<p>Under 1980-talets andra halva hade bostadsmarknaden sin storhetstid, många nya bostäder byggdes och antalet vakanser var nästan obefintliga. Till följd av den stora fastighetskraschen som inträffade under tidigt 1990-tal fick många bostadsföretag ekonomiska problem. Många kommunala bostadsföretag fick höga vakanser att arbeta med. För att komma till rätta med dessa problem behövde bostadsföretagen vidta åtgärder och dessa kunde bland annat vara, hyressänkningar och rabatter, marknadsföring, försäljningar, rivningar, ombyggnad och att lägga fastigheter i malpåse. För de mest utsatta kommunerna fanns i slutet av 1990-talet även möjligheten att söka statligt stöd.</p><p>Som en bakgrund till studien ges en förklaring till begreppet vakanser och naturlig vakansgrad, här beskrivs även hur vakanser i vissa fall kan ha uppkommit. Vidare ges en översiktlig beskrivning av hur bostadsmarkanden utvecklats under åren 1986 till 2006 – vad som har påverkat utvecklingen hos de kommunala bostadsföretagen och vad som har inträffat under perioden.</p><p>Syftet har i studien varit att reda ut hur kommuner med höga vakanser har arbetat, om åtgärder vidtagits och i sådana fall vilka. För att undersöka detta har ett urval på 10 kommuner med höga vakanstal gjorts. Dessa kommuner är Arboga, Bräcke, Eda, Fagersta, Karlsborg, Munkedal, Skara, Skellefteå, Surahammar och Överkalix. För att få en tydlig bild av utvecklingen i dessa kommuner har ekonomisk och demografisk statistik noggrant bearbetats.</p><p>Studien visar att alla kommuner som undersökts har vidtagit någon typ av konkret åtgärd för att komma till rätta med sina vakansproblem. Det har även visat sig att alla de kommuner som fått statligt stöd valt åtgärden rivning medan de kommuner som inte sökt stöd haft större benägenhet att även välja andra alternativ. Få kommuner har använt sig av åtgärder som exempelvis olika typer av rabatter och ökad marknadsföring för att fylla de tomma lägenheterna, utan de har istället vidtagit åtgärder som lett till minskning av hela bostadsbeståndet.</p><p>6</p> / <p>During the late 1980’s the Swedish housing market was booming, there were almost no vacancies and the construction of new housing was substantial. The big real estate collapse that occurred in the early 1990’s left many housing companies with economic problems. Many municipality-owned housing associations faced high vacancy rates. To solve their problems the housing associations had to consider a number of measures, including rent reductions and discounts, marketing, selling, demolishing, reconstruction for alternative use and to put properties in mothballs. In the late 1990’s the most exposed municipalities could even apply for Government subsidies.</p><p>As a background, the concepts vacancy rate and natural vacancy, are explained as well as the cause of vacancies in some cases. Furthermore, there is a description of how the housing market developed from 1986 to 2006, what influenced the housing associations and what happened during the period.</p><p>The purpose of this study is to investigate how municipalities with high vacancies have acted to dealing with their problem, if any measures have been taken and if so; what measures? Ten municipalities with high vacancies were examined. These municipalities are Arboga, Bräcke, Eda, Fagersta, Karlsborg, Munkedal, Skara, Skellefteå, Surahammar and Överkalix. To get a clear image of the development in these municipalities economic and demographic statistics have been carefully analysed.</p><p>The study shows that all the municipalities examined have taken some concrete measures to deal with their vacancy problems. All the municipalities that were given Government subsidies have demolished housing properties rather than tried other measures. Few municipalities has used offered rent discounts or applied marketing activities to fill empty apartments. Instead, measures that lead to a reduction of the number of apartments have been used.</p>

Under 1980-talets andra halva hade bostadsmarknaden sin storhetstid, många nya bostäder byggdes och antalet vakanser var nästan obefintliga. Till följd av den stora fastighetskraschen som inträffade under tidigt 1990-tal fick många bostadsföretag ekonomiska problem. Många kommunala bostadsföretag fick höga vakanser att arbeta med. För att komma till rätta med dessa problem behövde bostadsföretagen vidta åtgärder och dessa kunde bland annat vara, hyressänkningar och rabatter, marknadsföring, försäljningar, rivningar, ombyggnad och att lägga fastigheter i malpåse. För de mest utsatta kommunerna fanns i slutet av 1990-talet även möjligheten att söka statligt stöd. Som en bakgrund till studien ges en förklaring till begreppet vakanser och naturlig vakansgrad, här beskrivs även hur vakanser i vissa fall kan ha uppkommit. Vidare ges en översiktlig beskrivning av hur bostadsmarkanden utvecklats under åren 1986 till 2006 – vad som har påverkat utvecklingen hos de kommunala bostadsföretagen och vad som har inträffat under perioden. Syftet har i studien varit att reda ut hur kommuner med höga vakanser har arbetat, om åtgärder vidtagits och i sådana fall vilka. För att undersöka detta har ett urval på 10 kommuner med höga vakanstal gjorts. Dessa kommuner är Arboga, Bräcke, Eda, Fagersta, Karlsborg, Munkedal, Skara, Skellefteå, Surahammar och Överkalix. För att få en tydlig bild av utvecklingen i dessa kommuner har ekonomisk och demografisk statistik noggrant bearbetats. Studien visar att alla kommuner som undersökts har vidtagit någon typ av konkret åtgärd för att komma till rätta med sina vakansproblem. Det har även visat sig att alla de kommuner som fått statligt stöd valt åtgärden rivning medan de kommuner som inte sökt stöd haft större benägenhet att även välja andra alternativ. Få kommuner har använt sig av åtgärder som exempelvis olika typer av rabatter och ökad marknadsföring för att fylla de tomma lägenheterna, utan de har istället vidtagit åtgärder som lett till minskning av hela bostadsbeståndet. 6 / During the late 1980’s the Swedish housing market was booming, there were almost no vacancies and the construction of new housing was substantial. The big real estate collapse that occurred in the early 1990’s left many housing companies with economic problems. Many municipality-owned housing associations faced high vacancy rates. To solve their problems the housing associations had to consider a number of measures, including rent reductions and discounts, marketing, selling, demolishing, reconstruction for alternative use and to put properties in mothballs. In the late 1990’s the most exposed municipalities could even apply for Government subsidies. As a background, the concepts vacancy rate and natural vacancy, are explained as well as the cause of vacancies in some cases. Furthermore, there is a description of how the housing market developed from 1986 to 2006, what influenced the housing associations and what happened during the period. The purpose of this study is to investigate how municipalities with high vacancies have acted to dealing with their problem, if any measures have been taken and if so; what measures? Ten municipalities with high vacancies were examined. These municipalities are Arboga, Bräcke, Eda, Fagersta, Karlsborg, Munkedal, Skara, Skellefteå, Surahammar and Överkalix. To get a clear image of the development in these municipalities economic and demographic statistics have been carefully analysed. The study shows that all the municipalities examined have taken some concrete measures to deal with their vacancy problems. All the municipalities that were given Government subsidies have demolished housing properties rather than tried other measures. Few municipalities has used offered rent discounts or applied marketing activities to fill empty apartments. Instead, measures that lead to a reduction of the number of apartments have been used.

The purpose of the present dissertation is to examine the placing of the housing question on the agenda of social policy, the implications of housing for society, and the possibilities for simple shelter to be transformed into real family homes. The debate emphasizing the dwelling as the smallest social component and the home as the most important place for the raising of citizens has been studied. The dissertation consists of four essays, each of which can be seen as a separate study yet at the same time as interrelated due to the overall theme of the dissertation, housing and the home. The period under investigation is 1889-1929 and the place is Stockholm. The first section deals with philanthropic building activities, described through four representative examples: Föreningen för Välgörenhetens Ordnande, Stockholms Arbetarehem, Govenii Minne and Ella Heckscher's home for tubercular female workers. This section opens with two introductory chapters treating the philanthropic attitude toward housing and the relation of the family to the housing question, respectively. The theme of the second section is the significance of aesthetics for the home. This section also opens with two introductory chapters, whereof the first describes the aesthetic ideals of the epoch and the second presents the so-called "aesthetic educators". A number of pamphlets written about the home are discussed, as well as a selection from the home exhibitions of the day. In a closing chapter, the entrance of the architects into the housing-question arena is presented. The third study deals with politics in the broad sense of the term. The interest of social reformers for the housing question is traced by examining organizations like Studenter och Arbetare and Centralförbundet för Socialt Arbete. The second chapter deals with the contributions of academics to the housing question. The social democratic women belonging to the Stockholm's Women's Club are heard from, and the engagement of women in this question is further delineated through studying periodicals like Morgonbris and Tidevarvet. In the closing chapter, the establishment and treatment of the housing question within the municipal council of Stockholm is discussed. The fourth and final section treats the HSB. First, the origins of the HSB in 1923 via the tenant's movement and guild socialism are discussed. Thereafter the organization and membership of the HSB is described. A brief biography of Sven Wallander, the leading figure of the HSB is provided, followed by a chapter on the periodical Vår Bostad. The final two chapters discuss the materialized ideas themselves: the buildings built by the HSB and the homes which were set up in them, stimulated by the actual physical buildings and discussions about the right way of living in them. The story of the home has solid empirical grounding. This study has been conducted from different perspectives in order that a more nuanced knowledge might be acquired. Vision and practice have proven to be so closely interwoven that it is not always possible to distinguish between them. / digitalisering@umu

I have conducted a review on four countries in Scandinavia and the goal was to create a better understanding about what has caused homelessness in this countries. The result shows that the causes of homelessness can be explained by a variety of reasons. The most common causes of homelessness were related to mental illness and drug abuse. There where also other causes of homelessness, which was considered normal in Scandinavia. Examples of other causes were eviction, unemployment, housing policy, housing shortage, payment of debts, separations and family problems.

Due to a steady increase in the number of asylum-seekers in Sweden over the past few years, the topic of immigration has generated increased attention. As a consequence, the political parties have recently presented a range of policy changes. Several of the policy proposals addressed the current housing situation for asylum-seekers and refugees. The aim of this master’s thesis is to highlight the areas of asylum immigration policy and housing policy, in an attempt to reveal overlaps and interrelationships which influence the establishment of asylum-seekers and refugees in their host society. By using a comparative discourse analysis, the thesis investigates the concepts of migration and domestic immigrant policies in a European context, focusing on Italy, the United Kingdom and Denmark. This is followed by an in-depth study of Sweden. The Swedish perspective is enriched by qualitative expert interviews and statistical data on migration and housing. The results from the gathered research emphasises the great influence of domestic housing policies have on asylum-seekers and refugees’ establishment. Each analysed country has structural barriers that restrict asylum-seekers and refugees from becoming established on the housing market. These policy barriers operate on different governance levels, which mutually affect each other. In turn, this situation complicates a holistic approach to create an effective immigrant housing policy.

Den här studien analyserar de problembeskrivningar och åtgärdsförslag som riksdagspartierna tillämpade i den bostadspolitiska debatten i Sveriges riksdag valåret 2010 och valåret 2014 med syfte att urskilja likheter, skillnader och förändringar. Studien redogör för att bostadspolitiken i Sveriges riksdag präglas av djupa ideologiska meningsskillnader. Vad som presenteras som ett åtgärdsförslag av ett parti, kan motsvara problembeskrivningen för ett annat. Resultatet visar att två riksdagspartier tycks utvecklat sin bostadspolitik från en ideologiförankrad till sakpolitisk under den period som studerats och det förs ett resonemang kring orsakerna baserat på teori.

The number of young single-person households is consistently increasing in South Korea, as in Sweden where the most common type of household is the single-person household. Housing is the key to the transition of young adults to adulthood and it can affect their quality of life and economic security throughout their lifetime. However, young people have encountered a similar housing problem in Sweden and South Korea, countries with different social, cultural, and political backgrounds. This study explores the policy implications garnered from Sweden for establishing housing policies for young single-person households in South Korea by investigating the difference between the housing policies in Sweden and South Korea and the rental housing provisions for young single-person households. The policy implications for single-person households in South Korea are, first, increasing the supply of rental housing and easing housing support requirements to provide housing to more young people as an alternative to increasing the universality of housing welfare policies. Second, providing the applicants' with applications and contracts on a single platform through an online integrated housing support system can be expected to improve operational efficiency and provide better convenience to residents. Third, a method of supplying a variety of housing to each region through regional integrated dormitory supply utilizing an integrated system, and satisfying the demands of the housing consumers, can be considered to establish an effective housing policy.

Swedish housing policy and its design is a current issue. The demand doesn't match the supply and too few homes are built, based on the need that exists today. Above all, too few rental properties are being built and the demand for rental properties in particular is high, especially in the larger cities. Swedish politicians agree that a change needs to take place in order to solve the housing shortage. What changes and the consequences that these changes bring, from a justice perspective, is a big part of this essay’s topic. In this essay, Swedish housing policy will be studied based on Harvey and Rawls two different theories of justice. They both have different ideological backgrounds and our hope is to be able to answer whether the existing housing policy is fair. We will mainly focus on rental properties within the Swedish housing policy. In order to solve the housing shortage, there is an ongoing debate of market-based rent for newly built apartments and market rent. This is meant to provide additional incentives for construction companies to build more rental properties. These two suggestions have been made without scientific evidence that they will actually work. Instead, it relies on liberal key notes such as the free market and freedom of choice. The effects are believed to be that this could lead to more movement in the housing market. Market-based rent could also lead to an increased freedom of choice and greater welfare gains. However, it is not made clear that these solutions help those living with an already strained economy.

Large urban environments have often been seen as inhospitable to human living conditions throughout modern history. Housing shortages, overcrowding and health issues have been major concerns to politicians and urban planners in Sweden for over a century, leading to the development of solutions that are deeply rooted in a contemporary ideological context as well as influenced by past ideals. During the 20th century the functionalist architectural movement, inspired by the international modernist movement, made a great impact in Sweden and Stockholm in particular. This led to the emergence of a paradigm of suburban housing projects in Stockholm. This thesis examines the planning and living conditions in the early period of Bredäng, a southern suburb in Stockholm, using a wide theoretical framework. The modernist ideals of “social differentiation” and “Neighborhood Units” are analysed through municipal documents, and the experiences of its first inhabitants are examined through articles in newspapers. The aim is to understand the relationship between the planning of the suburb and the lived experiences of its first residents.

This thesis examines the formative years of the Swedish tenants´ associations in Gothenburg and Stockholm and the strategies used by these organizations to alter the housing market, both on a local and on a national level. It is both a transfer analysis, examining how strategies from the labor market came to be applied to the rental market and a comparative study, comparing tenants´ associations in two Swedish cities. Hyresgästernas Centralförsamling (HCF) in Gothenburg had a more conflict-oriented approach toward both individual and collectively organized landlords. The organizational structure of HCF was similar to that of a trade union federation. This differed from Stockholms Hyresgästförening (SHG). Resembling more a political association than a militant union, SHG adopted strategies more focused on gaining legislative protection for tenants and increasing the supply of available housing. This was partly achieved through the co-operative housing society Hyresgästernas Sparkasse- och Byggnadsförening (HSB). This thesis argues that the common denominator for all these strategies was to reduce the internal competition between tenants and thus strengthening them as a collective force on the rental market. The main conclusion of the thesis is that the tenants´ associations cannot be easily categorized by standard organizational models. Shaped by local, organizational and ideological factors the tenants´ associations were hybrid organizations resembling both trade unions, cooperative societies