tem sido estudada e se mostra uma importante terapêutica para melhorar a capacidade funcional e força muscular. Porém, não se conhece claramente o papel deste tratamento medicamentoso sobre o processo anabólico muscular, bem como na melhora da composição corporal. O exercício físico como tratamento não medicamentoso tem sido amplamente recomendado na IC por reduzir a ANSM, melhorar o fluxo sanguíneo periférico, aumentar a força muscular e melhorar a qualidade de vida. Entretanto, a combinação das estratégias do exercício físico associado à terapia de reposição de testosterona, não é conhecido em pacientes com IC. Métodos. 24 pacientes com IC foram randomizados em 3 grupos: Treinamento (TR, n=9), Testosterona (T, n=8) e Treino+Testosterona (TRT, n=7). A ANSM foi avaliada pela técnica de Microneurografia. O fluxo sanguíneo do antebraço foi avaliado pela pletismografia de oclusão venosa. A composição corporal foi avaliada pela densitometria (DEXA). A biópsia do músculo vasto-lateral foi feita para avaliarmos a área de secção transversa da fibra e a tipagem de fibras musculares. A qualidade de vida foi avaliada pelo questionário de Minnesota. O treinamento físico aeróbio em bicicleta foi realizado 3 vezes por semana, com 40 minutos de exercício por sessão, pelo período de 4 meses. A reposição de testosterona foi realizada pela administração intramuscular de undecilato de testosterona pelo período de 4 meses. Resultados. Após 4 meses de intervenção, observamos restauração dos níveis de testosterona em todos os grupos. A ANSM reduziu nos grupos TR e TRT. Não houve aumento do fluxo sanguíneo entre os grupos. O consumo de oxigênio aumentou em todos os grupos, porém apenas o grupo TRT aumentou a potência máxima ao exercício. A massa magra apresentou aumento significativo apenas no grupo TRT. Não observamos mudança no conteúdo mineral ósseo entre os grupos. Apenas o grupo TRT aumentou de maneira significativa a área de secção transversa das fibras tipo I (oxidativas). A qualidade de vida melhorou apenas nos grupos TR e TRT. Conclusões. O exercício físico associado à terapia de reposição de testosterona se mostrou mais eficaz em reduzir a ANSM, aumentar a capacidade funcional, a força muscular, a massa magra com um importante aumento das fibras do tipo I. Nossos resultados enfatizam a importância do exercício físico em pacientes com IC e traz uma nova perspectiva com a associação da testosterona para pacientes com hipogonadismo / Introduction. Heart failure (HF) is characterized by exacerbation of muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), exercise intolerance and dyspnea. Furthermore, is characteristic in this population the imbalance between anabolism and catabolism which lead to loss of skeletal muscle mass worsening quality of life in HF patients. Prior studies have demonstrated decrease in anabolic hormones such as GH, IGF-1 and testosterone. Testosterone, an important hormone for masculinization feature and maintenance of muscle mass, shows sharp decline in advanced HF. Loss muscle mass leads to cachexia and atrophy which decrease strength and functional capacity in HF patients. Testosterone replacement in these patients has been studied and shows an important therapeutic to enhance functional capacity and muscle strength. However it is not known the role of this medical treatment on muscle anabolic process as well as on body composition. Physical exercise as a non-medication treatment has been widely recommended to reduce MSNA, enhance peripheral blood flow, increase muscle strength and improve quality of life. However, the combination of the strategies of physical exercise associated with testosterone replacement therapy is not known in HF patients. Methods. 24 HF patients were randomized in 3 groups: Training (TR, n=9), Testosterone (T, n=8) and Training+Testosterone (TRT, n=7). MSNA was recorded by microneurography technic. Forearm blood flow was evaluated by venous occlusion plethysmography. Body composition was measured by densitometry (DEXA). Muscle biopsy was done in vastus lateralis to evaluate the cross-sectional area and type of fibers. Quality of life was assessed by Minnesota living with heart failure questionnaire. Aerobic exercise training on a bicycle was performed 3 times per week, with 40 minutes of exercise per session, for a period of 4 months. Testosterone replacement was performed by intramuscular administration of testosterone undecylate for a period of 4 months. Results. After 4 months testosterone levels were restored in all groups. MSNA decreased in TR and TRT groups. There was no increase in blood flow between groups. Oxygen consumption increased in all groups, but only the TRT group showed increase in maximum power to exercise. Lean body mass increased significantly only in the TRT group. We did not observe changes in bone mineral content between groups. Only TRT group significantly increased the cross-sectional area of type I fibers (oxidative). The quality of life improved only in TR and TRT groups. Conclusions. Exercise training associated with testosterone replacement therapy was more effective in reducing MSNA, increase functional capacity, muscle strength, lean mass with a significant increase in type I fibers. Our results emphasize the importance of physical exercise in patients with HF and bring a new perspective to association testosterone for patients with hypogonadism
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Análise de cluster para determinação dos fatores associados às alterações da composição corporal em pacientes com doença inflamatória intestinal

Gondo, Fernanda Futino. January 2019 (has links)
Orientador: Sérgio Alberto Rupp de Paiva / Resumo: A Doença Inflamatória Intestinal (DII) apresenta curso variável. O tratamento adequado da fase aguda pode levar à remissão clínica da doença, cujo seguimento ocorre ambulatorialmente. Nesta condição, os pacientes mantêm hábito de vida normal e alguns ainda permanecem com inflamação. Esta situação de doença e estilo de vida pode interferir na composição corporal e no estado nutricional dos pacientes. Doença de Crohn (DC) e Retocolite Ulcerativa (RCU) são doenças heterogêneas em diversos aspectos, dentre eles na composição corporal e no estado nutricional. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar clusters relacionados à variação do estado nutricional na DIl. Foi realizado estudo transversal com pacientes com DII, submetidos a avaliação clínica (Crohn’s Disease Activity Index (CDAI), escore de Mayo e uso de medicações), nutricional (recordatório de 24 horas, International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), peso, estatura, Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC), absorciometria por raios-X de dupla energia (DEXA), análise de bioimpedância elétrica (BIA), força de preensão manual, teste de caminhada de 6 minutos) e laboratorial (hemoglobina (Hb), hematócrito (Ht), Proteína C Reativa (PCR), velocidade de hemossedimentação (VHS), albumina). Com base nestes parâmetros, foram diagnosticados com Desnutrição (Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition, GLIM) e Sarcopenia (European Working Group on Sacopenia in Older People 2, EWGSOP2). Foram realizados testes estatísticos descritivos por meio do ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) presents a variable course. Adequate treatment of the acute phase may lead to clinical remission of the disease, which is followed in the outpatient clinic. In this condition, patients maintain normal life habit and some still remain with inflammation. Both disease and lifestyle situation may interfere with the body composition and nutritional status of the patients. Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are heterogeneous diseases in several aspects, including body composition and nutritional status. The aim of the study was to evaluate clusters related to the variation of the nutritional status in IBD. A cross-sectional study was performed with IBD patients, by clinical (Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI), Mayo score and medications), nutritional (24-hour recall, International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), weight, stature, Body Mass Index (BMI), dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), electrical bioimpedance (BIA), handgrip force, 6-minute walk test) and laboratorial evaluation (hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Ht), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), albumin). Based on these parameters, were diagnosed Malnutrition (Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) and Sarcopenia (European Working Group on Sacopenia in Older People 2, EWGSOP2). Descriptive statistical tests were performed by mean ± standard deviation for numerical variables with normal or median distribution and quartiles (Q1... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor
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Modifications métaboliques induites par la prise en charge thérapeutique des patientes atteintes d'un cancer du sein / Metabolic changes induced during therapeutic management in breast cancer patients

Ginzac Couvé, Angeline 03 April 2019 (has links)
Il existe une relation étroite entre le cancer du sein et le poids. Si l’excès de poids est un facteur de risque de survenue du cancer du sein, l’obésité au diagnostic et les variations de poids (± 5 % du poids initial) au cours des traitements sont associées à un mauvais pronostic. La perte et le gain de poids résultent d’un déséquilibre de la balance énergétique (apports et dépenses). Les caractéristiques et les causes de ces variations ne sont pas encore totalement décrites. La prise de masse grasse semble être reconnue comme un facteur de mauvais pronostic d’où l’importance de bien comprendre l’évolution de la composition corporelle au cours des traitements du cancer du sein.Dans ce contexte, les objectifs de cette thèse ont été de caractériser la variation de poids et de composition corporelle tout au long des traitements du cancer du sein et d’étudier les facteurs impliqués dans le déséquilibre de la balance énergétique dont l’activité physique et certaines composantes de la dépense énergétique de repos.Les travaux menés dans le cadre de cette thèse se sont articulés autour de trois essais cliniques. En premier lieu, l’essai MétaCa2 qui vise à décrire l’évolution à long terme du poids et de la composition corporelle de patientes ménopausées atteintes d’un cancer du sein non métastatique (en moyenne 3 ans post-chimiothérapie). Les résultats cette étude ont montré qu’une perte de poids pendant la chimiothérapie est corrélée à une prise de poids dans la suite des traitements adjuvants. Cette étude a également permis de mettre évidence une prise de poids et de masse grasse au cours de l’hormonothérapie dans la population globale et plus particulièrement chez les patientes en excès de masse grasse au diagnostic. L’augmentation du temps assis entre la fin de la chimiothérapie et le début de l’hormonothérapie a été identifiée comme un facteur lié à la prise de masse grasse à long terme.Nous avons ensuite exploré une hypothèse avancée par notre équipe qui suggère que la chimiothérapie pourrait avoir un impact sur le tissu adipeux brun. Celui-ci est impliqué dans la thermogénèse adaptative, donc dans les dépenses énergétiques, et pourrait ainsi contribuer à la prise de poids. Pour cela, nous avons réalisé une étude ancillaire au protocole AVATAXHER sur 109 patientes atteintes d’un cancer du sein HER2+ et traitées par chimiothérapie néoadjuvante et thérapie ciblée anti-HER2. Les résultats ont mis en évidence une diminution significative de l’activité métabolique du tissu adipeux brun après une cure de chimiothérapie dans la population générale et plus particulièrement dans le sous-groupe de patientes qui prennent du poids au cours de la chimiothérapie.L’activité physique constitue une possible stratégie de prévention individuelle sur les variations de poids et de composition corporelle. Dans la sous-population de patientes HER2+, elle pourrait également permettre de limiter la cardiotoxicité des traitements standards utilisés. Nous avons mis en place un essai interventionnel prospectif afin d’étudier la faisabilité d’une intervention d’activité physique à domicile pour des patientes en cours de chimiothérapie néoadjuvante + thérapie ciblée pour un cancer du sein HER2 positif. L’intervention consiste à atteindre ou maintenir un niveau d’activité physique correspondant aux recommandations internationales soit 150 minutes par semaine à une intensité modérée grâce à un programme personnalisé combinant activité physique de type aérobie et renforcement musculaire. Ces résultats originaux ont ainsi conduit à apporter de nouvelles connaissances quant aux variations de poids et de composition corporelle au cours des traitements du cancer du sein à un stade précoce et sur les causes possibles du déséquilibre énergétique. / There is a close relationship between breast cancer and weight. If weight excess is a risk factor for the onset of breast cancer, obesity at diagnosis and weight variations (± 5 % of initial weight) during treatement are associated with poor prognosis. Weight loss and weight gain result in an energy imbalance (energy intake and energy expenditure). The caracteristics and causes of these variations are not well described. Fat mass gain seems to be recognized as a factor of poor prognosis hence the importance to understand body composition evolution during breast cancer treatment.In this context, the aims of this thesis were to characterized weight and body compostion variation throughout treatment and to study the factors involved in the energy imbalance of which physical activity and certain components of resting energy expenditure.This thesis works have been centered around three clinical trials. Firstly, MétaCa2 trial that attempted to describe the long term evolution of weight and body composition among no-metastatic postmenopausal breast cancer patients (on average 3 years post-chemotherapy). The results of this study have shown that weight loss during chemotherapy is associated with a later weight gain during adjuvant period of treatment. This study has also demonstrated a weight and fat mass gain during endocrine therapy in the overall population and more especially for the patients with an initial fat mass excess. The increase in time spent sitting between the end of chemotherapy and the initiation of endocrine therapy has been identified has a factor associated with long term fat mass gain.Then, we have explored a hypothesis, supported by our team, suggesting that chemotherapy could have an impact on brown adipose tissue. This one is implied in the adaptative thermogenesis and so in energy expenditure and could contribute to weight gain. For this end, we realised an ancillary study to AVATAXHER trial among 109 HER2+ breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and HER2 targeted therapy. The results have highlighted a significant decrease of BAT metabolic activity after one course of chemotherapy in the overall population and specifically in the subgroup of patients who gained weight during chemotherapy. Physical activity constitutes a possible strategy for individual prevention against weight and body composition variation. In the HER2+ subpopulation, it could also limit the cardiotoxicity of standard treatements. We have set up a prospective interventional trial in order to study the feasibility of a home-based physical activity intervention among HER2+ breast cancer patients currently treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy + targeted therapy. The objective of the intervention is to achieve or maintain a physical activity level corresponding to the international recommendations, i.e. at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity per week thanks to a personalised program combining aerobic physical activity and muscular strengthening.These original results have contributed to provide new knowledge about weight and body composition variation during early breast cancer treatments and also about some potential causes imply in energy imbalance.
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Efekti primene molekularnog vodonika i fizičkog vežbanja na telesnu kompoziciju, metabolički profil i kvalitet života žena trećeg doba / Co-administration of molecular hydrogen and exercise on body composition, metabolic profiles and health-related quality of life in aged women

Korovljev Darinka 04 July 2018 (has links)
<p>Istraživanja o primeni molekularnog vodonika prilično su nova, međutim dosada&scaron;nja naučna otkrića smatraju molekularni vodonik za važan agens u biomedicini, a sa saznanjem o njegovoj biolo&scaron;koj raspoloživosti i terapeutskom potencijalu u poslednjih deset godina, primetan je porast upotrebe vodonika u preventivne i terapijske svrhe. Proces starenja često prate metabolički poremećaji, gojaznost, opadanje kvaliteta života i kognitivne funkcije. Molekularni vodonik (H2) efikasno re&scaron;ava poremećaje povezane s metaboličkim poremećajima i kognitivnim funkcionisanjem na primerima dosada&scaron;njih istraživanja. U cilju procene efekata primene molekularnog vodonika na telesnu kompoziciju, metabolički profil i kvalitet života kod odraslih starijih žena, sprovedena su dva eksperimenta. U prvom eksperimentalnom postupku ispitivani su efekti primene putem oralnog uno&scaron;enja rastvora vode obogaćene molekularnim vodonikom (HRW) u trajanju od 28 dana. Prvo eksperimentalno istraživanje sprovedeno je na uzorku ispitanica ženskog pola srednjeg starosnog doba i prekomerne telesne težine (n = 10), koje su nasumice uzimale vodu obogaćenu molekularnim vodonikom i placebo. Analizirani su efekti primene HRW na indikatore telesne kompozicije, hormonalnog statusa, mitohondrijalne funkcije, kvalitet života, navike u ishrani, nivou fizičke aktivnosti, te kardiorespiratornim sposobnostima. Nakon primenjenog tretmana HRW do&scaron;lo je do statistički značajnih promena između posmatranih grupa ispitanica i smanjenja procenta telesnih masti i indeksa masti nadlaktice u korist grupe koja je uzimala H2 (P &lt; 0,05). Nakon primenjenog tretmana HRW do&scaron;lo je do statistički značajnog smanjenja u vrednostima triglicerida u serumu kod ispitanica H2 grupe u poređenju s placebo grupom (21,3% vs. 6,5%; P = 0,04), dok su ostali lipidi krvi ostali stabilni tokom ove studije (P &gt; 0,05). Nivoi serumskog insulina smanjeni su za 5,4%, dok je placebo intervencija uvećala odgovor insulina za 29,3% (P = 0,01). Do&scaron;lo je do statistički značajnih efekata kod H2 grupe u odnosu na placebo grupu u vrednostima maksimalne potro&scaron;nje kiseonika VO2 max (P &le; 0,03), ukupnog izvr&scaron;enog rada prilikom testiranja (P = 0,01), te ukupnog vremena trajanja testa opterećenja (P &le; 0,02). Na osnovu ovog istraživanja može se pretpostaviti da H2 može pozitivno uticati na telesnu strukturu i insulinsku rezistenciju i unapređenje kardiorespiratornih sposobnosti kod žena srednje starosne dobi, prekomerne telesne težine. Drugi eksperimentalni postupak odnosio se na primenu molekularnog vodonika H2 putem inhalacije svaki dan, po 15 minuta u trajanju od 28 dana. Analizirani su efekti primene H2 na telesnu kompoziciju, kognitivne performanse i kvalitet života povezan sa zdravljem žena (n = 13) starijeg starosnog doba. Inhalacija je sprovedena upotrebom inhalatora koji generi&scaron;e 4% H2. Kognitivna funkcija učesnica ocenjena je pomoću kognitivne skale MMSE i skale za procenu Alchajmerove bolesti (ADAS-Cog). Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata nakon intervencije H2 do&scaron;lo je do statistički značajnog povećanja ukupnih rezultata u vrednostima upitnika MMSE (za 13,7%; P &lt; 0,01). Osim toga, primetno je statistički značajno pobolj&scaron;anje vrednosti ADAS-Cog nakon inhalacije H2, s boljim performansama na testu za prisećanje reči (P &lt; 0,01) i pobolj&scaron;anju u testu prepoznavanja reči (P = 0,01). Dobijeni rezultati oba eksperimenta pokazuju da bi H2 mogao biti efikasan biomedicinski agens za upravljanje složenim stanjima nastalih starenjem, usled metaboličkih i kognitivnih poremaćaja, a u cilju unapređenja kvaliteta života.</p> / <p>Research conducted on molecular hydrogen application are rather new, however the latest scientific discoveries consider molecular hydrogen as a significant agent in biomedicine. Owing to the knowledge on its biological availability and terapeutic potential acquired during the last ten years, an increase in the application of molecular hydrogen (H2) for preventive and terapeutic reasons has been noticed. Aging process is most often accompanied by metabolic disorders, obesity, decline in the quality of life and cognitive functions. Molecular hydrogen (H2) is an efficient means for treating disorders related to metabolic disorders and cognitive functioning in compliance with research conducted so far. In order to assess the effects of molecular hydrogen application on body composition, metabolic profile and quality of life in adult elder women, two experiments were carried out. Within the first procedure, the effects of its application via oral consumption of hydrogen-rich water solution (HRW) were tested during 28 days. The first experimental research was conducted on the sample of middle-aged overweighted women (n = 10), who randomly consumed hydrogen-rich water and placebo. The effects of HRW application at indicators of body composition, hormonal status, mitochondrial functions, quality of life, eating habits, level of physical activity and cardiorespiratory capacities were analized. The treatment with HRW brought about statistically significant changes in female subjects as well as body fat percentage and upper-arm fat index reduction in women consuming H2 (P &lt; 0.05). The treatment with HRW also resulted in statistically significant reduction of triglyceride values in serum of women consuming H2 in comparison to the placebo group (21.3% vs. 6,5%; P = 0.04), while other blood lipids remained stable during this study (P &gt; 0.05). Levels of serum insulin were decreased to 5.4%, while placebo intervention increased the insulin level up to 29.3% (P = 0.01). This also resulted in statistically significant effects in H2 group in comparison to the placebo group when values of maximal oxygen consumption VO2 max (P &le; 0.03), total performance during testing (P = 0.01), and total duration of physical endurance test (P &le; 0.02) are concerned. On the grounds of this research, it might be assumed that H2 can have a positive impact on body structure and insulin resistance, as well as improvement of cardiorespiratory capacities in middle-aged overweighted women. The second experimental procedure referred to the application of molecular hydrogen H2 via inhalation on daily basis, 15 minutes per day over 28 days. The effects of molecular hydrogen application on body composition, cognitive performance and quality of life connected with health of elder women (n = 13) were analized. Inhalation was performed by using inhalator generating 4% of H2. The cognitive function of participants was graded by applying the cognitive MMSE scale, as well as the scale for Alzheimer&#39;s Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS-Cog). On the basis of results obtained&nbsp; upon H2 intervention, a statistically significant increase in total results referring to the values of MMSE test (up to 13.7%; P &lt; 0.01) was recorded. Apart from this, a significant improvement of ADAS-Cog values after H2 inhalation was observed, having better performances when testing word recall (P &lt; 0.01) and word recognition (P = 0.01). The findings of both experiments indicate that H2 might be an efficient biomedical agent for managing complex states caused by aging due to metabolic and cognitive disorders, when aiming at improving quality of life.</p>

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