The aim of the study was to investigate the experience of dental care and oral hygiene, and the knowledge about gingivitis, periodontitis and dental caries among teacher students, in Livingstone, Zambia. Another aim was to investigate whether oral health was included in the curriculum. The study was carried out among teacher students at David Livingstone College of Education. The questionnaire consisted of 32 questions. 150 questionnaires were handed out, an external reduction appeared of 15 questionnaires and altogether 135 students participated in the study. The results showed that 74 of the students had never received dental care, while 59 had received dental care. The main reason why they had been seeking dental care was toothache. Toothbrush and toothpaste were the most common agents used for cleaning teeth. The overall knowledge about oral diseases was good. Most of the teacher students had received information about oral health in previous schools. The teacher students were positive to inform about oral health when they start practicing as teachers but they requested more information and knowledge to be familiar with the topic. / Syftet med studien var att undersöka erfarenheten av tandvård och oral hygien samt kunskap om gingivit, parodontit och karies bland lärarstudenter i Livingstone, Zambia. Ett annat syfte var att undersöka om oral hälsa var en del utav läroplanen. Studien utfördes bland lärarstudenter vid David Livingstone College of Education. Enkäten bestod av 32 frågor. 150 enkäter delades ut, ett externt bortfall på 15 enkäter förekom och sammanlagt deltog 135 lärarstudenter i studien. Resultaten visade att 74 av lärarstudenterna aldrig hade fått tandvård medan 59 hade fått tandvård. Det huvudsakliga skälet till att de hade uppsökt tandvård var tandvärk. Tandborste och tandkräm var de vanligaste hjälpmedlen vid tandrengöring. Kunskapen om orala sjukdomar var i det stora hela god. De flesta lärarstudenterna hade fått information om oral hälsa i tidigare skolor. Lärarstudenterna var positivt inställda till att informera om oral hälsa när de börjar praktisera som lärare, men de efterfrågade mer information och kunskap om ämnet.

Tandvården har goda möjligheter att få kännedom om patienters tobaksvanor eftersom flertalet människor besöker tandvården regelbundet. Det finns därför goda möjligheter att utföra tobaksavvänjning med de som röker eller snusar. Syftet med litteraturstudien var att belysa metoder som finns för tobaksavvänjning och vilka resultat dessa metoder ger. Sökningen gjordes i databasen Pubmed och begränsades till artiklar som är publicerade under de senaste tio åren och till studier som har utförts inom tandvården. Litteraturstudien inkluderade åtta studier. Resultatet visade att det finns flera olika kombinationsmetoder som används för tobaksavvänjning. I tre artiklar har 5A metoden använts i kombination med nikotinersättningsmedel. I övriga artiklar användes fem olika kombinationsmetoder med olika uppföljningstider. I en av kombinationsmetoderna beskrevs två metoder. Utöver dessa metoder fanns en metod för snusavvänjning. Resultatet visade skillnader i lyckandefrekvens med upphörande av tobaksvanor. Tolv månaders avvänjning och uppföljning i två av kombinationsmetoderna samt metoden för snusavvänjning gav högst lyckandefrekvens (36 %, 25 % och 30 %). Lägst lyckandefrekvens var 7 % efter tolv månaders uppföljning i en av 5A metoderna. Studiens slutsats är att det finns få publicerade studier om tobaksavvänjning inom tandvården som är baserade på utvärdering av tobaksavvänjningsmetoder som är utförda på patienter. Uppföljning och rådgivning samt stöttning har betydelse för resultatet. / Patients with tobacco habits visit the dental care regularly, therefore it is well placed to carry out tobacco cessation for those who smoke or use snuff. The purpose of this study was to highlight methods available for tobacco cessation and results of these methods. The authors searched in the database PubMed and was limited to articles published during the last ten years and performed in the dental care. The framework was limited to eight studies which were performed in the dental care. The results showed that there are several different combination methods for tobacco cessation. In three articles, the 5A method was used in combination with nicotine replacement therapy. In other articles five different combination methods with different follow-up times were used. In one of those with combined approach two methods are described. In addition a method was used for snuff cessation. The result showed differences in frequency of success to tobacco stop. The best result was shown after twelve months tobacco cessation and a follow up in two of the combination methods and the method for snuff cessation (36%, 25% and 30%). The lowest success rate was 7% after twelve months follow up with one of the 5A methods. The conclusion of the study is that there are few published studies regarding tobacco cessation in the dental care, which are based on evaluation of methods performed among patients. Follow up, counselling and support have essential effects on the result.

The increasing globalization has lead companies to venture into new areas of business, and thereby new markets. When entering a new market, it is important to gain market knowledge to be able to satisfy the customers’ needs. Companies are no longer competing only with products and services; they are also striving to increase their competitive advantage by improving the processes that ultimately deliver the result. In order to obtain competitive advantages, designing business processes to meet the needs of the customers is therefore vital for companies to succeed. Entries into new markets may therefore require adaption to new customers in order to sustain the purpose of the processes. For a telecommunications company venturing into the market of Public Safety, changing preconditions for customers are inevitable, why companies must be aware of changes in the customer’s needs and requirements. When preconditions are changed in this sense, adaptions to the supplier’s sales process might be necessary in order to enable building a relationship between the supplier and the customer. The aim of this study is therefore to establish how companies active in the telecommunications industry can adapt their sales process to new customer requirements and needs when entering the market of Public Safety. This to address the issues that may arise when the established sales process is no longer suited to new customers’ needs and requirements. The thesis is based on a case study at a global telecommunications company, which recently entered the Public Safety market. To create a greater understanding of subjects and findings presented in the report, a literature review touching on the structure of the sales process as well as the preconditions surrounding public procurement is presented. To further create an understanding of the case company’s sales process, nine in-depth interviews were conducted with employees active in the process. In order to draw conclusions on how the sales process should be adapted to Public Safety, five in-depth interviews with customers were conducted. Through analysis, seven underlying needs of the customers could be identified. Further analysis has focused on whether the case company fulfills these needs and aimed to identify gaps between the sales process and the customers’ procurement process. Based on the analysis, recommendations for companies who are entering markets where the customers have similar needs were formulated. One major conclusion of this thesis is that customers within the Public Safety market value traits in a supplier that are not specified as requirements in the formal tender documents. Furthermore, the conclusions expand on these traits and touches on their impact on the customer’s assessment of the supplier. The conclusions also connect the findings of the study to the theory presented, consequently emphasizing how companies should adapt their sales processes to better meet the customer needs. / <p>Validerat; 20160629 (global_studentproject_submitter)</p>

To be able to provide data collecting services to customers, service provides are required by law to design privacy policies and present their content to users as privacy notices that informs the user on privacy consequences and demonstrate that an explicit informed consent of the user has been collected before processing of the data. However, despite the increase in data collection by services and hence increase of privacy impact, yet privacy notices do not implement proper mechanisms that can assure that data subjects are well informed and their consent are provided with comprehension. The root of this problem is the fact that typically only theoretical description of what consent is and what it involves is offered by existing literature but no “practical” design guides are available for decision makers and practitioners on how to effectively integrate a targeted consent level in privacy notices. This thesis work addresses the need for explicit integration of consent in privacy notice designs by presenting the Extended Privacy Notice Design Space (XPNDS) construct that guides on explicitly incorporating different levels of consent in privacy notices. This thesis uses theories of eye movement in reading and technical references from computer vision for comprehension and attention determination to prove the feasibility of integrating higher level of consent in the design space that may guide to assured informed consent. The construct can be used by managers to communicate, practitioners to design, and regulators to analyze informed consent incorporation in privacy notice designs. Unlike most works available in the literature on consent which only provide theoretical opinion of what informed consent is, this work cast the conceptual consent guidelines in to a practical privacy notice design space to provide an XPNDS that guides to the practicality of achieving assured informed consent in privacy notices. It is the hope of the author that the XPNDS will be useful to both practitioners and academicians in incorporating informed consent in privacy notice designs to an assured level. / <p>Validerat; 20160622 (global_studentproject_submitter)</p>

Due to the tough competitions that exist today, most pharmaceutical distribution companies are in a continuous effort to increase their profits and reduce their costs. Actually, both shortage and surplus of goods can lead to loss of income for these companies. One of the problems in pharmaceutical distribution organizations which deal with public health and pharmaceutical products is how to control inventory levels by means of accurate sales prediction in order to prevent costs of excessive inventory also prevent losing their customers because of drug shortage. Accurate sales prediction is certainly a valuable management tool to meet the mentioned goals since this leads to improved customer service, also, reduced lost sales and costs. However, most pharmaceutical distribution companies in Iran are still using heuristic or traditional statistical techniques to make sales prediction for their products. Thus, the purpose of this research is to apply an innovative and reliable sales prediction method for pharmaceutical distribution companies.To make sales prediction for a pharmaceutical distribution company, we needed to have past sales records of each drug. Accordingly, we gathered sales data of three years from Pakhsh Hejrat Co. which is one of the leading pharmaceutical distributors in Iran. We chose neural networks as our basic tools for sales prediction since most traditional methods like ARIMA are incapable of modeling nonlinearities that exist in most real data; also, they need forecaster’s supervision for the parameter estimation phase. In fact, neural networks are versatile tools for sale prediction since estimation with neural networks can be automatized, and they have proved very effective in order to make prediction by handling non-linear input and output variables Due to the fact that we did not have enough past sales records of drug items, we came up to a new idea of grouping drugs to find group members and make use of co-members’ sales data for each other. Thus, we did a comprehensive network based analysis in order to find clique-sets and group members. Afterwards, we built sales forecasting models with three different approaches: a) ARIMA methodology for time series forecasting, b) Hybrid neural network approach for time series forecasting by means of each drug’s past recodes, and c) Hybrid neural network approach for time series forecasting by means of each drug’s past records and its group members’ past records. Our evaluations and results indicated that our new methodology (number 3 above) was the best methodology, and the weakest one was ARIMA model. / <p>Validerat; 20130304 (marikav)</p>

The use of technology in business process is gaining much attention, and many businesses today rely on technology as an important part of an efficient and effective way of meeting customers’ satisfaction. This study deals with the adoption of a proper and electronic means of tracking counterfeit drugs in the supply chain (distribution network) through the use of RFID technology. The case of the Ghanaian pharmaceutical group KAMA is considered. The main objective consists in finding out how the adoption of RFID technology would help tracking counterfeit drugs in the supply chain of this company and which benefits this could generate. Three research questions are stated and a qualitative approach is adopted. Field observation, a series of interviews with management and field workers of Kama as well as a questionnaire allowed collecting the data. The analysis of the data showed that RFID technology should be adopted by Kama to replace the present costly and relatively inefficient way of tracking counterfeit drugs. The motivation of workers to be trained on RFID as well as the company readiness to train employees represent major factors for adoption and implementation of RFID to track counterfeit drugs and hence contribute to increase the profit margin and improve Kama’s image on the market. Recommendations are finally made on the methodology to be adopted by Kama to implement and use RFID technology to track counterfeit drugs. / <p>Validerat; 20111202 (anonymous)</p>

En aktiesplit är ett fenomen som studerats länge på marknader utanför Sverige. Denna företagshändelse, som endast avser att utöka antalet utestående aktier till ett proportionerligt lägre pris, bidrar inte med någon förändring av företagets räkenskaper eller strategi och bör enligt tidigare teoretiker inte medföra någon reell förändring. Trots detta har överavkastning för aktier som genomfört split dokumenterats genom historien och har ifrågasatt den klassiska effektiva marknadshypotesen starka men även semistarka form. Utifrån tidigare studier och nyare, framarbetade teorier ifrån dessa har likviditetshypotesen och signaleringshypotesen formats som ett svar på frågan om varför en till synes icke kapitaliserande händelse skapar sådana rörelser hos en aktie. Med utgångspunkten i de tre ovan nämnda hypoteser samt den något modernare finansiella beteendevetskapen ämnar den aktuella studien att försöka förklara varför denna överkastning sker utifrån utvalda företagsrelaterade variabler.  Författarna har genom en eventstudie granskat och samlat in information om de valda oberoende variablerna: splitkvot, lönsamhet, omsättning, förändring av handelsvolym samt noterad lista på börsen hos företag som genomfört en split på minst 2:1 på Stockholmsbörsen under tidsspannet 2005-01-01 till 2019-12-31. Dessa kom att fungera som förklarande variabler till den abnormala överavkastning som sker på genomförandedagen. Denna information har samlats in under eventfönstrets fem dagar, två dagar före genomförandet av split till två dagar efter splittens genomförande. Utifrån 116 genomförda aktiesplittar har studien resulterat i bevis för att överavkastning, i genomsnitt, sker på genomförandedagen och håller i sig även under dagarna efter splitten.  Resultatet visade, med en signifikansnivå på 5% att de mindre listorna på Stockholmsbörsen, First North och Small Cap, har en positiv relation till överavkastning på genomförandedagen medan de övriga variablerna inte fick signifikant stöd i denna studie. I och med att utgångspunkten för studiens är att den effektiva marknadshypotesen inte är applicerbar ens på semistark nivå, i och med att överavkastning sker trots att informationen funnits tillgänglig, anser författarna att studien inte bestrider detta grundantagande. Studien bidrar även med kunskap om förklaringsvariabler som kan bidra till att överavkastning sker på den svenska marknaden. De fyra teoretiska ramverken kopplas i analysen till studiens resultat för att skapa ytterligare förståelse för ämnet och det studerade fenomenet.

Studiens syfte är att undersöka om bolag på Öresunds kommersiella fastighetsmarknad efterföljer sina avsedda strategier. Wihlborgs, Vasakronan och Klövern har valts ut för studien då de tillsammans innehar betydande marknadsandelar över Öresunds kommersiella fastighetsmarknad. Bolagen har undersökts för att utläsa om de påverkats av dagliga processer samt om de efterföljer varandras beteende, så kallat hordbeteende. Studien har genomförts med en kvalitativ metod för att kunna observera förändringar i strategier och dess genomförande på djupet. Bolagens strategier för ägande, förvärv och avyttring har studerats. Därtill har en djupgående granskning av samtliga bolags fastighetstransaktioner fullföljts. Detta för att bilda en uppfattning om var bolagen har förvärvat och avyttrat i praktiken. Den samlade information har hämtats från årsredovisningar, pressmeddelanden och tidningsartiklar.Bolagens strategier och informationen om var de har förvärvat samt avyttrat har kompletterats med kvalitativa intervjuer med transaktions- och investeringsansvariga på respektive bolag. Den teoretiska referensramen kännetecknas av strategisk teori och klusterteori med ett övergripande stöd av finansiell beteendevetenskap. Med stöd av teorin har studiens frågeställning prövats och utrett om bolagen efterföljer sin avsedda strategi och eventuella motiv bakom detta. Bolagen påverkas inte i någon större grad av mikroprocesser och instinkter. Wihlborgs, Klövern och Vasakronan efterföljer i mångt och mycket sina avsedda strategier. En majoritet av förvärven sker på valda delmarknader. Fördelarna som bolagen ser på deras valda delmarknader beskrivs som effektivare förvaltning, uthyrning, koordinering av hyresgäster samt en ökad attraktivitet för kund. Bolagen har under den studerade tidsperioden endast investerat på de valda delmarknaderna men avyttrat en del strategiska fastigheter. Två av respondenterna påpekar att strategiskt passande fastigheter kan avyttras om marknaden bjuder högre än vad bolagen har värderat fastigheten till. Det finns dock svårigheter att dra slutsatser för om aktörerna imiterar varandra eller inte. Detta då mycket information hålls internt. / The purpose of this study is to examine whether companies on the Oresund commercial real estate market stay true to their intended strategies. Wihlborgs, Vasakronan and Klövern have been selected for the study as they together have a considerable amount of market shares in the Oresund commercial real estate market. The study emphasis on whether daily processes affect the companies and whether they mimic each other, so called horde behavior. The study has been carried out with a qualitative method in order to observe any changes in the companies’ strategies and activities in depth. The companies’ strategies for their ownership, acquisition and disposal of properties have been studied. In addition has an in depth examination of the companies real estate transactions been made. This, in order to form an estimation on where the companies in practice have acquired and disposed properties. The information has been retrieved from annual financial reports, press releases and news articles.The strategies and the information regarding the transactions have been supplemented with qualitative interviews with transaction- and investment managers from the three companies. The theoretical framework is characterized by strategic theory and cluster theory with an overall support from behavioral finance. The question at issue is tested towards the theoretical areas and whether the companies follow their intended strategy and possible motives behind this. The companies are not affected to a great extent by micro processes and instincts. Wihlborgs, Klövern and Vasakronan follow their plans in numerous ways. A majority of the acquisitions take place in selected submarkets. The benefits of the selected submarkets are described as more efficient management, rental, coordination of tenants and an increased customer attractiveness. During the studied period, the companies only invested in the selected submarkets, but disposed of some strategic properties. Two of the respondents respondents point out that strategically sutiable real estate can be disposed of if the market bids higher than the companies have valued the property. There are however difficulties regarding the conclusion if the companies mimic each other. This is due to much of the information is kept internally.

Abstract  Nowadays we travel much more than we did before, this is mainly due to how easy it has become to get to different places. Traveling took a break during the corona pandemic but  has now recovered a lot. Among these means of transport, we have cruise ships that are becoming increasingly common due to greater demand. The result of this is leading to more and larger ships with more passengers. Today, there are evacuation theories and analyzes on how an evacuation should be carried out to save as many lives as possible. However, these theories lack spatial communication to passengers which can have devastating consequences.The work is for the completion of a bachelor's degree in information design with a focus on spatial design. The purpose of the study was to study how the room can support an existing evacuation plan and how an evacuation system can be developed to lead people away from danger. The purpose is also about human spatial needs and how space can be developed to facilitate an evacuation.This was carried out in collaboration with Tallink Silja Line, which is the Baltic Sea's largest shipping company with its head office in Stockholm. Tallink works actively to improve safety on board its vessels. In order to get a clear picture of the problems and the passengers' needs, site analyzes, interviews, questionnaires &amp; behavioral mappings have been carried out. These methods are then combined with theories of visual communication and crowd management to develop a design proposal that orients passengers when evacuating fire on cruise ships.Using theories from information design and human behavior, a wayshowing system has been built in order to increase the orientability of cruise ships. The system is built after site analysis on a specific ship but aims to work in a larger context.

<p>Validerat; 20130215 (global_studentproject_submitter)</p>